Question 1: How to address people in ancient times. There are roughly three situations in which people are called by their given names: (1) Calling themselves by their given name. For example, "Within five steps, Xiangru will be able to splatter blood on his neck," and "Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces his poem by himself." (2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su both went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting was a native of Taizhou". (3) Call someone you hate or despise. For example, "Unfortunately, Master Lu and Meng Gou were evil in the front, and Jia Yuqing was flattering in the back." The ancients named the names when they were young, and then picked them up as adults (20 years old for men and 15 years old for women). There is a meaningful connection between the words and the names. The name is for the convenience of others, and it is out of politeness and respect for peers or seniors. For example, Qu Ping is called Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is called Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is called Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai is called Li Taibai, Du Fu is called Du Zimei, Han Yu is called Han Tuizhi, Liu Zongyuan is called Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is called Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is called Sima Junshi, Su Shi For Su Zizhan, Su Zhe for Su Ziyou and so on. The name is also called an alias and a table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a given name and a nickname is that the former is chosen by the father or elders, while the latter is chosen by oneself. A nickname is generally only used for self-proclaiming to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion; it is also a respectful title for a person. For example: Tao Qian was known as Mr. Wuliu, Li Bai was known as Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu was known as Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi was known as Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin was known as Yuxisheng, He Zhizhang was known as Siming Kuangke in his later years, Ouyang Xiu was known as Drunkard, and Liuyi Jushi in his later years. In his later years, Wang Anshi was known as Banshan, Su Shi was known as Dongpo Jushi, Lu You was known as Fangweng, Wen Tianxiang was known as Wenshan, Xin Qiji was known as Jiaxuan, Li Qingzhao was known as Yi Anjushi, Yang Wanli was known as Chengzhai, Luo Guanzhong was known as Huhaisanren, Guan Hanqing was known as Jizhaisou, and Wu Chengen The names are from Sheyangshan, Fang Bao is from Wangxi, Wu Jian is from Foshan, Yuan Mei is from Suiyuan Laoren, and Liu E is from Hongdu Bailiansheng. Posthumous titles: In ancient times, the titles added to princes, generals, ministers, senior officials, and famous scribes after their death were called posthumous titles. For example, Tao Yuanming is called Jingjie Zhengshi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhonggong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Fan Wenzhenggong, Wang Ao is Wang Zhongsu Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Zhongyi Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong. male. And calling the treacherous minister Qin Hui Miao Chou is an "evil posthumous title". Calling a house by its name means calling it by its house number or room number. For example, Yang Wanli, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, lived in a house called Chengzhai, and people called him Yang Chengzhai; Yao Nai was called Mr. Yao Xibao and Xibao because his house was named Xibaoxuan. Another example is calling Pu Songling Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao the owner of the ice drinking room, and Tan Sitong Tan Zhuangfei (the name of his restaurant is Zhuangfei Tower). For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Meng Haoran was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang; Zhang Jiuling was from Qujiang, so he was called Zhang Qujiang; Liu Zongyuan was from Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he was called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty was from Linchuan, Jiangxi. Therefore, he was called Wang Linchuan; the Ming Dynasty dramatist Tang Xianzu was called Tang Linchuan (from Linchuan, Jiangxi); the Qing Dynasty scholar Gu Yanwu was from Tinglin Town, Kunshan, Jiangsu, and was called Gu Tinglin; Kang Youwei was from Nanhai, Guangdong, and was called Kangnanhai; Beiyang The warlord leader Yuan Shikai was called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of sarcasm in the late Qing Dynasty: "The prime minister Hefei is thin in the world, and the agricultural minister Changshu is destitute in the world." "Hefei" in the first couplet refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and "Changshu" in the second couplet refers to Weng Tongjie, who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Although Han Yu was called Jun Wang, he was from Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), but because the Han family in Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was a prominent family in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", and the world called him Han Changli. . Another example is Su Shi, who was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes jokingly called himself "Su Shi from Zhaojun" or "Su Zhaojun" because the Su family was a prominent family in Zhaojun. The official name is such as "Sun Tuolu is smart and benevolent", "Sun Tuolu" is Sun Quan, because he was awarded the official position of general Tuolu, so he was called. "Mei Hua Ling Ji" has the sentence "Jing Lue came from the north" and "it is said that Taishi Yan used his troops to escape, and Wen Shaobao also realized the great light and the cicada escaped." "Jing Lue" is Hong Chengchou's official position, and "Tai Shi" It is the provincial title of Yan Zhenqing's official position "Prince Taishi", and "Shaobao" is the official position of Wen Tianxiang. "A Letter to His Wife": "Sima Chunshan, I cannot imitate the Supreme Master's forgetfulness of love." "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was the Sima of Jiangzhou.
It was quite common in ancient times to use official names as titles of people, for example, Jia Yi was called Taifu Jia; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest", served as an infantry captain and was called Ruan Infantry in the world; Ji Kang once worshiped the doctor of Zhongsan and was called Ji in the world. Zhongsan; Wang Xizhi, the great calligrapher of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was promoted to the general of the Youjun Army, and people still call him Wang Youjun; Wang Wei once served as Shangshu Youcheng, and was known as Wang Youcheng in the world; Du Fu once served as Zuo Shiyi, so he was called Du Shiyi, and because he served as inspector He was a member of the Ministry of Industry, so he was also called Du Gongbu; Liu Yuxi was a guest of the prince, so he was called a guest Liu; Liu Yong was a member of the Tuntian, and was called Liu Tuntian; Su Shi was a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy in Duanming Palace, and was called Su Xueshi . Title of honor...gt;gt;
Question 2: All the honorifics of ancient people 1. "Ling": used before nouns or adjectives to express respect for other people's relatives, with "beautiful" " means. For example:
Your Majesty and Your Majesty: Honorific titles for other people’s parents
Your Brother and Sister: Honorific titles for other people’s brothers and sisters
Son and Young Lady: Honorific titles for others Honorific titles for children
Lingqin: respectfully address other people’s wives
Lingqin: respectfully address other people’s relatives
2. "Hui": respectful words, used to address each other own actions. For example:
Huilin, patronage: Refers to the other person coming to you
Huicun: Ask others to keep their gifts
3. "Cui": Respect Words are used for other people's actions towards oneself. For example:
Asking questions, consulting: refers to the other party asking about oneself
Missing oneself: referring to others missing oneself
4. "Gift": respectful speech, referring to something receive the gift. For example:
Give advice: others teach you
Give meal: others treat you with food
Give reply: ask others to reply to you
5. "Please": a respectful speech, used to ask the other party to do something. For example:
Please ask: I hope others will answer
Ask: I hope others will give me advice
6. "Gao": Respectful words, referring to other people's things. Such as:
Gao Jian: refers to other people’s opinions
Gao Lun; other people’s wise opinions
Gao Zu: a respectful term for other people’s students
Gaoshou: used to ask the age of an old person
Gaoling: used to refer to the age of an old person
Gaojie: refers to a person leaving his original position to take a higher position
7. "Hua": a respectful term, referring to things related to the other party. Such as:
Hua Han: Calling other people’s letters
Hua Ban: Other people’s birthdays
Hua Xia: Other people’s houses
8. "Xian": Addressing each other, mostly used for peers or juniors. Such as:
Good brother, good nephew, etc.
9. "Feng" respectful words are used when one's own behavior involves the other party. For example:
Gift: give away
Return: return
Advice: advise
Accompany: accompany
Question Three: How did people in ancient times call their wives? The emperor is called Zitong, the prime minister is called his wife, the merchant is called his concubine, the scholar is called his wife, and the scholar is called his wife.
Question 4: How did ancient people call each other’s “name” and “character”? In ancient times, names and characters were used together to show respect. There are two situations worthy of our attention: the first situation is that in the pre-Qin period, when the first name and the character are combined, the character must come first and then the given name. For example: Kongfu Jia, the ancestor of Confucius in the Song Dynasty, "Kongfu" is the prefix: "Jia" is the given name; the surname is "Gongsun". Shu Liang He (he), the father of Confucius, "He" is the given name: "Shu Liang" is the character; the surname is "Kong". Meng Mingshi, Baili Xi's son, "Shi" is his given name, "Mengming" is his given name, and his surname is "Baili". Xiqishu, the son of Uncle Jian, "Shu" is the given name, "Xiqi" is the character, and the surname is "Jian". Bai Yi Bing is Uncle Jian's son. "B" is his given name, "Bai Yi" is his given name, and his surname is "Jian".
The second situation is that after the Han Dynasty, when names are called together, "name" comes first and then "zi". For example: "Kong Rong of the state of Lu was civilized, Guangling Chen Lin and Kong Zhang, Shanyang Wang Can Zhongxuan, Beihai Xu Qianwei Chang, Chen Liu Ruan Yuan Yu, Runan Yingchang Dejin, Dongping Liu Zhen Gonggan..." This is Cao Pi's " There is a passage in "Classical Treatises", which mentions that the names of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an" are consecutively called first and then by their given names. The word originated in the Shang Dynasty, became popular in the Zhou Dynasty, and later formed a system. Until modern times, it was still used by many people in the intellectual and cultural circles, such as Hu Shi's word Shizhi, Sun Wenzai's word Zai, and ***'s word Runzhi. In modern times, few people use it, but China has a population of 1.3 billion, and the incidence of people with the same name and surname is too high. There is also a point of view in the cultural circle that recommends restoring the Bongzi system.
Question 5: What did ancient people call each age group? The ancients created a variety of age titles, many of which are still in use today. An in-depth study of it will help us better learn ancient Chinese and pass it on.
0 years old
Child: refers to a toddler who first learns to laugh.
Swaddle: A baby under one year old.
2 years old
Child: refers to a toddler who first learns to laugh. Some also write "child bag" or "child care". In Han Yu's poem, there is the sentence "Each family has a child, and child care coincides with each other." Child: refers to children aged 2-3 years old
8 years old
Zongjiao: In ancient times, young children tied their hanging hair into two knots on the top of their head and tied their hair into a bun, shaped like a horn. , so the "general angle" is also used to refer to the child level of a human being = yougan pecking out T谡饫铮?白勋本五月苐拐勐J?嬬cyst馑 MuscleW妕 invade? bluffㄓ pecking 昃 dragged 嗍多多多门笥煛?WFusheqiansi Pan Yanyan?Naizeng Naguan?In ancient times, children divided their hair into left and right halves, and tied each into a knot on the top of their head, shaped like two sheep's horns, so it was called "total horns").
Child Fang [chèn]: Fong, "Shuowen" has a saying that "men have teeth in August and have teeth at the age of eight; women have teeth in July and have teeth at the age of seven." It can be seen that when a child's deciduous teeth fall out and permanent teeth grow in, they are called "tears". "Tong Gong" often refers to a person's childhood and adolescence. There are also those who call it "Biao", such as "Book of the Later Han Dynasty? Biography of Dong Zhuo": "Although his descendants are in Biao, all the men are granted the title of marquis, and the women are the kings of Yi."
9 years old
Jiuling: 9 years old.
13 years old
Cardamom: refers to a girl who is thirteen years old. Cardamom is between the ages of thirteen or fourteen and fifteen or sixteen years old (cardamom is a plant that blooms in early summer. Early summer is not yet midsummer, which is a metaphor for people who are not yet minors, so the underage boyhood is called the "cardamom years").
Thirteen: 13 years old.
15 years old
And hairpin: hairpin [jī], originally refers to the hairpin used to tie hair in ancient times. In ancient times, women usually put their hair up and tied it with a hairpin after they were 15 years old, indicating that they had reached adulthood. "Jiji" refers to a woman who is over 15 years old. Jiji: refers to a woman who is fifteen years old.
Hair knotting: bundling, tying hair. In ancient times, men tied their hair and wore a crown when they were 20 years old, and women tied their hair and tied their hair at the age of 15, indicating adulthood. The symbols of adulthood for men and women are "adding a crown" and "adding a hairpin" respectively.
Zhixue: 15 years old.
The year of aspiration to learn: Because "I am determined to learn when I am thirty, and I am not confused at forty." (Confucius said: "I am determined to learn at fifteen, I am established at thirty, I am not confused at forty, and I know at fifty. It is destiny that one's ears will be attuned to one's ears at sixty, and one's heart will follow one's desires when one is seventy." - "The Analects of Confucius? For Politics"), so later generations call 15 years old "the year of aspiration to learn".
Hair binding: The ancients regarded the age of fifteen as the age of adulthood, and tied their hair up on top of their heads. The hair is tied when a man is fifteen years old (at the age of fifteen, a man must disband his original hair and tie it into a bunch).
16 years old
28: 16 years old.
20 years old
Crowned: refers to the age of twenty. In ancient times, men were crowned when they were twenty years old, indicating that they had reached adulthood. Crowned: refers to a man who is twenty years old (also "weak crowned").
Hair knotting: bundling, tying hair. In ancient times, men tied their hair and wore a crown when they were 20 years old, and women tied their hair and tied their hair at the age of 15, indicating adulthood. The symbols of adulthood for men and women are "adding a crown" and "adding a hairpin" respectively.
Weak crown: The ancients held a crown ceremony at the age of twenty to show adulthood, but the body was still not strong, so it was called "weak crown". Refers to just coming of age. Refers to twenty years old. Weak crown: In ancient times, a man was called "weak" when he was 20 years old. At this time, he had to perform the "crown ceremony", that is, he put on a hat to indicate that he had become an adult. A "weak crown" refers to a man over 20 years old. Later generations generally refer to men around the age of twenty. The weak crown is when a man is twenty years old
Thirty years old
(the year when he is standing): because "at thirty, he stands, and at forty, he is not confused." (Confucius said: "I have five out of ten. But if you are determined to learn, you will stand up at thirty, without confusion at forty, at fifty you will know the destiny, at sixty your ears will be attuned, and at seventy you will follow your heart's desires." - "The Analects of Confucius? For Politics"), so later generations call 30 years old "erlizhi" Year". The year of establishment: refers to thirty years old. And Li means a man is thirty years old (Li means "to establish one's body and resolve").
First wife: Thirty years old. "Book of Rites? Nei Principles": "When you are thirty and have a wife, you start to take care of men's affairs."
40 years old
No confusion (the age of no confusion): Because "I stand up at thirty, and I am not confused at forty." (Confucius said: "I am determined to learn when I am fifteen, and when I am three, I will not be confused.") When you are ten, you will not be confused; when you are fifty, you will know the destiny; when you are sixty, your ears will be attuned; when you are seventy, you will follow your heart's desires and not go beyond the rules." - "The Analects of Confucius? Weizheng"), so future generations call 40 years old the "year of not being confused". . The age of no confusion: refers to the age of forty. Buhuo means a man who is forty years old (Buhuo means "not confused, not confused").
50 years old
Ai: In ancient times, people who were fifty years old were called "Ai". "Book of Rites? Qu Li 1": "Fifty is called Ai." Ai is called the old.
Half a hundred, the year of knowing destiny, knowing destiny: The year of knowing destiny refers to...gt;gt;
Question 6: The names between people in ancient China China is a country of civilization and etiquette. In ancient times, there were many rules in daily interactions between people. In social interactions, people inevitably addressed each other and talked about others. In this case, the Chinese tradition is to pay great attention to the way they address each other or others. There are usually "respectful titles" and "respectful titles", and "humbly titles" are used for oneself.
For example:
1. Introduction to the use of honorific and modest titles in ancient times:
Jun: Address the other person as a person with outstanding talents and virtues.
Junzi: (1) Same as "jun". (2) A woman’s honorific title for her husband.
Ming Gong: a respectful title for a person of high authority.
Lao: A respectful name for an older person.
老老: A respectful title for a highly respected person, and also used as a respectful title for the elderly in general.
Zhang: A respectful title for elders. It is also used as a respectful title among people of the same generation and between elders and younger generations.
Elder: A person who is respectfully called father, brother, or eldest brother, and refers to a person who is distinguished and has high moral character.
Ancestors: (1) In the feudal era, people who passed the imperial examination at the same time respected each other as their ancestors. (2) A respectful title for the elderly. (3) The honorific title for Beijing officials.
Xianda: a respectful title for seniors.
Fang family: a respectful title for people who are knowledgeable and morally cultivated.
Old Master: An honorific title for a teacher or an older and knowledgeable person.
One step: Just like Mr. A respectful title for a person.
Your Excellency: Regardless of your superiority or inferiority, you can address the other party as your Excellency.
Master: an honorific title for a monk.
Old lady: a respectful title for an elderly woman.
Master: Originally refers to a teacher, a person with specialized skills or a person who teaches skills. Today it is also used as an honorific title for ordinary people.
Comrade: The ancients used it to refer to people who share the same goals. Now it refers to people who strive for the same ideals and the same goal, and by extension it is a general term for ordinary people.
Girl: A general term for a young woman.
I am a despicable person. Be humble about yourself.
小生: A humble name for oneself by scholars in the old days.
Boy: Originally refers to students, juniors, and later generations who are self-effacing.
Xiao Ke: Known as self-effacing.
Student: A self-proclaimed modesty when studying or in official circles during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Also known as post-school.
Fellow students: a term used to describe self-effacement among fellow officials in the old days. Tongguan, also known as waiter, waiter, late student, late waiter, and junior.
Villain: A self-effacing name for ministers and common people. Also; a scornful term for a person.
Laochan: The old man is said to be self-effacing.
2. In social interactions, people often use self-titled, symmetrical, and other pronouns:
For example, Lian: The ancients all called themselves Lian, and later the emperor called himself Lian.
Me: Call myself. Tai, Wu, Yu, and Yin are all self-proclaimed names.
We: commonly known as ourselves.
Other self-proclaimed names include: we wait, my generation.
You: call the other person, also called Nong. (I also call myself myself).
And: you call the other person, etc....... 1. Honorific title: also called "honorific title", it is a title that shows respect for the other party in the conversation, and the word used to express respect is called "respectful speech".
There are three situations according to the part of speech of honorific words:
(1) Direct pronouns used to express honorifics, usually monosyllabic words, commonly used ones are "Ru, Er, "Zi, Er, Gong, Jun", etc., these can all be translated as "you."
(2) Use nouns to replace words to call each other. These words are all two-syllable words. There are three types of this kind of title. Medium form: The general honorifics are "Sir, my son", etc.; the other party can also be represented by the place where the other party is located or the people under his command. Commonly used ones are "Your Majesty, Your Majesty, Your Excellency, Deacon, Right and Left", etc.; there are also official titles to address the other party. , such as "king, doctor, general, son", etc. These nouns can also be translated as "you". Your Majesty is specifically called the monarch and the emperor, and it does not need to be translated, and the official title does not need to be translated.
( 3) Adjectives are used to refer to the behavior of people related to the other party. These words are usually two-syllable words, one is an adjective, and the latter is a noun related to the person. Common ones are:
Zun: Honorable man, honorable brother, honorable driver, honorable wife; virtuous: virtuous brother, virtuous wife Ren: dear brother, dear brother
Noble: noble body (meaning of greeting), noble surname, noble Geng;
Gao: high friend, high neighbor, high opinion;
Da: great gift, great work, great honor.
These words generally do not need translation. p> These honorifics have changed with the development of society. The above two cases are basically no longer used. The third type is still commonly used. These titles not only respect each other, but also have a sense of intimacy, and the language atmosphere is also very good. Harmony.
2. Modesty: Modesty refers to modesty. The word used to express modesty is called Qianci.
One. The first type is to use certain nouns to replace the word "I", which can be divided into the following four categories:
The first type is to use one's surname or first name to express modesty. "Su Zi and his guests were boating under Red Cliff. " ("Chibi Fu") uses surnames; "Ji Father has heard more about the seventh day of your mourning." ("Sacrifice to Twelve Langs") uses first names.
The second category is to use "ministers, servants, "Someone, a villain"...gt;gt;
Question 7: How to call the person you like in ancient times. Let’s look at the man first: 1. Beloved
In ancient times, we called husband " "Beloved man", sounds good! From it, we can easily see the glorious and tall image of ancient husbands. I guess the men at that time said they had sex and had sex with girls. In ancient poems, there is "The concubine's house has tall buildings and gardens." , A good man holds a halberd in the bright light."
The word "beloved man" does not indicate the gender of male or female. The wife calls her husband "beloved man"; the husband also calls his wife "beloved man"; from this we can see the status of men and women at that time Generally speaking, they are relatively equal, but this indiscriminate approach also brings a lot of inconvenience to couples in addressing each other.
2 Lang
So later, according to "Shuowen Jiezi", the pronunciation and meaning of "Liang" were distinguished; adding "阝" to the right of "Liang" became "Lang"; add "女" to the left of "Liang" to form "Mother". "Lang" means husband. Li Bai has "Lang comes riding a bamboo horse and goes around the bed to make green plums." Yishan's poem has "Liu Lang already hates that Pengshan is far away, and there are ten thousand bushes across Pengshan." There is "asking" in Huajian's poem. Langhua is good and Nongyan is good." "Lang" is such a kind name!
3 Lang Jun
But the monosyllable words seem too sweet, except for a few "little sweets" at that time, such as Zheng Xiu, Gou Yi and others, and many good families Women are still shy to say it out in front of others (Hey, our sisters are not the same as those fierce barbarian girls). So, add a word at the beginning or end to make it a bisyllabic word, that is, add the word "jun" after the word "lang"; add the word "zi" after the word "mother" to become "langjun" which expresses intimacy. , "Lady". (Note: At first, the word "Niangzi" was only used for young girls. Around the Tang Dynasty, it became a title for wives.) The wife calls her husband "Langjun", which is an elegant name for her husband (reminiscent of Jin Yong's "Mr. "Golden Man", haha.)
The husband calls his wife "Lady", which is a term of endearment for his wife.
4 Guanren
Guanren, the Song Dynasty, was an era of cultural exchanges between the north and the south. In terms of titles between husband and wife, it was also a dynasty with more titles. Among the palace officials, the term "officials" appeared; among common people, the term "officials" appeared. Some wives call their husbands "officials". To this day, newlyweds are still jokingly called "groom official" and "bride son" among the people. The most well-known representative is: Ximen Daguanren. It can also be seen from this title that with the rise of acting studies in the Song Dynasty, men's family status has also reached a new level. Officials are in charge of people, so of course the official in a family is in charge of the wife of the family.
5 Master
Master is limited to the name used by officials to refer to their husbands. His noble status in the family is self-evident.
6 Outsider, Wife
In the Song Dynasty, wives also called their husbands "waiters". The more refined ones were called "waizi", and the husbands called their husbands "waizi". In addition to "wife", the wife was also called "wife" in front of others, and other modest names for wife were "mean wife" and "housewife"; these were the favorites of the petty bourgeoisie and pseudo-petty bourgeoisie at that time. That's right. When sister Pan Jinlian calls Ximen Qinggg, she must be a "guanren"; but when sister Li Yian calls Guangmingchenggg (sorry, it should be Zhao Mingchenggg), she must be a "husband".
7 Mr. Xianggong
If you have watched Peking Opera, Yue Opera, or Huangmei Opera, you will definitely be deeply impressed by the long-drawn-out voice calling "Mr. DDD DDD" from time to time. It can also be seen that this title was popular in ancient times. This is a step further than "official". It is not only an "official", but also the highest official "prime minister". If it were not for the fear of offending the emperor, the wives would end up. I'm afraid I'll be called "Emperor"! The status of men in the family has reached its peak.
However, in modern times, with the intensification of the women's liberation movement, so has the status of men. The situation is getting worse, which can also be clearly seen from the address to the husband.
8. Mr.
"Mr." In modern times, "husband" is also called "Mr." It has an extended meaning and a general meaning. As far as its original meaning is concerned, the two meanings of "father and brother" and "Taoist" are no longer used, and its most basic meaning seems to be "teacher". Download the "Sir" section of "Cihai": ""Book of Rites? Qu Li Shang": 'Follow Mr. Yu, and don't cross the road and talk to others. ’ is also extended to be a respectful title for older and virtuous people.
Sometimes, it is also used as a general term of honor for people. "It can be seen that this title, in addition to referring to certain specific identities, such as husbands, also implies factors such as occupation and age. In other words, the so-called Mr. mainly refers to someone who has certain knowledge and is relatively young. The word "Mr." is used to refer to a husband, which is elegant and has the meaning of admiration and respect. It is still widely used among overseas Chinese and in Hong Kong and Taiwan.
...gt; gt;
Question 8: Addresses between people in ancient times (ancient titles) Polite titles
Your father---respectfully address each other's father; your father-in-law-- ---respectfully address each other's mother; son--respectfully address the other party's son; ling concubine--respectfully address the other party's daughter; lingqin--respectfully address the other party's relatives; linggaozu--respectfully address the other party's students. My father---- Qianci, call me my father to others; my mother---- Qianci, call me my mother to others; My brother---- Qianci, call me my brother to others; Son - call me my son humbly; Little girl - humbly refer to one's daughter.
Polite names among relatives and friends.
Parents are called Gaotang, Chunxuan, Shuangshang, and Xixi.
Parents are single. Called family father, family strict; family mother, family loving kindness.
When the father dies, he calls the family: father, strictness, kao. .
Brothers and sisters are called brother, sister, and sister.
Brothers are called brothers and sisters.
Husband and wife are called husband and wife.
The names of deceased peers are: deceased brother, deceased brother, deceased sister, deceased wife.
Others’ parents are called: father and mother.
Brothers and sisters are called: father. Brother, sister-in-law.
Although the children are called son and daughter, the wife and father are called father-in-law, father-in-law, Taishan.
Other people’s family names are: House, Zunfu.
The names of the family are: Humble House, House, and Cottage.
Men and women are collectively called Xumei and Women.
Husband and wife. Fang's name after his death: Widowed.
His name as a teacher: Teacher, Master.
His name as a student: Disciple, Receiver.
Name of the school: Hanchuang, Jichuang. /p>
Classmates: classmates
Social terms and friendship titles
When meeting for the first time, say "Jiu Yang"; when waiting for a guest, use "Kingwai";
When the other party writes a letter, it is called "Huishu"; when asking for help, it is called "Excuse me";
When asking someone to do something, it is called "please"; when asking for advice, it is called "enlightenment";
To praise someone's opinion Use "high view"; ask for forgiveness and "forgive";
Use "longevity" when asking about an old person's age; use "come" when guests arrive;
Use "farewell" to say goodbye to someone; visit To use "visit" to others;
To ask someone not to send someone off is to use "stay"; to trouble others is to use "bother";
To ask for convenience, use "borrow light"; to ask for advice, use "to ask for advice" ”;
Welcome to buy is called “patronize”; long time no see is said to be “long no see”;
If you leave in the middle, you are called “loss compensation”; when you give away a work, you are called “xiuzheng”.
Question 9: How to call teacher in ancient times? "Teacher" initially refers to an old and senior scholar or a person who teaches academics. For example, "Historical Records? Biography of Mencius and Xunqing": "During the reign of King Xiang of Qi, Xunqing was the most teacher." Later, people also called people who taught students. "Teacher", such as Jin Daiyuan Haowen's "Revelation to My Nephew Bo'an": "When Bo'an entered primary school, he realized that he was an extraordinary person. His sentences had a long-lasting nature, and his words surprised the teacher." In fact, in addition to "teacher", in ancient times, teachers were There are many other titles, and some of them are quite unfamiliar -
Teacher
It means that teachers are regarded as elders, and it is one of the honorific titles for teachers in ancient times.
"Han Feizi? Wu Jie": "Nowadays, there are children who are not talented. Their parents are angry and they cannot change it. Countrymen's teasing cannot change them. Teachers' teachings cannot change them. I use the love of my parents, the behavior of my countrymen, and the wisdom of my teachers. The three beauties are added together, but they will not move at all, and the hair on their shins will not change."
Master
It was originally the honorific title given to Confucius by his disciples. Later, Master became the honorific title for teachers. "The Analects of Confucius? Zizhang": "The master has not learned, so how can he always be a teacher!"
Shanchang
This is the title given to the main teachers of Shanzhong Academy in the past dynasties. The source comes from "The Story of Jing Xiang". During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Jiang Weidong lived in seclusion in Hengshan to give lectures. He was honored by many scholars and was honored as "Mountain Chief". Since then, "mountain chief" has become an honorific title for teachers. During the Yuan Dynasty, various roads, prefectures and prefectures had academies and mountain chiefs. The Ming and Qing Dynasties followed the Yuan system. During the Qianlong period, the name was once changed to the dean. In the late Qing Dynasty, it was still called Shanchang. After the abolition of the imperial examination, the academy was renamed a school, and the title of mountain chief was abolished.
Master
A common name for teachers in ancient times. The word "Master" was originally the collective name for official positions such as Grand Master, Grand Master, Young Master, and Young Master. Because these positions are responsible for teaching, Master has also become a synonym for teacher. "Gu Liang Zhuan? The 19th Year of Zhao Gong": "It is the father's crime to restrain a child until he is a master." The title "master" is still used today, but it generally refers to teachers in industries such as industry, commerce, folk arts, drama, etc.
Master
In ancient times, there was a saying that "one day is a teacher, and a life is a father", so teachers are also respectfully called masters. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals Encouraging Learning": "Serving a teacher is like serving a father."
Xixi
Also called Xibin, it is an honorific title for teachers. The source is this allusion: When Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty Liu Zhuang was the crown prince, he once worshiped Huan Rong as his teacher. After he ascended the throne, he still respected Huan Rong very much and often went to the Taichang Mansion where Huan Rong lived to listen to Huan Rong's lectures. In the Han Dynasty, people sat on the floor, and the indoor seating arrangement was from west to east. Although Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty was the emperor, he still arranged for Huan Rong to sit in a seat facing the west to show his respect for the enlightenment teacher. From then on, "Xi Xi" or "Xi Bin" became the honorific title for teachers.
Shibao
Originally an official who assisted the emperor and taught the children of the royal family in ancient times, he was also a teacher and a protector, collectively referred to as "Shibao". "Yi Xi Ci Xia": "If you don't have a teacher to protect you, you will be like your parents." Later, it generally refers to teachers. For example, in "Bao Xiao" written by Gong Zizhen in the Qing Dynasty: "The young scholar is the student of the younger generation. The person who learns is to serve on the side of his father, brother, and teacher, and to be the advisor of his father, brother, and teacher."
Grandmaster
Originally an official in charge of the training of the clan's children. "Han Shu? Ping Di Ji": "He has been a relative of the clan since the Supreme Emperor, and each of them set up a master in the world, prefecture, and state to correct them and teach them a lesson." Later, he gradually evolved into a person who was respected by everyone and could be called a role model. Volume 3 of "Tan Yuan" by Kong Pingzhong of the Northern Song Dynasty: "Shi Jie, whose courtesy name is Shoudao, is a native of Cu Lai Mountain. He writes academically and is a great master in the world, and is called Mr. Cu Lai."
Professor
The word professor today is a professional title in the higher education system, but in ancient Taixue it was a doctorate who lectured. In both the Han and Tang dynasties of China, there were Ph.D.s in Imperial College. In the Song dynasty, central and local schools first established professors. In the Yuan dynasty, all Confucian schools, prefectures, and prefectures also had professors, as well as in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
Teaching Assistant
A teacher who teaches in the Imperial College. In the second year of Xianning in the Western Jin Dynasty, Guozi School was established, and teaching assistants were set up to coordinate Guozi's wine sacrifices and Ph.D.'s teaching of Confucian classics. Since then, with the exception of a few dynasties, there have been assistant teachers of Confucian classics in the Imperial College, known as Guozi assistants, Taixue assistants, Simen assistants, Guangwen assistants, etc.
Xue Bo
He was originally an academic official in a county in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, each prefecture and county had one doctor of Confucian classics, who was responsible for teaching students the Five Classics. Later, the academic officials were generally called xuebo. Chapter 36 of "The Scholars" by Wu Jingzi, a novelist of the Qing Dynasty: "This man is very different. Not only does he have no academic spirit, he especially has no morale."
Talking Man
Originally an official who taught scriptures. "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty": "The Scholars of the Later Han Dynasty also ordered the high-achieving students to study "Guwen Shangshu", "Mao Shi", "Gu Liang" and "Zuo Shi Chun Qiu". Although they did not establish academic officials, they all promoted them to lecturers.
"
Jiaoyu
It was originally the name of the academic official in the capital primary school and martial arts in the Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the county established "County Confucianism" as the highest educational institution in the county, with teaching There is one person to teach, and there are several tutors. The tutors refer to the assistants who assist the tutors. Most of the tutors are Jinshi, and they are directly appointed by the imperial court...gt;gt; p>