Current location - Music Encyclopedia - Dating - Requesting 20 short Chinese essays (three to five sentences) with annotations and translations
Requesting 20 short Chinese essays (three to five sentences) with annotations and translations

There are a lot of these things. There are many in "The Analects of Confucius", such as Chapter 15 of Wei Ling Gong

Quotes from this article

This article includes 42 chapters, among which the famous sentences include: "Governing by doing nothing"; A man with lofty ideals and benevolence does not seek life to harm his benevolence, but kills himself to achieve benevolence." "If a man has no long-term worries, he must have immediate worries." "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you"; "A small impatience will mess up a big plan"; "People can promote the Tao, but it is not the Tao that promotes others"; "Do not give in to the teacher"; "There is no distinction between teachings"; "Different Tao, no difference" Conspiracy." The content of this article involves several aspects of Confucius's view of the "gentleman and villain", Confucius's educational and political thoughts, and Confucius' words and deeds in other aspects.

Original text

15·1 Duke Ling of Wei asked Chen (1) about Confucius. Confucius said to him: "You have heard about Zu Dou (2)'s affairs; you have not yet learned about military matters." We will do it tomorrow.

Notes

(1) Chen: Same as "formation", the formation of the army when fighting.

(2) Zudou: Zu, pronounced zǔ. Zudou is an ancient food vessel and was used as a ritual vessel for sacrifices.

Translation

Wei Linggong asked Confucius how to form an army array. Confucius replied: "I have heard about sacrificial rituals, but I have never learned about using soldiers to fight." The next day, Confucius left Weiguo.

Commentary

Wei Linggong asked Confucius about military issues, but Confucius was not interested. Generally speaking, Confucius opposed the use of war to resolve disputes between countries. Of course, there were exceptions on specific issues. Confucius advocated governing the country with etiquette and courtesy, so he answered Duke Linggong of Wei with the above words and left Weiguo the next day.

Original text

15·2 When Chen is out of food, his followers are sick and unable to thrive. Zi Lu was stunned (1) and asked: "Is it true that a gentleman is poor?" Confucius said: "A gentleman is indeed poor (2), but the villain is poor in many ways."

Notes

(1)愠: Sound yùn, anger, resentment.

(2) Stick to poverty: stick to poverty, stay in poverty.

Translation

(Confucius and his party) There was no food in the state of Chen, and the people who followed him were all hungry and sick. Zilu came to see Confucius very unhappy and said: "Is there a time when a gentleman is so poor that he has no choice but to do anything?" Confucius said: "Although a gentleman is poor, he still perseveres; when a villain is in poverty, he will do anything."

Commentary

Starting from this chapter, there will be several chapters that talk about the differences between gentlemen and villains in certain aspects. Here, Confucius said that in the face of poverty and poverty, there is an obvious difference between a gentleman and a villain.

Original text

15·3 The Master said: "Gift! Do you think that I am a man who has learned a lot and knows a lot?" He said to him, "Of course, it is not a gift?" He said: "No. I will do it consistently."

Translation

Confucius said: "Thank you! Do you think I have learned a lot before I remember everything?" Zigong replied Said: "Yes, isn't it like this?" Confucius said: "No. I use a fundamental thing to implement them throughout."

Commentary

Here, Confucius talked about "consistency", which was the foundation of his profound knowledge. So, what does this “one” refer to? It is not stated clearly in the text. We believe that "consistency" means to think carefully on the basis of learning to realize the inner things. Confucius told Zigong and other students here to combine learning with thinking, study seriously, and understand deeply.

Original text

15·4 Confucius said: "There are very few people who know virtue."

Translation

Confucius said: " Why! There are so few people who understand virtue."

Original text

15·5 The Master said: "Whoever governs without doing anything (1) is like Shun (2)?" ) What’s the point? It’s just south of Gongji.”

Notes

(1) Rule by doing nothing: The ruler of a country can govern the country without doing anything.

(2) Husband: pronoun, he.

Translation

Confucius said: "The only person who can govern the world without doing anything is probably Shun, right? What did he do? He just sat solemnly and upright on the throne of the court. "

Commentary

"Governing by doing nothing" is a strategy of governing the country praised by Taoists, which is in line with the consistency of Taoist thought. Here, Confucius also appreciated rule by inaction and used Shun as an example to illustrate it. This shows that Confucianism, which advocated proactiveness, was very nostalgic for the rule of law and etiquette of the three generations, but in real life at that time, it did not necessarily require rulers to rule by inaction. In Confucius' concept, it is not governance by inaction, but governance by etiquette.

Original text

15·6 Zizhang Wenxing (1). Confucius said, "If you say words of loyalty and act with sincerity and respect, even if you are in a barbaric country (2), it will work. If you say words that are not loyal and act with sincerity and deeds that are not respectful, even if you live in a state (3), how can you do it? If you stand up, you will see the reference to (4) In the past, I saw him leaning on Heng (5), and then he went forward. "Zi Zhang wrote to all the gentry (6).

Comments

(1) Line: The meaning of understanding.

(2) Barbarian: a derogatory name used by the ancients for ethnic minorities. Man is in the south, and barbarian, pronounced mò, is in the north.

(3) Zhouli: Five families are neighbors, and five neighbors are a li. There are five parties in the state and 2,500 families. Zhouli refers to a nearby place.

(4) Reference: column, appearance.

(5) Scale: the crossbar in front of the shaft.

(6) Gentleman: A large belt worn by nobles around their waists.

Translation

Zizhang asked how he could be successful everywhere. Confucius said: "If you speak faithfully and act with sincerity, it will work even in barbaric areas. If you speak unfaithfully and act disrespectfully, will it work even in your own hometown? Standing still, it is as if you are watching. When the words "loyalty, trust and respect" appear in front of you, when you are riding in a carriage, it is like seeing these words carved on the crossbar in front of the carriage shaft, so that you can carry yourself everywhere. "Zizhang wrote these words on his waist. Big belt.

Original text

15·7 Confucius said: "Zhao Shiyu (1)! A state with a way is like an arrow (2); a state without a way is like an arrow. A gentleman is Zang Boyu!" If the country has the Way, then he will be an official; if the country does not have the Way, then he can be a good official (3)."

Notes

(1) Shi Yu: Weiguo doctor, name?, Ziyu, he recommended Zang Boyu to Wei Linggong many times.

(2) Ruya: arrow, arrow, describing its straightness.

(3) Volume: Same as "volume".

Translation

Confucius said: "Shi Yu is really upright! If the country is righteous, his words and deeds are as straight as arrows; if the country is unrighteous, his words and deeds are as straight as arrows." Zang Boyu is really a gentleman! If the country is upright, he will become an official. If the country is not upright, he will (resign from the official position) and keep his opinions in his heart.

Commentary

From Judging from what is said in the article, Shi Yu and Boyu are different. Shi Yu is equally straightforward when the country is righteous or not, while Boyu only becomes an official when the country is righteous. Therefore, Confucius said. Shi Yu is "straight" and Boyu is "junzi"

Original text

15·8 Confucius said: "If you can talk to him but don't talk to him, you will lose the person; you can't talk to him." The words are spoken and the words are lost. He who knows does not lose people, nor does he lose words. "

Translation

Confucius said: "If you don't talk to him when you can talk to him, you lose your friend; if you talk to him when you can't talk to him, you lose his friend. Just said the wrong thing. A wise man neither loses friends nor says the wrong thing. ”

Original text

15·9 Confucius said: “A man with lofty ideals and benevolence does not seek life to harm his benevolence, but kills himself to achieve benevolence.” "

Translation

Confucius said: "There is no one with lofty ideals and benevolence who is greedy for life and afraid of death and harms benevolence. Only those who sacrifice their own lives to fulfill benevolence." ”

Commentary

After being interpreted and used by some people in modern times, "Sacrificing yourself to become a benevolent person" seems to have become a derogatory term. In fact, we must carefully and deeply understand what Confucius said. This passage mainly talks about how his view of life and death is based on "benevolence" as the highest principle. Life is very precious to everyone, but there is something more precious than life, and that is "benevolence". "Sacrifice one's life to achieve benevolence" means that people are willing to give up their own lives in order to preserve "benevolence" at the moment of life and death.

Since ancient times, it has inspired many people with lofty ideals to sacrifice their lives and blood for the life and death of the country and the nation, and composed a series of magnificent poems that can sing and cry.

Original text

15·10 Zigong asked about benevolence. Confucius said: "If a worker wants to do his job well, he must first sharpen his tools. If you live in this country, you should be a wise man who serves its officials and befriend its benevolent scholars."

Translation

Zigong asked how to practice benevolence. Confucius said: "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools. If you live in this country, you must serve the wise among the officials and make friends with the benevolent among the scholars."

Commentary

The saying "If a worker wants to do his job well, he must first sharpen his tools" is already well known among the people. This is the skill of "sharpening your sword and chopping firewood by mistake". In this chapter, Confucius uses this as a metaphor to explain that the way to practice benevolence is to serve the wise and make friends with benevolent people. This is what needs to be done first.

Original text

15·11 Yan Yuan asked for the state. Confucius said: "When traveling to Xia (1), ride on the chariot of Yin (2), obey the crown of Zhou (3), and enjoy the Shao dance (4). Put (5) Zheng Sheng (6), far away (7) Yi people . Zheng Sheng was promiscuous, and he was in danger (8). ”

Notes

(1) Xia Zhi Shi: The calendar of the Xia Dynasty is convenient for agricultural production.

(2) Yin Zhilu: Lu, sound lù, the chariot that the emperor rides on. Cars in the Yin Dynasty were made of wood and were relatively simple.

(3) Zhou Zhimian: a hat of the Zhou Dynasty.

(4) Shao Dance: It is the dance music of Shun Dynasty, which Confucius considered to be perfect.

(5) Put: the meaning of prohibition, rejection, and abandonment.

(6) Zheng Sheng: Confucius considered Zheng’s music to be obscene.

(7) Far: stay away.

(8) Dangerous.

Translation

Yan Yuan asked how to govern the country. Confucius said: "Using the calendar of the Xia Dynasty, riding in the carriages of the Yin Dynasty, wearing the hat of the Zhou Dynasty, playing Shao music, banning the music of Zheng Guo, alienating eloquent people, Zheng Guo's music is superficial and undecent, "You are too dangerous."

Commentary

Here we still talk about how to behave in the world. The calendar of the Xia Dynasty was conducive to agricultural production, the cars of the Yin Dynasty were simple and practical, the hats of the Zhou Dynasty were gorgeous, and the music of "Shao" was beautiful and melodious. This was Confucius' ideal lifestyle. When it comes to the issue of etiquette, he still advocates "restoring etiquette". Of course, it is not that the more ancient the better, but there is a choice. In addition, it is necessary to ban the vapid sounds and alienate people.

Original text

15·12 Confucius said: "If a person has no long-term worries, he must have immediate worries."

Translation

Confucius said: "If a person does not take long-term considerations, he will definitely have immediate worries."

Original text

15·13 The Master said: "That's it! I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as lust. "

Translation

Confucius said: "It's over, I have never seen anyone as virtuous as lustful."

Original text

15·14 Confucius said: "Zang Wenzhong stole the throne (1) with him! He knew that Liu Xiahui (2) was a virtuous person and refused to stand up with him."

Notes

(1 )Stealing position: Holding an official position without being competent.

(2) Liu Xiahui: A doctor from the state of Lu in the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, his surname was Zhan and his name was Huo, also known as Qin. The place he was granted was named Liuxia, and Hui was his private posthumous title, so he was called Liuxiahui. .

Translation

Confucius said: "Zang Wenzhong is a man who steals an official position! He knows that Liu Xiahui is a wise man, but he does not recommend him to be an official together."

Original text

15·15 Confucius said: "If you are generous to yourself and do not blame others, you will be far away from resentment."

Translation

Confucius said : "If you blame yourself more and blame others less, you can avoid the resentment of others."

Commentary

It is inevitable that there will be various conflicts and disputes when people get along with each other. Then, when dealing with people, you should think more about others and look at problems from other people's perspectives. Therefore, once a conflict occurs, people should make more self-criticisms instead of blindly blaming others. Being strict with oneself and being lenient with others are indispensable principles for maintaining good and harmonious interpersonal relationships.

Original text

15·16 Confucius said: "If you don't say 'what is it like (1), what is it like', I don't mean it (2) it is what it is." ”

Notes

(1) Ruzhihe: What to do.

End of (2): This means there is no way.

Translation

Confucius said: "I don't know what to do with people who never say 'what to do, what to do' when encountering trouble."

< p>Original text

15·17 Confucius said: "How difficult it is to live in groups all day long, talk without meaning, and practice small wisdom!"

Translation

Confucius said: "It is really difficult to teach people who gather together all day long and what they say cannot meet the standards of righteousness. They only like to show off their cleverness."

Original text

15·18 Confucius said : "A gentleman takes righteousness as a pledge, conducts it with propriety, develops it, and fulfills it with faith. What a gentleman!"

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman takes righteousness as his foundation. , implement it with propriety, express it with humble language, and complete it with a loyal attitude, this is the gentleman."

Original text

15·19 The Master said: "The gentleman is ill. Incompetence is not known to the patient."

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman is only afraid that he has no talent, and is not afraid that others will not know him."

Original text

15·20 Confucius said: "The gentleman is ill and has died (1), so his name is not worthy of his name."

Notes

(1) His death : After death.

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman is worried that his name will not be praised by people after death."

Original text

15· 21 Confucius said: "A gentleman seeks everything from himself, while a villain seeks everything from others."

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman seeks everything from himself, while a villain seeks everything from others."

Original text

15·22 Confucius said: "A gentleman is cautious (1) and does not fight, and he is a group but not party."

Comments

(1) Jin: The sound jīn means solemn.

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman is dignified and does not quarrel with others; he is gregarious and does not form parties for personal gain."

Original text

15· 23 Confucius said: "A gentleman does not recommend a person based on his words, nor does he rely on others' useless words." Not accepting a person’s good words because he is bad.”

Commentary

From Chapter 18 to Chapter 23, these 6 chapters are basically all about the actions and relationships of the gentleman. The villain is different. What is a gentleman? Confucius believed that he should pay attention to the moral principles of righteousness, propriety, humility, and trustworthiness; he strictly demanded himself and tried his best to achieve the "three immortals" of making moral and meritorious deeds and passing on his name to future generations; he behaved solemnly and harmoniously with others, but Don't form cliques for personal gain, don't use people's words to make good use of people, don't use people to negate their words, etc. Of course, this is only part of the characteristics of a gentleman.

Original text

15·24 Zigong asked: "Is there any person who can say something that can be implemented throughout his life?" Confucius said: "Forgive me! Don't do to yourself what you don't want others to do. To others."

Translation

Zi Gong asked Confucius: "Is there any one word that I can follow throughout my life?" Confucius replied, "That is forgiveness! If you are willing, don't impose it on others."

Commentary

"The way of loyalty and forgiveness" can be said to be the invention of Confucius. This invention had a great influence on future generations. Confucius regards "the way of loyalty and forgiveness" as a criterion for dealing with relationships between others, which is also a feature of Confucian ethics. In this way, you can eliminate other people's resentment towards you, ease interpersonal relationships, and stabilize the social order at that time.

Original text

15·25 Confucius said: "Among other people, who will destroy me and who will praise me?" This is the people, the reason why the three generations have followed the straight path. "

Translation

Confucius said: "Who have I ever slandered others? Who did you praise? If someone praises someone, it must be someone who has tested him. People of the Xia, Shang and Zhou generations did this, so the three generations could go straight.

"

Original text

15·26 Confucius said: "I am still in the history of Que Wen (1). If there is a horse, someone can borrow someone to ride it (2). Now he is dead. . ”

Notes

(1) Que Wen: When historians record history, they fail to record when there are doubtful places. This is called Que Wen.

(2) Those who have horses borrow others to ride them: Some people think that this sentence is wrong. Another explanation is that the people who have horses cannot train them themselves, but rely on others to train them.

< p>Translation

Confucius said: "I can still see some doubts in the history books. People who have horses (who can't train them themselves) first let others use them. This spirit is gone today. ”

Original text

15·27 The Master said: “Clever words confuse virtue. A little impatience will mess up a big plan. "

Translation

Confucius said: "Flattery will corrupt a person's virtue, and failure to tolerate small things will corrupt big things. ”

Commentary

“A small impatience will mess up a big plan” is extremely popular among the people, and has even become a motto used by some people to warn themselves. Indeed, this sentence contains The factor of wisdom, especially for those who are determined to cultivate a manly personality, this sentence is crucial. People with ambitions and ideals will not care about personal gains and losses, let alone get entangled in small things. , but should have a broad mind and lofty ambitions. Only in this way can we achieve great things and achieve our goals.

Original text

15·28 Confucius said: "The evil of all." , you must check it out; if you like it, you must check it out. "

Translation

Confucius said: "Everyone hates him, so I must investigate him; everyone likes him, so I must also examine him." ”

Commentary

This paragraph has two meanings. First, Confucius will never follow what others say, will not follow the crowd, and will not determine his own judgment of right and wrong based on everyone’s standards of right and wrong, but rather After independent thinking with your own brain and rational judgment, you can then make a conclusion. Second, a person's goodness or badness is not absolute. There are often big differences in the minds of different people in different places. So Confucius. You must judge him by your own standards.

Original text

15·29 Confucius said: "People can spread the Tao, but the Tao cannot spread others." "

Translation

Confucius said: "People can make the Tao develop, but it is not the Tao that can expand people's talents. ”

Commentary

People must first cultivate themselves, expand themselves, and improve themselves before they can carry forward the Tao. On the other hand, if they promote others with the Tao and use it to decorate their appearance and impress others, then It is not what a true gentleman does. The relationship between the two cannot be reversed.

Original text

15·30 The Master said: "To make mistakes without correcting them is to make mistakes." . "

Translation

Confucius said: "If you make a mistake and don't correct it, then you are really wrong. ”

Commentary

“If you have never been a sage, how can you have no faults? "But the key is not to make mistakes, but to be able to correct them and ensure that we will not make the same mistakes again in the future. In other words, it is not terrible to make mistakes. What is terrible is to persist in making mistakes and not correct them. Confucius said "Make mistakes without correcting them" The concise language of "It's too much" tells people such a truth, which is the only correct attitude towards mistakes.

Original text

15·31 Confucius said: "I have tried to go all day without eating and all night without sleeping, thinking, it is useless, it is not as good as learning. "

Translation

Confucius said: "I once didn't eat all day long, and didn't sleep all night long, thinking about things, but it didn't do any good. I might as well study. ”

Commentary

This chapter talks about the relationship between learning and thinking. In some previous chapters, Confucius has mentioned that “Learning without thinking will lead to waste; thinking without thinking will lead to failure.” The understanding of "If you don't learn, you will perish" is further developed and elaborated here. Thinking is a rational activity, and its role is two-fold. One is to correct it if you find that your words and deeds are not in line with or violate morality; the other is to check yourself. If your words and deeds conform to moral standards, you must persist. However, learning and thinking cannot be neglected. Learning without thinking is not enough. Thinking without learning is also very dangerous. In short, only by combining thinking and learning can one become virtuous and knowledgeable. People. This is an integral part of Confucius’ educational thought.

Original text

15·32 Confucius said: "A gentleman seeks the way, not food. Plowing is where discouragement (1) lies; learning is where wealth (2) lies." A gentleman is concerned about the road but not about poverty. ”

Notes

(1) Nai: pronounced něi, hunger.

(2) Lu: official salary.

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman only pursues the Tao and practices it, and does not seek food and clothing. When farming, he often goes hungry; when he studies, he can get a salary. A gentleman only worries about not being able to practice the Tao. , don’t worry about poverty.”

Original text

15·33 The Master said: “Knowing and reaching it (1), benevolence cannot keep it; even if you gain it, you will lose it; knowing and reaching it. , benevolence can guard it, and it is not good to move it with courtesy (2), then the people will not respect it."

Note< /p>

(1) Zhijizhi: Zhiji, the same as "wisdom". In other words, one refers to the people, and the other refers to the country. Here we think it refers to salary, position and the country and the world.

(2)玅: The sound is lì, coming, meaning to arrive.

Translation

Confucius said: "Ingenuity is enough to get it, but benevolence cannot keep it. Even if you get it, you will definitely lose it. Ingenuity is enough to get it, benevolence is enough." If you can maintain it and govern the people without a serious attitude, then the people will be disrespectful; if you are smart enough to obtain it, you can maintain it with benevolence, and if you can govern the people with a serious attitude, but if you do not follow the requirements of etiquette when mobilizing the people, that is also disrespectful. Perfect."

Original text

15·34 Confucius said: "A gentleman cannot know a little (1) but can receive a great deal (2); a villain cannot receive a great deal but can be petty. "Knowledge."

Notes

(1) Xiaozhi: Knowing means doing small things.

(2) Da Shou: Shou, meaning responsibility, mission, taking on big responsibilities.

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman cannot let him do small things, but he can let him undertake a great mission. A villain cannot let him take on a great mission, but he can let him Do those little things."

Original text

15·35 Confucius said: "People are more concerned about benevolence than water and fire. If I see water and fire, I will die, but I will not see benevolence. The dead."

Translation

Confucius said: "The people are more urgent for benevolence than for water. I have only seen people jump into water and fire. I have never seen anyone who died practicing benevolence."

Original text

15·36 The Master said: "Be benevolent and do not give in to the master."

Translation

Confucius said: "In the face of benevolence, even a teacher cannot be humble."

Commentary

Confucius and Confucianism are particularly special We attach great importance to the harmonious relationship between teachers and students and emphasize the dignity of teachers. Students must not disobey their teachers. This is in general. However, even teachers are not humble in the face of benevolence. This puts the realization of benevolence first. Benevolence is the highest criterion for measuring all right and wrong, good and evil.

Original text

15·37 Confucius said: "A gentleman is chaste (1) but not forgiving (2)."

Comments

(1) Zhen: One means "righteousness", and another means "great faith". The term "positive" is chosen here.

(2) Forgiveness: trustworthiness, keeping one’s word.

Translation

Confucius said: "A gentleman sticks to the right path and does not stick to small faith."

Commentary

Mianzi once said before As the saying goes: "Words must be true and deeds must bear fruit." This is not the behavior of a gentleman, but the behavior of a villain. Confucius paid attention to the moral code of "faithfulness", but it must be based on "Tao", that is, it must be subject to the provisions of benevolence and propriety. Talking about "faith" without the great principles of benevolence and propriety is not true faith.

Original text

15·38 Confucius said: "To serve the king, respect his duties and then eat them (1)."

Comments

(1) Food: food and salary, salary.

Translation

Confucius said: "To serve the monarch, one must do things seriously and put the matter of receiving Dai's salary behind."

Original text

15·39 Confucius said: “There is no distinction between teachings.

Translation

Confucius said: “Everyone can receive education, regardless of race. ”

Analysis

Confucius’ education objects, teaching content and training goals all have their own uniqueness. The education he organized reflected the reality of the downward cultural movement at that time. The situation has changed. In addition to the children of aristocrats who can receive education, other classes and strata have the possibility and some opportunities to receive education. He recruits disciples, regardless of race or clan, and they can come to his disciples. Education. Therefore, we say that Confucius was a great educator in ancient China, who created a precedent for private education in ancient China and established the basic ideas of traditional Chinese education.

Original text

15· 40 The Master said: “If the ways are different, we should not conspire against each other. "

Translation

Confucius said: "If we have different opinions, we should not discuss them with each other. ”

Original text

15·41 The Master said: “It’s just expressiveness. "

Translation

Confucius said: "Words only need to be able to express meaning. "

Original text

15·42 "Shi Mian (1) saw that when he saw the steps, Confucius said: "The steps are also." When he was talking about the seats, Confucius said: "The seats are also." Sitting down, the Master told him, "He is here, and He is here." When the teacher came out, Zi Zhang asked, "What do you want to tell me about the way of the teacher?" The Master said, "Of course, the way of the teacher is solid phase (2). . ”

Notes

(1) Shi Mian: Musician, this musician’s name is Mian.

(2) Phase: Help.

Translation

The musician Mian came to see Confucius and walked to the edge of the steps. Confucius said: "Here are the steps." When he walked to the seat, Confucius said: "This is the seat." etc. Everyone sat down, and Confucius told him: "So-and-so is here, so-and-so is here." After Shi Mian left, Zizhang asked Confucius: "Is this the way to talk to musicians?" Confucius said: "This is the way to talk to musicians. The way to help musicians."