Nalan Xingde

Nalan Xingde is one of the most famous poets in the Qing Dynasty. His poetry not only enjoys a high reputation in the poetry world of the Qing Dynasty, but also occupies a dazzling place in the entire Chinese literary history as "Nalan Ci". He lived in a period of integration of Manchu and Han Dynasties; the rise and fall of his aristocratic family was typically related to the affairs of the dynasty; and he served the emperor but yearned for ordinary experiences, which constituted a special environment and background. Coupled with his personal extraordinary talent, his poetry creation presents unique personality characteristics and distinctive artistic style.

Chinese name: Nalan Xingde

Alias: Langjiashanren

Nationality: Chinese

Ethnicity: Manchu

Place of birth: Beijing, China

Date of birth: 1655

Date of death: 1685

Occupation: Literary poet

Main achievements: "Three Masters of Qing Ci"

Representative works: "The Side Hat Collection", "The Drinking Water Collection", "Lushui Pavilion Miscellaneous Knowledge"

Famous Poems

Don’t be thin because of the west wind, drink frequently and scratch your head. The old joy is like being in the dream soul, and it is natural that the heart is broken, so why bother to watch the autumn wind. Don't hate the fleeting time, hate the wasted butterfly powder. I always fall asleep drunk when I am free and worried, but I am afraid I will still be in front of the bottle when I wake up. It's better not to think about the past, and just look at the setting sun with a red pillow on your pillow. Things in the world are depressing, so don’t ask Hengtang about your old travels. I appreciated it at the time but lost it now, which is a total loss of sentimentality. I am a melancholy guest in the human world. I know what happened to you and I burst into tears. Reminiscing about life in the sound of heartbreak. The powdery fragrance looks away but the moon is empty. The moon is also different at that time, and the hair on the temples is shining miserably. Quietly counting the autumn, but mistakenly expecting it to come to an end. One journey up the mountain, another journey towards the water, walking towards the bank of Yuguan, where thousands of tents are lit in the dead of night. The wind is blowing, the snow is blowing, my hometown dreams are shattered, and there is no such sound in my hometown. If life is just like the first time we met, why should the autumn wind draw a fan sadly? A pair of people from one generation to another in their lifetime, competing for two ecstasies. If we miss each other but don't love each other, who will be the spring? The aroma of gambling books faded away, which was just commonplace at that time. After singing, the sorrow of the autumn grave has not stopped, and the spring bush recognizes the two-dwelling butterfly.

Character profile

Nalan Xingde (1655-1685), whose original name was Chengde, also named Rongruo, was born in Lengjia Mountain and was a native of Zhenghuang Banner in Manchuria. He was a Jinshi in the 12th year of Kangxi. The eldest son of the great scholar Mingzhu. He is indifferent to fame and fortune, is good at riding and shooting, loves reading, and is good at poetry. His poems are all distinguished by the word "true". His descriptions are sincere and intense, and his descriptions of scenes are lifelike and lifelike. He has a young and intelligent nature, can recite poems by reading and reciting them, inherits the Manchu tradition of martial arts, and is good at riding and shooting. He has certain attainments in calligraphy, painting and music. In the 15th year of Kangxi's reign, he was awarded Jinshi, a third-class bodyguard, a first-class Jinshi, and a third-class military attache. His wife, Lu, the daughter of Lu Xingzu, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was given the title of Shuren, and was given the title of first-class wife. Three years after the marriage, his wife died. Ye Yuanli of Wujiang personally wrote an epitaph for her, and he married an official family and was given the title of Shuren. The concubine, Yan, later moved to Shenwan in the south of the Yangtze River. She was the author of "Chapter of Dreams", "The charm is not diminished by the husband-in-law", and she died. Nalan Xingde was only thirty-one years old when he died. He was buried in Zaojia Village in the west of Beijing. There are three sons and four daughters. A girl married Nian Gengyao, a heroic general. Nalan Xingde interacted with famous Han celebrities such as Zhu Yizun, Chen Weisong, Gu Zhenguan, Jiang Chenying, Yan Shengsun, etc., and to a certain extent, he attracted a group of Han intellectuals to the Qing court. He wrote a lot of works in his life: 20 volumes of "Tongzhitang Collection", four volumes of "Lushui Pavilion Miscellaneous Knowledge", "Ci Lin Zheng Lue"; compiled 80 volumes of "Yi Ji Yi Cui Yan", "Chen Family Rites" "Shuo Bu Jie" has thirty-eight volumes; he compiled and selected books such as "The First Collection of Recent Ci", "Quaquacha Notes of Famous Masters", and "Selected Poems of the Complete Tang Dynasty". His writing power is astonishing. Nalan Xingde is famous for his poems. There are 349 poems in existence. The poems have a strong sense of sadness, which is a legacy of the later emperors of the Southern Tang Dynasty. The poems mourning the death are sincere and heart-wrenching, making people unable to bear to read them. Wang Guowei commented: "Nalan Xingde is famous for his poems." Observe things with the eyes of nature and express emotions with the tongue of nature. "Since the Northern Song Dynasty, it has only been one person." Zhu Zumou said: "There has been no such author in eight hundred years." Tan Xian said, "It is because of the nobleness of appearance and beauty..., but the lyrics are all beautiful and sad. It is said that there is no one with a different heart." It was widely rumored at that time that "every family is competing to sing "Drinking water words, how many people know Nalan's thoughts".

"Nalan Ci" spread abroad, and Koreans said, "Who would have expected that after the dawn wind and the moon, Liu Tuntian would be seen again now." The original name of Nalan Ci was "Side Hat", but later it was renamed "Drinking Water" by Gu Zhenguan, and now it is collectively referred to as Nalan Ci.

[Edit this paragraph] Biographies

Nalan Xingde was born in Beijing on December 12, the 11th year of Shunzhi (January 19, 1655 AD). Her father was the jewel of the prime minister who held great power during the Kangxi period, and her mother regarded Luo as the fifth daughter of Prince Azig and a first-grade imperial concubine. His family, the Nalan clan, belonged to the Zhenghuang Banner. It was one of the eight most prominent Manchu surnames in the early Qing Dynasty, and was later known as the "Yehenala clan". Nalan Xingde's great-grandfather's name was Jintaishi, who was Yehebeile. His sister Menggu married Nurhachi as his concubine in the 16th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty and gave birth to the prince Huang Taiji. Later, the marriage relationship between the Nalan family and the royal family was also very close. Therefore, it can be said that Nalan Xingde was destined to live in a family of emperors and nobles as soon as he was born. His life was destined to be rich, prosperous, and full of flowers. However, perhaps it is fate that plays a trick on people, but Nalan Xingde is like "Although he is prosperous and prosperous, he is not content with too many things. There is no glory in the world, and if you are concerned about wealth and honor, you can be content with poverty." The gate is wide and the building is full of people, and there are always thoughts of mountains and rivers, fish and birds.” Nalan Xingde was born in the twelfth lunar month and was called Donglang when he was a child. He was talented since childhood and had a photographic memory of reading. He learned riding and shooting when he was only a few years old. At the age of 17, he entered the Imperial College to study. He was appreciated by Xu Wenyuan, who offered wine to the Imperial College and was recommended to his brother's cabinet. Bachelor's degree, Xu Qianxue, Minister of Rites. Nalan Xingde took part in the Shuntian Prefecture Township Examination at the age of 18 and passed the examination. At the age of 19, he was preparing to take part in the General Examination, but was unable to take part in the Palace Examination due to illness. In the following years, he studied more diligently and worshiped Xu Qianxue as his teacher. Under the guidance of famous teachers, he presided over the compilation of a 1792-volume compilation of Confucianism - "Tongzhitang Jingjie" in two years, which was appreciated by the emperor and laid the foundation for future development. He also compiled what he saw and heard in the process of studying the classics and history and the records of his friends. It took him three or four years to compile a four-volume collection "Lushui Pavilion Miscellaneous Knowledge", which included history, geography, astronomy, calendar, Buddhism, and music. , literature, textual research and other aspects of knowledge. It shows his extensive knowledge base and various interests and hobbies. When Nalanxingde was 22 years old, he took the Jinshi examination again and ranked seventh in the second class with excellent results. Emperor Kangxi granted him the official position of third-class bodyguard, and later he was promoted to second-class, and then to first-class. As an imperial guard beside the emperor, he participated in romantic and elegant poetry as a handsome and mighty military attaché. He accompanied the emperor on his hunting tours in the south and north, traveled far and wide, and was ordered to participate in important strategic reconnaissance. He sang poems with the emperor and translated and translated works. Because of his holy will, he was rewarded many times. He was an enviable young talent with both civil and military skills, and was the emperor's most valued companion. Close ministers, dignitaries with a bright future. But as a prodigy in poetry and art, deep down he was tired of the vulgar officialdom and the life of a servant, and had no interest in fame or fortune. Although "I am in a high gate and a wide mansion, I often think about the mountains and rivers, fish and birds." His poems and prose are all excellent, especially his lyrics, and he is world-famous. When he was 24 years old, he compiled and selected his own lyrics into a collection called "Side Hat Collection", which was later renamed "Drinking Water Collection". Later, someone added and filled in the gaps in the two collections of lyrics, with a total of 342 poems. It is called "Nalan Ci". The handed down "Nalan Ci" enjoyed a high reputation in society at that time and was highly praised by literati and bachelors. It became an outstanding representative of the Ci community of that era. In terms of making friends, the most outstanding feature of Nalan Xingde is that the people he makes friends with are "all handsome and different at the same time, and they are known as people who are difficult to get along with." Most of these people who do not want to conform to the secular world are commoner literati of the Han nationality in the south of the Yangtze River, such as Gu Zhenguan , Yan Shengsun, Zhu Yizun, Chen Weisong, Jiang Chenying, etc. Nalan Xingde was extremely sincere to his friends. He was not only generous with his wealth, but also respected their character and talent. Just like Lord Pingyuan who had three thousand guests, many celebrities and talented people surrounded him at that time, making his residence in Lushui Pavilion (now Song Qingling) The former residence Neen Boting is famous for the elegant gatherings of literati and poets, and objectively it also promoted the cultural prosperity of Kangxi and Qianlong. The reason is that, to a certain extent, Nalan Xingde could learn the knowledge of Han culture that he admired from Han intellectuals, and more importantly, he had lofty ideals and noble personality that were different from those of ordinary playboys of Manchu nobles. This obviously made his actions deviate from the mainstream of society, thus becoming a focus of research for later generations.

In 1674, when Nalan Xingde was twenty years old, he married the daughter of Lu Xingzu, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and was given the title of Shuren. At that time, Mr. Lu was eighteen years old. He was "born to be graceful and dignified in nature". After getting married, the two became loving and affectionate, and their happy newlywed life inspired his poetry creation. However, only three years later, Lu died due to dystocia, which caused great pain to Nalan Xingde. From then on, "there were many mourning songs, and the hatred of close friends was particularly deep." The heavy mental blow caused him to repeatedly reveal the sadness and sadness of missing lovesickness and the feeling of longing for loss in his subsequent mourning poems. Nalan Xingde later married the Guan family and had a concubine named Yan. It is worth mentioning that when Nalan Xingde was thirty years old, with the help of his friend Gu Zhenguan, he met Shen Wan, a talented girl from Jiangnan. Shen Wan, whose courtesy name is Yuchan, was born in Wucheng, Zhejiang Province. He is the author of "Selecting Dream Ci". The work focused on commemorating the death of the deceased is "The God is rich but the husband is not diminished". Unfortunately, their love ended in tragedy due to Nalan Xingde's family problems, and Shen Wan returned to Jiangnan. As a romantic and talented man of the generation, Nalan Xingde's love life has been talked about by future generations. There are also various rumors in the market. The most widely rumored is that his cousin entered the palace, but in the end it cannot be verified. The poet's uninhibited character, his natural talent for transcendence, his outstanding talent, and the ease with which he takes his fame easily form a kind of relationship with him, who was born into a wealthy family, where he lived in a wealthy family, entered the imperial palace, had a golden staircase and a jade palace, and had a smooth career as an official. Conflicting feelings and invisible psychological depression that are difficult for ordinary people to understand. Coupled with the early death of his beloved wife, the difficulty in realizing his old dreams, and the gathering and separation of his literary friends, he could not get rid of the confusion and pessimism deep in his heart. His boredom with his career, his contempt for wealth, and his disdain for officialdom made him careless about all the things outside his body that could be easily obtained, but he could not pursue long-lasting love and the natural harmonious state of heart and environment. But lingering and yearning. In the late spring of the 24th year of Kangxi's reign, he fell ill and got together with his friends. He got drunk and chanted and sighed three times. Then he fell ill and died seven days later on May 30th. Although Nalan Xingde only lived for a short period of thirty-one years, he was one of the most famous poets in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, when the poetry world was undergoing a resurgence, he stood side by side with Chen Weisong, the representative of the Yangxian School, and Zhu Yizun, the leader of the Western Zhejiang School, and were known as the "Three Great Masters of Qing Ci". However, the difference is that Nalan Xingde was a Manchu nobleman who had recently entered the customs. It is amazing that he could master and use Han culture so profoundly. There are currently 348 poems by Nalan Xingde (one theory is 342), covering aspects such as love and friendship, frontier fortresses in the south of the Yangtze River, chanting about things and history, and miscellaneous feelings. Although he has a small number of lyrics as an author, and his vision is not very broad, because the poems are charming and emotional, and Nalan Xingde is a very sincere person, his lyrics are all excellent. , which was highly praised at that time and later generations. Wang Guowei, a famous scholar in modern times, gave him high praise: "Nalan Rongruo sees things with natural eyes and expresses emotions with natural tongue. This is because he first entered the Central Plains and was not infected with the customs of the Han people, so he can really do this. Since the Northern Song Dynasty, there has only been one person. ." Kuang Zhou Yi also praised him as "the first lyricist in the early days of the Republic of China" in "Huifeng Cihua". When Nalan Xingde was 24 years old, he collected his poems into "Side Hat" and later renamed it "Drinking Water". Later generations often called it Nalan's poems. Looking at Nalan Xingde's poetry style, it is fresh, meaningful, and sad, which is quite close to that of the later masters of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He himself also admired Li Yu very much. He once said: "Huajian's poems are like ancient jade, precious but not applicable; Song poems are applicable but less precious. Li Yu's poems have their beauty in both, and they are even more confusing." In addition, his poetry was also influenced by "The Collection of Flowers" and Yan Jidao.

[Edit this paragraph] Appreciation of Works

Nalan Rongruo wrote twenty volumes of "Collected Works of Tongzhitang", but his greatest achievement is in his lyrics. His lyrics are fresh and beautiful, with a unique sense of true feelings and sharpness, and go straight to his heart. After the publication of the engraving during his lifetime, it created a sensational effect of "every family competing to sing". After his death, Nalan was known as "the first poet in the Manchu Qing Dynasty" and "the first scholar". Qing poets and scholars spoke highly of him. Wang Guowei praised him and said, "Observe things with the eyes of nature, and see things with the eyes of nature." His tongue was full of romance. He had not been infected with the Han customs since the Northern Song Dynasty." By the time of the Republic of China, Nalan was still a well-known example of a talented person who died young.

In traditional Chinese culture, the "Four Gentlemen" of plum, bamboo, orchid, and chrysanthemum, as well as pine, cypress, and lotus are personified to give people their character, emotions, and aspirations, giving them specific cultural connotations and philosophical implications. Zheng Banqiao's bamboo, Jin Nong's plum, and Cao Xueqin's stone have all become cultural totems that express the mentality and emotions of literati. But Nalan Xingde identified lotus. His nickname is Langjiashan. It is reasonable for those who have a Zen connection to value lotus flowers. Where Nalan Xingde lived, there was water wherever he enjoyed himself, and the lotus in the water further cultivated the poet's temperament. There are ten miles of Furong beside Wengshan Mountain, there is Furong Hall at the foot of Yuquan Mountain, there are lotuses in the clear water beside Lushui Pavilion, there are still water marshes left in the west garden ruins of Zaojiatun Pearl Garden, and white marble railings with lotus patterns were unearthed... This all shows that it is related to Nalanxing. De's life and creation are closely related, and it is always with the poet's spirit. Chinese literati of all dynasties have pursued the understanding of material nature, linked it with philosophical concepts such as outlook on life and world view, guided life and career, and turned it into art. It arises at the intersection of philosophical rationality and artistic passion. Nalan Xingde is no exception. He reflected his philosophical ideas in the form of poetry and outstanding art. The Rise of Scenery Many of Nalan Xingde's poems were written when he visited the scenic spots in the Xishan area of ????Beijing. Almost all traces of these places can be traced and their histories can be traced. These emotions and emotions generated by the scenic spots and historical sites are well-founded. By observing the places where he writes, we can have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the origins of Nalan Xingde's poetry creation, his rich knowledge of literature and history, and his accurate feelings about the image of objective things. Nalan Xingde once visited the "Eight Great Places" Baozhu Cave with Kangxi. His subordinate Xuan Ye, looking from afar, wrote "Looking at the Sea Tide·Baozhu Cave": "The wind and rain in the desert, the cold smoke and the decaying grass, the rise and fall of the mountains and rivers. The mountains are empty in the daytime, and the night is clear, it is particularly desolate. The past is the most embarrassing. Wounded, I think of the beautiful scenery of the Tongluo Lane and the Golden Valley. There are still boys herding cattle and sheep. There is a vast expanse of deserted sand, with a line of mulberry trees, a line of smoke from the chimneys, and a third of dreamy rain. I can't bear to see the setting sun outside the forest. After returning to the wild geese for two or three days, I saw chaotic clouds and low water, and the monks were riding on the deserted hills. At dusk, the cool moon on the pine gate was blowing on their clothes. "Standing on the pavilion overlooking the Baozhu Cave on the top of the mountain, it is appropriate to look south and east. Looking south, the line of Yongding River is as thin as a belt and yarn. The Xishan Alluvial Fan, which was formed by its millions of years of flooding and erosion, not only formed the Beijing Plain, but also had a vital influence on the ancient geography of Beijing. It is still on both sides of the river today. You can see large expanses of barren sand and numerous mounds of earth. Not far from the foot of the mountain are Babao Mountain, Laoshan, Tiancun Mountain and Shijing Mountain. The Han Dynasty tombs from two thousand years ago have long been unknown to the public. At the foot of the mountain, the tomb of Princess Cuiwei of the Yuan Dynasty has disappeared without a trace. The burial place of noble relatives of the Ming Dynasty has been gradually replaced by the tombs of princes of the Qing Dynasty. . Looking to the southeast, the ruined city walls of the Liao and Jin Dynasties are especially visible, and the purple air of the Ming and Qing Beijing City on the site of the Yuan Dynasty comes from the east. The Liao and Song Dynasties carried out the "Battle of Gaoliang River" in the area north of Huicheng Gate and Zizhuyuan. The Liao army's cavalry rushed to support, causing the Song army to collapse. The Jin soldiers captured Liao Youzhou City and built the central capital on it. After the people of Yuan Dynasty burned Jinzhongdu, they moved the city eastward and built the capital city. Historical changes, changes in dynasties, and the rise and fall of cities all aroused Nalan Xingde's infinite emotion. Nalan Xingde drove to Heilongtan in the West Mountain and wrote "Remembering Qin'e·Longtankou" "The mountains are overlapping, and the sky is cracked along the cliff. The sky is cracked, the inscriptions are broken on the tablets, and the ancient moss is gnawing. The wind is thundering and the gold and iron are ringing, and the bottom of the pool is gloomy. Jiaolong Cave, full of rise and fall, the bright moon in the old days. "Black Dragon Pond is located in the north of Huamei Mountain, under the northeastern stone cliff at the mouth of the mountain. The rocks here are green and black, the trees are bleak, and the shade is thick and moss-slippery. The spring water emerges from the bottom of the deep pool,