1. Translation of the classical Chinese text of "The Essay on Failure and Drowning"

The Essay on Sadness and Drowning

Liu Zongyuan

Yongzhi Xian is good at traveling, one day , the water was so violent that five or six men took a small boat to cross the Xiang River. In Zhongji, the boat was broken and everyone swam. One of them tried his best but couldn't do anything ordinary. His companion said: "You are good at traveling, what will you do now?" He said: "I have a thousand coins around my waist, heavy, but it will be later." He said: "Why don't you go?" He didn't respond and shook his head. There is a moment of idleness. Those who had saved stood on the shore and called out: "How foolish are you? How can you hide this? Your body is dead, why do you use goods?" He shook his head and drowned. I mourn. And if so, wouldn’t it be possible for big money to overwhelm big hooligans?

Translation: Meng: ① People in exile. ②The people of the grassland. Take ② here. Jue: crossing. Ji: to get through. Common: A unit of length. Two fathoms are one constant.

Lazy: tired, sleepy. Cover: to be blinded. By extension, it means not being able to see simple truth clearly.

Translation:

The people in Yongzhou (place name) are good at swimming. One day, the river was very violent (flood peak), and there were five or six people there. Take a small ferry across the Xiang River. After crossing to the middle of the river, the boat broke and everyone swam. One of the people tried his best but could not swim two or three meters (paraphrase). His companion said: "You are the best at swimming, why are you lagging behind today?" (Answer) said: "I have a thousand strings of copper coins wrapped around my waist, which is very heavy, so I am lagging behind." He said: "Why not? Throw it away?" No answer, shaking his head. After a while I became even more tired. The people who had come ashore stood on the shore and shouted: "You are so stupid, you are blind, how can you spend money when everyone is dead?" (The man) shook his head again, and was drowned dead. 2. Classical Chinese translation of "Le Hui Biography"

Le Hui, courtesy name Boqi, was a native of Changling, the capital.

His father was a minor official in the county. He offended the county magistrate and (the county magistrate) detained him and wanted to kill him. Le Hui was eleven years old at the time. He would often lie in front of the government office and cry loudly day and night.

After the county magistrate heard this, he felt very sympathetic and released his father. When he grew up, Le Hui loved Confucian classics and studied with Dr. Jiao Yong.

Jiao Yong became the governor of Hedong, and Lehui followed him to the government office. (He) recited the poem carefully behind closed doors and did not interact with (outside) people. Later, Jiao Yong was impeached and investigated for his affairs, and other disciples were detained for trying to smooth relations with Jiao Yong.

Lehui maintains his innocence without tarnishing the law and aspires to become a famous Confucian scholar. Later, when he became an official in this county, the prefect was killed for breaking the law. None of his friends dared to go to the funeral, only Le Hui mourned for him.

After he came back, he made great achievements again. He was never biased in his selection and recommendation, and he never accepted other people's requests and entrustments. Yang Zheng from the same county slandered Le Hui many times in public. Later (Le Hui) recommended Yang Zheng's son to be Xiaolian. From then on, everyone in the village joined him.

He was conquered and moved to Sikong Mourong's mansion. Just when Wu Lun, the prefect of Shu County, replaced Mou Rong as Sikong, Lehui refused to stay because he and Wu Lun were from the same hometown. He resigned from the official position after recommending Du An of Yingchuan.

Many people praised his behavior and tried to recruit him several times, but he did not agree. Later, he was recruited as Yilang.

Just as the cavalry general Dou Xian was about to go out to conquer the Xiongnu, Le Hui wrote many letters to remonstrate with him, and the court praised his loyalty. He entered the court and served as a servant of the minister.

At this time, Henan Yin Wangdiao and Luoyang ordered Li Fu and Dou Xian to have a close relationship and indulged their family members in misbehaving. Le Hui impeached Wang Diao, Li Fu and Si Shi Xiaowei.

The numerous accusations and recommendations (facts) left (them) unable to answer and unable to escape. The relatives of the dignitaries hated him very much. Dou Xian's younger brother Xia Yang Hou Dou Gui wanted to greet Le Hui, but Le Hui declined and refused to associate with him.

The two brothers Dou Xian acted indulgently and resented Le Hui for not relying on them. His wife often advised Lehui: "The ancients used to protect themselves to avoid disasters. Why do you use your words to incur the resentment of others?" Lehui sighed and said: "How can I tolerate those corpses in the court? Where is the person?" So he wrote a letter to advise: "I heard that many of the emperor's mistakes were caused by the devolution of power.

The uncles should not interfere with the royal family's affairs to show the world. It’s an individual’s world. If politics makes mistakes, the consequences will be unpredictable if they are not corrected.

What should be done today is that the emperor should put righteousness first and sever this connection, and the uncle should reflect on himself with humility. "The petition had no effect.

At this time, Empress Dowager Dou came to the court, and the emperor was not in charge. Because Lehui could not implement his ideas, he complained of illness and returned home. For this reason, Dou Xian quickly and harshly The local government informed the states and counties to persecute and threaten Le Hui. After his death, hundreds of disciples wore mourning clothes and the people were very sad. p>

Later, the Dou family was executed and Emperor He ascended the throne. Le Hui's disciples He Rong and others wrote a letter stating Le Hui's loyalty and integrity, and (Emperor He) granted Le Hui's son Le Ji the title of doctor. 3. Li E, courtesy name Shihui, was a native of Zhaojun. He was an official in Qi State and served as a scholar in Zhongshu. He was good at eloquence and often received envoys from the state of Chen.

When the state of Zhou pacified the state of Qi, Li E saw that Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty had the ambition and conduct of an emperor and had a close friendship with him. >

When Emperor Wen was the prime minister, he was very close to Li E and asked him about his gains and losses. At that time, there were frequent wars in the country and a lot of national property was wasted. Li E wrote "Chonggu Lun" to give his advice.

Emperor Wen adopted Li E's suggestion. Emperor Wen succeeded to the throne, and Li E was appointed as the Minister of Bibu and Kaogong.

Emperor Wen said to his ministers: "When I first became Grand Sima, I often requested to serve outside the capital. Li E stated twelve strategies and tried hard to dissuade me from serving outside. I am determined to stay in the imperial court. Today's business depends entirely on Li E's strength. "

Li E was given two thousand pieces of property. When Li E saw that the ethics and education were withered and broken, after the death of the public minister, his descendants married off his beloved concubines and sold them, which formed a custom.

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So he wrote a letter and said: "I heard that if you admire Yuanfeng, you should wait carefully until the end. People's virtues will be honest and honest, and they will not change for three years. Only then can it be called filial piety." Now I heard that some of the ministers, after their fathers and ancestors died, soon after their descendants became scoundrels, they married off their concubines in exchange for money.

If someone does this, it is really detrimental to customs and education. Although the concubine is humble, because she personally inherited the clothes and shoes of her father and ancestors, she should serve three years of heavy mourning. This is the ancient and modern practice.

How can it be allowed to immediately take off the mourning clothes, forcibly apply powder and daisy, weep in front of the spiritual tablet, and send it to someone else's room? Anyone who sees this situation is sad, how much less can a son of man endure this! There are also some important officials in the imperial court who have very noble positions and prestige. They make friends throughout their lives and love them like brothers. After his death, he was as far away as a passer-by. He heard about the death of his old friend in the morning, and in the evening he advised his concubine to marry him off when it was convenient for him to be hired.

Has no sense of shame and betrays friendship. Moreover, handling affairs at home can be transferred to the officialdom. Since we cannot correct our selfish desires, how can we sponsor government affairs? " Emperor Wen read Li E's letter and commended him.

From then on, the wives and concubines of officials above the fifth rank were not allowed to remarry. Li E also advocated frivolous articles at that time and forgot to return, so he wrote the letter: "I It is said that the wise emperors in ancient times who educated the people must change what they heard and saw, prevent their hobbies and desires, block their evil and dissolute hearts, and show them a honest and peaceful path.

The Five Religions and Six Elements are the foundation for educating the people; "Poetry", "Book", "Li" and "Yi" are the gateway to morality. Therefore, there is nothing more important than being able to be filial and loving in every family, knowing etiquette and humility, correcting folk customs, and adjusting customs.

As long as it is not punishment and reward, it is by no means in vain.

"From the lower to the later generations, customs and education gradually declined. The three ancestors of Wei State paid more attention to literature, ignored the monarch's principles, and liked trivial skills.

The people below followed the people above. , just like the shadow following the sound, competing to show literary talent, so a custom was formed in Jiangzuo Qi and Liang. This shortcoming was even more serious. No matter whether they were noble or humble, they just wanted to recite poems and poems.

So I lost the reason and kept the heresy, chasing nothingness, competing for the wonder of a rhyme, and competing for the cleverness of a word. There are endless articles, but there are no images like the moon and dewdrops, and the pile of books is just like the wind and clouds. scenery.

The secular world uses these to compare superiors and inferiors, and the court selects officials based on these. Now that the road to fame and fortune has been opened, the passion for hobbies and admiration becomes even more solid.

Therefore, the young and old in the village and the children of Guiyou, who did not know the heavenly stems and earthly branches, began to write five-character poems. As for the laws of Emperor Xi, Shun, and Yu, and the teachings of Yi Yin, Fu Shuo, Duke Zhou, and Confucius, I no longer care about them. How could I ever listen to them? They regard arrogance and unrestrainedness as nobility and nothingness, regard expressiveness as meritorious deeds, accuse Confucian scholars of being primitive and clumsy in moral conduct, and use poetry to become a person with noble personality.

Therefore, the increasing number of articles and the increasing political chaos are indeed due to the abandonment of the example of the great sage, resulting in a situation where the useless is regarded as useful. Abandoning the fundamentals and chasing after the end, it spreads throughout China, learning from each other and imitating each other, and it becomes more and more popular as time goes by.

"The Sui Dynasty accepted the destiny and the holy way began to rise. It abolished the flashy words and suppressed the gorgeous pretense. Unless we have the classics in our chests, embrace simplicity in our arms, aspire to the Tao, and rely on benevolence in our hearts, we can't Become an official and join the ranks of officials.

In the fourth year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (584), edicts were issued to the world, and all public and private articles should be recorded according to the facts. In September of this year, Sizhou Governor Sima You. The article expresses magnificence, and he will be prosecuted for his crime.

From then on, all the officials and ministers understood the right way. No one did not admire the ancient classics and gave up the magnificence and beauty in favor of the good laws of the ancient emperors. "Now I heard that the outlying states and counties still inherit the desolate world style, select officials and recommend talents, and do not follow the rules of the law.

His filial piety is praised by his clan colleagues, and his village is benevolent. If he wants to learn, he must study ancient classics. Those who do not interact casually will be excluded and will not be hired; his studies will not be based on the ancients. Those who pursue the secular world, follow the opinions of the times, write frivolous and flashy articles, make friends and pursue reputation, will be selected as officials and recommended to the court. Probably because the county magistrates and governors did not implement moral education and mixed in personal affairs, so they had no justice in their hearts.

Since I live in the Constitutional Office, I should fulfill my duty of inspection. If we impeach someone after hearing the news, I'm afraid many people will violate the criminal law.

Request an order to conduct an extensive search for such a person. If there is such a person, state the situation and send it to the Xiantai. "Li E also wrote a letter to state his shortcomings because officials like to be arrogant, and requested that he be corrected and demoted to punish his conduct.

Emperor Wen promulgated Li E's memorials to the world, and all the people in the world were affected. He tended to the style of teaching and profoundly eliminated the shortcomings. Li E was in office for several years, trying to preserve the general character and not advocating majesty and fierceness. Therefore, he did not have the reputation of being upright, but he had the ambition to correct mistakes.

Pi Gong Suwei believed that the shopkeepers near the official road were profit-seeking people, and the industry they engaged in was dirty and messy, which was not in line with the principles of agriculture, so he petitioned to reduce the number of shopkeepers and sent them back to their hometown to work in farming. In the prefecture and county where they were located, they were still ordered to demolish their original shops, stay away from official roads, and apply within a time limit.

In the cold winter, no one dared to complain. 4. Li Wenwen. Full text translation of "Guitian Fu"

Traveling around the city is for eternity, and there is no clear plan to support the time. I only come to Linchuan to admire the fish, and I am grateful for Cai Zi's generosity. I will resolve my doubts from Tang Dynasty. The way of heaven is vague, chasing the fisherman to play with each other, transcending the dust and passing away, almost saying goodbye to the world.

Translation: I have been an official in Kyoto for a long time, and I have no clever strategies to assist the king. He only praised the fish for its fatness and deliciousness by the river. He had to wait until the water in the Yellow River became clear. He thought that Cai Ze's ambition could not be fulfilled, so he asked Tang Ju to meet him to solve the problem. He knew that the way of heaven was subtle and elusive, so he had to follow the fisherman. Go and enjoy the mountains and rivers, leave the filthy society far away, and be separated from the chores of the world for a long time.

Then in the middle of spring, the weather is peaceful, the sky is lush, and the grass is flourishing. The wings are beating, the birds are wailing, their necks are crossed, and they are chatting happily.

Translation: It is mid-spring, the weather is mild, and the weather is sunny. The trees have dense leaves and weeds grow. Ospreys fly low on the water, and the orioles sing gracefully on the branches. The birds are singing in the sky, and they are beautiful in the spring light. It makes me feel happy.

You are the place where the dragon sings in the marsh, the tiger roars on the hill, flies upward, fishes in the long stream, and is killed by the arrow. , hanging in the abyss and sinking.

Translation: So I sang loudly by the lake and recited poems on the hills. Shoot arrows into the clouds and cast fishing lines into the river; birds are shot and killed, fish are greedy and take the bait, geese fall from the sky, and leopards are caught in the water.

At that time, the sun shone in the sky, so I looked at it comfortably. It is the ultimate pleasure to travel, even if you forget about it day and night, you will feel the last words of the master and you will be far away from the Penglu. Play the five strings with your wonderful fingers, chant the books of Zhou and Confucius, use the calligraphy and ink to stir up the algae, and show the pattern of the three emperors. If you let your mind be outside of things, you will know what honor and disgrace are.

Translation: Not long after, the sun set and the bright moon rose into the sky. Playing and traveling is already a bliss, and I still don’t feel tired when night comes. Thinking of Lao Tzu's warning, it was time to drive back to the thatched cottage. The fingering technique for playing the five-stringed qin is wonderful, and reading the books of sages is endlessly enjoyable. He wrote a composition and used his literary talents to describe the teachings of the ancient sage king. As long as I stay outside the world, I don't care about its glory and shame. 5. Translation of a piece of classical Chinese text

Zhao Xiang was in charge of studying imperial duties

Zhao Xiang was in charge of studying imperial duties under Wang Yuqi, and he and Yu Qi chased each other, changing horses three times and then three queens. Master Xiang said: "You have not yet exhausted the art of imperialism that you have taught me." He replied: "The art has been exhausted, and it is too late to use it. The most valuable thing about imperialism is that the horse's body is at ease with the chariot, and the human heart is attuned to the chariot. Horses can advance quickly and go far. Now the emperor wants to catch his ministers.

He is afraid of catching his ministers. If he seduces the way and fights for a distance, it is not the first and the latter. Why should he be the superior? "Tune a horse?" , changed horses three times but fell behind three times.

Zhao Xiangzi said: "You did not teach me all your skills." He replied: "If you teach me all the skills, you will make mistakes when using them. Any control post

should What matters most is the unity of the horse's body and the cart, and the coordination of the human mind and the horse, so that you can run fast and far. Today, when you fell behind, you wanted to catch up with me. When I am in front, I am afraid that I will catch up. When driving a carriage to compete for the lane, you are either ahead or behind. But when you are leading or falling behind, you are thinking of me, so how can you coordinate with the horse? What? This is why you are lagging behind." 6. Classical Chinese Translation

Original text:

The son of the Yang family in Liang was nine years old and very clever. Kong Junping visited his father. When his father was not there, he called his son out. To set the fruit, the fruit has bayberry. The hole pointed to his son and said: "This is the fruit of your family." The son replied: "I have never heard that the peacock is the master's poultry."

Translation:

In the Liang Kingdom, there was a A family named Yang has a nine-year-old son who is very smart. One day, his father’s friend Kong Junping came to visit his father, but his father happened to be not at home, so Kong Junping called the child out. The boy brought some fruit to Kong Junping, including bayberry. Kong Junping pointed to the myrica rubras with the smiles on his face and said: “This is your home fruit.” The child immediately replied: “I’ve never heard that the peacock is your home bird, sir.”

—— "Yang's Son"

"Mourning" written by Liu Zongyuan

Original text

Yongzhi Xian is good at traveling. One day, the water was very violent, and five or six men took a small boat to cross the Xiangshui River. In Zhongji, the boat was broken and everyone swam. One of them tried his best but couldn't do anything ordinary. His companion said: "You are good at traveling, what will you do now?" He said: "I have a thousand coins around my waist, heavy, but it will be later." He said: "Why don't you go?" He didn't respond and shook his head. There is a moment of idleness. Those who had saved stood on the shore and called out: "How foolish are you? How can you hide this? Your body is dead, why do you use goods?" He shook his head again. Then he drowned. I mourn. And if so, wouldn’t it be possible for big money to overwhelm big hooligans? So he wrote "Mourning".

Translation

People in Yongzhou are good at swimming. One day, the river suddenly rose, and five or six people took a boat to cross the Xiangjiang River. When they crossed into the river, the boat broke and everyone swam. One of them tried his best to swim but still couldn't make it very far. His companions said: "You are the best at swimming, why are you lagging behind now?" He said: "I have a thousand coins wrapped around my waist, which is very heavy, so I am lagging behind." His companions said: "Why don't you throw it away? What?" He didn't answer and shook his head. After a while, he became even more tired. The man who had swam across the river stood on the bank and shouted: "You are extremely stupid and deceived. You are about to drown. Why do you need money?" He shook his head again. So he drowned. I feel very sad about this.

If it were like this, wouldn't it happen that Italy drowned a big shot? So I wrote "Mourning".

Notes

①Yongzhimeng: the common people of Yongzhou

②Zhongji: the boat crossed to the middle of the river

③unusual: refers to Wander Not Far 7. Translation of "Foolish and Brave" in Classical Chinese

Cut your own flesh to eat

〖Original Text〗

Among the brave men of Qi, one of them is Dongguo ①, and the other lives in In Xiguo, suddenly they met on the road and said, "Would you like to have a drink with me?" After a few drinks, he said, "Are you asking for some meat?" One person said, "My son, I am a meat; I am a meat." Hu Ge wanted meat for ⑥? "So it was just ⑦ dye ⑧, and he drew the knife and ate each other ⑨ until he died. Being brave like this is worse than being without courage.

〖Note〗

①Guo: City wall. This refers to the city. ②Suddenly: suddenly. Death is the same as "sudden", sudden. ③So: For now. ④Several lines of wine: Drink several glasses of wine. 觞, shāng, wine cup; 行, xíng, several times. ⑤Ask for meat: Find some meat to eat. ⑥Shang Hu Ge asked for meat: Why should we buy additional meat? ⑦Tools: Prepare. ⑧Dyeing: black bean paste. ⑨啖: 啖dàn, eat. ⑩If: like.

〖Translation〗

There were two brave men in the state of Qi. One lived in the east of the city and the other lived in the west. One day they met unexpectedly on the road. The man who lives in the west of the city said, "It's rare to meet, so let's go have a drink." "Okay." So the two of them stepped into the liquor store and started drinking. After drinking for a few rounds, the man who lived in the east of the city said, "How about getting some meat to eat?" The man who lived in the west of the city said, "You and I are both good guys. You have meat on your body, and I have meat on my body, and we need another one." What are you buying meat for?" "Okay!" said the other. So they asked the waiter to bring out black bean sauce as a seasoning, and the two of them took out their knives. You cut off the meat on my body and eat it, and I'll cut off the meat on your body and eat it. Even though the blood was all over the floor, they still cut and ate it until they gave it away. Life just stopped. If being like this can be considered brave, it would be better to not be brave at all.