Gu Kaizhi is from Wuxi, Jinling. Gu Kaizhi is particularly good at painting, and his paintings are fantastic. Xie An attaches great importance to him and thinks that no one can match him since ancient times. When Gu Kaizhi paints portraits, he sometimes doesn't nod for years. People asked him why, and he replied, "The beauty and ugliness of limbs are not lacking in beauty, and they are vividly reflected in the eyes." Gu Kaizhi often emphasized Ji Kang's four-character poems, so he painted a portrait of him. He often said: "It is easy to wave five strings in one hand, but it is difficult to see him return to Hong." Every portrait he draws is always wonderful. He once painted a portrait of Pei Kai, adding three hairs to his cheeks, which made the viewer feel particularly beautiful. He painted Xie Hun in a cave and said, "This man should be put in a ravine." He was going to paint a portrait of Yin Zhongkan, but Yin Zhongkan had a problem with his eyes and refused. Gu Kaizhi said, "Because your eyes are like this, draw your pupils in a clear place and brush them up with flying white. This will cover the moon like a light cloud, isn't it good!" Yin Zhongkan just listens to him. Gu Kaizhi once drew a cabinet in front of the door, sealed it with an inscription, and left it to Huan Xuan, who cherished it very much. Huan Xuan actually opened the back of the cupboard, stole the painting, sealed it back to Gu Kaizhi as before, and lied to him that he had never opened the cupboard. Gu Kaizhi's topic is still the same as the original, but he lost the painting, saying that the wonderful painting is psychic, and if it changes, he will leave, just like a mortal fairy, without any strange colors.
Mencius two chapters
Fish is what I want.
Fish is my favorite, and bear's paw is also my favorite. If I can't have both, then I have to give up fish and choose bear's paw. Life is what I love, and righteousness is what I love. If you can't have both at the same time, then I'll have to give my life for justice. Life is what I love, but there are things I love more than life, so I don't do anything for the benefit. I hate death, but there are some things that I hate more than death, so I don't avoid some disasters. If people love nothing more than life, then everything can survive, and what means are not used? If people hate nothing more than death, which of all the bad things that can avoid disaster can't be done? You can survive by some means, but some people can avoid disaster by some means, but some people don't do such a thing. Therefore, what they like is something more precious than life (that is "righteousness"), and what they hate is something more serious than death (that is "injustice"). Not only sages have this idea, but everyone has it. Only sages can keep it from losing.
A bowl of rice, a bowl of soup, you get it, you live, you lose it, you die. However, if you give him something to eat, the hungry people passing by will not accept it; If you kick it to someone else, the beggar won't accept it.
What good will it do me if I accept 10 thousand minutes' salary without knowing whether it is in line with etiquette? Do you appreciate my beauty to ladies-in-waiting, my service to wives and concubines, and my kindness to the poor people I know? Originally, I would rather die for righteousness than be eaten by "Tiger" and "Chu Er", but today I accepted it for the beauty of the palace; Originally, I would rather die for righteousness than be eaten by "Tiger" and "Chu Er", but today I accepted it and worked for my wife. Originally, I would rather die for righteousness than be given a meal and a piece of soup, but today I accepted it because the poor people I know appreciate my kindness: can't this practice stop? This is called the loss of primitive ideas and the loss of "righteousness".
Be born at hardship, die at peace and happiness
Shun was appointed from other places, selected from plasterers who built walls, and recommended from fish and salt vendors. Guan Yiwu was released from prison officials and was hired as a doctor. Sun Shuaio was appointed from a secluded seaside, and Prissy was selected as a doctor from a slave trader.
Therefore, God will give such people a great responsibility. He must first make his heart ache, his bones tired, his hunger, his skin emaciated and his poverty. When he is doing things, he will reverse what he has done, use these methods to disturb his heart, make his character patient and increase his talents that he didn't have in the past.
A person often makes mistakes and can only correct them later; Confused inside, congested thinking, can rise up and make a difference; Gaunt and haggard, manifested in the face, singing sighs in the voice, (look at his face, listen to his voice) and then people will know him.
If there are no judges and wise men who can assist the monarch at home, and there is no danger of aggression from hostile countries and foreign countries abroad, it will often perish.
Only in this way can people understand that worry makes life, and ease and pleasure make people die.
Zhuangzi Autumn Water
Autumn floods rise with the seasons. Thousands of rivers flow into the Yellow River, and the current is huge. You can't tell the difference between cattle and horses by the water and the islands on both sides. As a result, Hebo was very happy and thought that all the beautiful scenery in the world was concentrated on himself. Follow the running water to the east, and when you reach the Bohai Sea, you can't see the water when you look east. So Hebo put away (changed) his happy face, looked up at the Bohai Sea and sighed: "There is an old saying,' When you hear a lot of truth, you feel that no one can compare with yourself', and that's me. I have also heard that some people look down on Ni's knowledge and Bo Yi's righteous deeds. At first, I didn't believe it. Now I see that your sea is endless. If I don't come before you, it will be dangerous, and I will always be laughed at by people who know the truth. "
The god of the Bohai Sea said: "You can't talk about the sea with the frog at the bottom of the well, because its vision is limited by its narrow residence;" Insects that live and die in summer can't talk about ice and snow with them, because their vision is limited by seasons; People with little knowledge should not argue with him, because his vision is bound by his education. Now that you have flowed out of the river bank and looked at the sea, you know your shallowness and can tell you the truth. There is no water bigger than the sea in the world. Thousands of rivers belong to the sea, I don't know when to stop, but I am not satisfied; The tail excretes it, I don't know when to stop, but it is not empty; The spring and autumn have not changed, and the floods and droughts are unknown. This shows that its capacity exceeds that of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, which cannot be counted. But I have never boasted, because I feel that I am between heaven and earth, from which I draw Yin and Yang. I am between heaven and earth, just like Xiao Mu on a mountain, and I have an idea that I have seen very little. How to boast? Calculate the four seas between heaven and earth, unlike the small holes in the huge Shui Ze? Is the Central Plains in the world, unlike Timmy in the barn? The number of things is called' ten thousand', and human beings are just one of them; Humans are all over the world, where grains grow and where cars and boats arrive, accounting for only one thousand of them; Does this mean that people are not like the hair tips of horses compared with everything else? This is all the efforts of the sages who have ruled continuously by the five emperors, fought for power by the three kings, cared for the country by the benevolent people, and took the world as their own responsibility. Boyi became famous by resigning, and Confucius showed great wisdom by commenting on the world. Didn't they praise themselves as you just praised the number of rivers? "
Dai, the first generation painter
Dai Jin, a native of Hangzhou, was the first painter in Ming Dynasty. Ming Xuanzong likes painting, and his paintings give full play to the talents endowed by God. At that time, he was surrounded by Xie Tingxun, Ni Duan, litmus and Li, all famous figures. When Dai went to Beijing, painters were jealous of him. One day, a painting was presented to the emperor in Renzhi Hall. Dai Jin presented a picture of Qiu Jiang fishing alone, in which people were fishing by the water in red robes. It's just that red is not easy to draw, and you can get the beauty of ancient law by wearing it alone. Ming Xuanzong saw it. Xie Tingxun knelt down beside him and said to the emperor, "Dai Jin's paintings are beautiful, but scarlet is the dress color of senior officials in the imperial court. How can a fisherman wear a red robe? " Xuanzong nodded in agreement, so he waved his hand and stopped looking at the rest of the paintings. So Dai Jin lived in Beijing and was very poor.
Dai Jin used to be a jeweler. The figures he forged, such as flowers and birds, are both beautiful in form and spirit, and their value is more than twice that of ordinary forgeries. Dai Jin is very proud of himself and believes that people must attach great importance to it and pass it on. One day, in the financial market, I saw the jewelry that was put in and made, and I suddenly felt sad and depressed. When he came back, he said to people, "I have exhausted my efforts to make these things." Where can I change food casually? " I want to borrow jewelry to make my name immortal. Now they don't care about destroying my jewelry. This craft is not worth doing any more. What will I do in the future? "People said to him," Your ingenious technology is put on gold and silver jewelry, which is only for the world to play with and for children and women to decorate. "They are only addicted to the brilliance of jewelry. How can they understand the hard work of the producers? If you can transfer your handicraft to painting on plain silk, it will surely be handed down. " Dai Jin is very happy. I studied painting, and I was very famous at that time.
However, Dai Jin's fate is not good. Although he got the official position, his future was bumpy and he didn't get the favor of the emperor. His paintings can describe things in detail with a few sparse strokes, and the pen is light and deep. His paintings are particularly beautiful, and the original works are rare. I admire Dai Jin, a jeweler, but he set an immortal ambition and finally made a name for himself.
Zhangyan is honest and loves the people.
Zhangyan is from Changzhou, Jiangsu. ..... In the seventeenth year of Kangxi, he was granted the title of Dengfeng County Magistrate and assumed his post. ..... To the county for three days, vowed not to accept a penny of bribes, don't wronged a good man. In front of the yamen stood a huge stone with four words engraved on it: "Eliminate the private faction forever." A cabinet was set up to collect opinions, and the people threw their envelopes in. There are never any letters left. He summoned the exiles and urged them to farm the fields. He inspected the land conditions and crops suitable for planting there, and then urged people to plant kapok and various fruit trees. The school was also overhauled and Songyang Academy, one of the four major academies in the Song Dynasty, was restored. Mang Zhang hired Geng Jie as a teacher to teach students with Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism. 2 1 school has been established from the county seat to remote areas. He examines students, checks them regularly, corrects students' sentence reading, and teaches them the manners of advancing and retreating. In his spare time, he rides a donkey to visit the poor and ask for help. Small disputes are settled on the spot. This place, Ludian in the west of the county, has always been easy to go to court. Mang Zhang reviewed Zhang Wen's talent, recommended him as a village convention, and asked him to educate and guide the people, thus completely changing the dishonest folk customs. Shen Errui, the village chief, will be whipped if he owes taxes. If he finds the tax used by others to pay taxes on the way, he will return the tax to others, preferring to be accused rather than profit from other people's money. Zhang Biao thought he was virtuous and praised him. The farmer died of high school. His wife Meng was young, and her father-in-law wanted to force her to get married. Meng Shi wept bitterly in front of her husband's grave and prepared to hang himself. Zhang Biao happened to change clothes and travel and asked him why he was crying. Knowing the situation, he gave her money and rice to go home, thus exempting her from corvee. Give her condolences every year and keep her moral integrity. There used to be many officials in the county government. At that time, the number of lawsuits was decreasing day by day, and there was no place for treachery and fraud. Most small officials have gone home. Those who take turns to take charge of ceremonial duties, when they have nothing to do, go home and pick up farm tools to do farm work, because there is no way to make money in the yamen. ..... After five years in power, the people knew that they were on the right track, and their living savings were increasing day by day, so they wrote the four characters "Guanqing Folk Music" at their doorstep. I once lamented: "In recent years, the Song and Luo areas seem to have become another world!" In the 22nd year of Kangxi, Mang Zhang was recommended to be promoted as a judge of Nanning because of his outstanding talent. On the day he left, the people stopped crying and built ancestral temples for him everywhere, making statues and offering sacrifices to him.
On the mountain and Pei Xiucai's calligraphy
Now approaching the end of1February, the scenery and climate are mild and comfortable, and the former residence of Lantian Mountain is worth visiting. I know you are.
Reviewing the scriptures (preparing for the exam), I dare not disturb you easily, so I went to the mountains to play alone, rested in Ganpei Temple, and left after I became a vegetarian with the monks. When we crossed the swimming water, the bright moon had reflected the battlements. Climb Huazigang at night and see the river rippling in the moonlight. In winter, distant mountain fires sway among the trees. You can also hear dogs barking like leopards in the deep alley. At night, Chu Jiu beat the valley in the village, alternating with the sparse bells in the temple. I sat there alone and fell asleep with my servant. I often recall the days when I was with you. We wrote poems together, strolled along the path and stood by the clear stream. When the grass trees spread and grow in the spring next year, you can see the mountains are green, small white fish emerge from the water, Bai Ou spreads its wings and flies, dew wets the river bank, and pheasants crow in the wheat field in the morning. This beautiful scenery will come soon. Do you want to play a game? If it weren't for you, a person with a kind nature and lofty temperament, how could I invite you with such an unimportant thing? However, there is a strong interest here! Don't ignore it. The person who entrusted Berberis amurensis sent you a letter by the way. You can't say everything. Mountain man Wang Wei said.
Dengfeng Taishan
What is ...