1. Part of speech: There are ten parts of speech in English:
nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, articles, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and exclamations.
1. Noun (n.): a name indicating a person, a thing, a place or an abstract concept. Such as: boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2. pron.: Mainly used to replace nouns. Such as: who, she, you, it .
3. Adj.: indicating the nature or characteristics of a person or thing. Such as: good, right, white, orange.
4. Numeral (num.): indicates the number or the order of things. Such as: one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5. Verb (v.): indicates action or state. Such as: am, is,are,have,see .
6. Adv.: Modifying verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, indicating time, place, degree, etc. Such as: now, very, here, oft, quietly, slowly.
7. Article (art ..): used before nouns to help explain nouns. Such as: a, an, the.
8. Preposition: indicates the relationship between the noun or pronoun behind it and other sentence components. Such as in, on, from, above, behind.
9. conj.: Used to connect words, phrases or sentences. For example, and, but, before .
1, interj .. expresses feelings such as joy, anger, sadness and joy. Such as: oh, well, hi, hello.
2. Sentence components: English sentence components are divided into seven types: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial, predicative and object complement.
1. The subject is the person or thing the sentence is about, and the answer is "Who" or "What". Usually used as a noun or pronoun. I'm Miss Green. (I'm Miss Green)
2. The predicate verb explains the action or state of the subject and answers "Do (what)". Mainly served by verbs. Jack cleanses the room every day. (Jack cleans the room every day)
3. Predicate follows the copula to explain the identity or characteristics of the subject, and the answer is "what" or "how". Usually served by nouns, pronouns or adjectives. For example: My name is ping. (My name is Ping ping)
4. The object indicates the object or result of the transitive verb, and the answer is "what". Usually served by nouns or pronouns. He can spell the word
Some transitive verbs have two objects, one refers to the object and the other refers to the person. Those who refer to things are called direct objects, and those who refer to people are called indirect objects. Indirect objects are usually placed in front of direct objects. He wrote me a letter.
Sometimes the preposition to or for can be added before the indirect object to form a phrase and placed after the direct object to emphasize the indirect object. He wrote a letter to me.
5. Attributive modifies nouns or pronouns, usually adjectives, pronouns, numerals, etc. Such as:
Shanghai is a big city. (Shanghai is a big city)
6. Adverbials are used to modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs, usually served by adverbs. He works hard. (He works hard.)
7. The object complement is used to explain what the object is like or doing, usually served by adjectives or verbs. Such as: they are systematically keeping their classroom clean. (They usually keep the classroom clean)/He often helps me do my lessons. (He often helps me with my homework.)/The teacher wanted me to learn French by myself. (The teacher asked me to learn French by myself.)
☆ The appositive is usually followed by nouns and pronouns to further explain its situation. Such as: Where is your classmate Tom? Where is your classmate Tom? )
The specific usage of two or eight tenses:
(1) The simple present tense indicates the action or the state of existence that occurs frequently or habitually at this stage, or explains the characteristics of the subject.
① Adverbials of time often found in general present tense sentences: often, naturally, some times, always, every (day, etc.), once/twice,a (week, etc.), on (Sunday, etc.), never,in the (morning, etc.). For example, they go to the Palace Museum once a year. (They go to the Forbidden City once a year)/They often discuss business in the evening. (They often discuss business in the evening.)
② Generally, adverbials of time are not used in sentences indicating objective truth, facts, people's skills or current state. For example, The earth turns round the sun./Light travels faster than sound.
③ indicates something that is quite certain to happen (such as arranged things) or according to the timetable. The future can be expressed in the simple present, and there can be future time in the sentence. For example, the train for haikou leaves at 8: in the morning. (The train for Hankou leaves at 8: a.m.)
④ In the adverbial clauses of time (guided by when, after, before, while, never, as soon as, etc.) and conditional adverbial clauses (guided by if, never, etc.), the simple present tense is used instead of the simple future tense. Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany./If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home. (If it rains tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.)
⑤ The present tense can be used in inverted sentences to indicate what is happening, and the verbs are mainly come and go. Here comes the bus./There goes the bell.
⑥ The simple present tense is often used in the explanation of sports competitions or fables. Now the middle field player catches the ball and he keeps it.
⑦ People's psychological activities and sensory actions are generally expressed in the simple present tense instead of the present continuous tense. Common verbs are: like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, Think (think), understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. For example, I think it is going to snow. (2) The simple past tense indicates an action or state that happened at some time in the past. This action or state may be one-off or often
.
① When indicating a one-off action at a specific moment in the past, the adverbial clauses of time are: at (eight) (yesterday morning), (ten minutes) ago, when. I got up at 6: this morning. (I got up at 6: in the morning.) When I said that I didn't know when I had a one-time action in the past, the adverbials of time were: yesterday, last (year, etc.), in (1998, etc.). For example, He came to our city in the year 2. (He came to our city in 2)
③ When expressing things that often happened in the past stage, adverbials of time include: last …, in …, from … to …, for (1 years), oft, universally, some times, always, never, etc. For example, Mr Jackson universally went to even schools when he was young. ④ Telling stories, recalling past experiences, and past events understood by both sides are generally past tense, and adverbials of time are often omitted. I happened to meet Rose in the street. (I happened to meet Lucy in the street)
(3) The general future tense indicates an action or state that will happen at some time or often in the future.
① adverbials of time in the general future tense include: tomorrow, this (after noon), next (year), one day, now, soon,
something, some time, in the future, when-guided clauses, etc.
② The future tense composed of will indicates that the action has nothing to do with people's subjective wishes. "shall" is used in the first person, and "will"
is used in everyone. For example, I will graduate from this school soon. ③ "am/is/are going to+verb prototype" means what I intend to do or prepare to do, or judge what will happen subjectively, while "am/is/are to+verb prototype" means the action arranged or planned. A man held them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby. (Someone told them that the woman would give birth to that special boy.) It means that a person decided to do something temporarily and can be expressed in will. For example: I will go to the lab to get some
chemicals. So please wait until I return. (I'm going to get some medicines from the chemistry lab, please wait for me to turn back)
⑤ The present continuous tense and the simple present tense can also indicate the future. (see corresponding tense)
⑥ shall and will are equivalent to modal verbs in some oral interrogative sentences. Shall is usually used with the first person and will with the second person. Such as: Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday? Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday? ) ⑦ "be to+verb prototype" means what will happen according to the plan. For example: an angel camel to tell her that she was to have this special boy.
(4) Present continuous tense The present continuous tense indicates an action that is currently taking place or an action that is not necessarily taking place at this moment.
① The present continuous tense consists of "auxiliary verb be (am is are)+present participle".
② adverbials of time in the present continuous tense include: now, this …, these…, etc., but they are often not used. What are you doing up in the tree? What are you doing in the tree? )/I am writing a long novel these days. (I am writing a novel recently)
③ indicates an upcoming action, generally referring to something arranged recently. Common verbs are: come, go, stay, leave, spend, do, etc. I'm coming now./What are you doing tomorrow? What will you do tomorrow? )/He is leaving soon.
④ indicates frequent or repeated actions, and is often used with adverbs of frequency such as always to express feelings such as praise, dissatisfaction or disgust. He always borrows money from me and forges all about it some time later. (He always borrows money from me, and after a while he forgets all about it.)
(5) The past continuous tense indicates an action that was going on at a certain moment or stage in the past.
① The past continuous tense consists of "was (singular in the first and third person) or were (singular in the second person and plural in each person)+present participle". ② The adverbials of time in the past continuous tense are: then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning), (a year) ago, and adverbial clauses of time introduced by when. Such as: He was cooking supper this tim