Yu Qian, a famous historian in the Three Kingdoms period.
Yu Qian wrote the famous history book Wei Lue, which described the history of the Three Kingdoms accurately.
For example, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, studied hard for ten years and made friends with sages.
He devoted himself to studying, without seeking Wen Da, and went out to help Shu Han through Liu Bei's "three visits to the cottage".
It has been widely read for thousands of years and has become a model of virtuous corporal in the history of China.
However, there are different records in history books about this matter, and opinions have been different for a long time.
Historian Huang Changming quoted classics and analyzed them carefully. He thought Zhuge Liang came to visit Liu Bei first, which caused Wang Manquan and others to refute. Huang Changming pointed out that Zhuge Liang needed Liu Bei more.
According to the fish "Wei Lue", when Liu Bei was guarding Fancheng, Cao Cao decided on Hebei and continued to expand his territory.
Zhuge Liang, who lived in seclusion in Longzhong, expected Jingzhou to be difficult to protect and Liu Biao had no command ability, so he asked to see Liu Bei. At that time, Liu Bei had many guests. Zhuge Liang was young and didn't know him before. He was just an ordinary guest.
When all the guests left, Zhuge Liang still sat there.
Liu Bei looked down on him, so he kept silent and just played with the yak tail (dust tail).
Zhuge Liang was disgusted with Liu Bei's arrogant and rude attitude, so he sarcastically said, "If a gentleman wants to have great ambitions, he probably won't play with the ox tail all day, right?" Liu Bei felt disrespectful, so he quickly threw away his plaything and talked to Zhuge Liang ... The book "Jiuzhou Chunqiu" also recorded the same thing.
Judging from the above quotation, it seems that Zhuge Liang was the first to meet Liu Bei for the first time, which is contrary to what he said in The Former Teacher: "The first emperor did not condescend, and the three ministers were in the thatched cottage".
Ren Wei in the Three Kingdoms period, as the author of Wei Lue, should be a contemporary who writes the contemporary history with candor and less subjective color, so the records are credible, which is a complete development process from Liu Bei's contempt for Zhuge Liang to his understanding and trust, which is both reasonable and natural.
Besides, when Liu Bei was in Fancheng in 207 AD, Zhuge Liang was only 26 years old and had neither political practice nor political influence. Although he compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, he was "speechless when people are around", that is, no one admitted it.
Liu Beishi is 46 years old this year. He has both social experience and life experience. He would never listen to a few compliments from Xu Shu, so he went to see a complete teenager three times in a row, regardless of the long journey.
"Three Visits to the Maolu" comes from Zhuge Liang himself and is the first-hand information. Besides, most of the old people who followed Liu Bei at that time were still alive, so he could not and dared not tell lies in his letter to the emperor.
This is not only said in the memorial, but also in his posthumous work Huangling Temple, which shows that his words are true.
As for the records in Wei Lue, it seems doubtful.
Wei Lue was written in Qinglong period of Wei Mingdi, that is, around 223 ~ 337 AD.
During this period, Wei and Shu fought at Qishan and Weishui, and the news was blocked and they did not communicate with each other. As the author of Wei Lue, Wei Mermaid had to listen to rumors to write about Zhuge Liang and Shu, and the reliability of the historical materials recorded in it was doubtful.
According to Pei Songzhi's annotation analysis of Zhuge Liang in Shu Shu, the record of Zhuge Liang's visit to Liu Bei in Wei Lue is wrong.
Pei Songzhi notes: "I think it's obvious:' The first emperor didn't intend to be a minister, he was humble, took care of the minister in the thatched cottage and asked him for advice on worldly affairs', which is obviously unknown.
Although we are made for each other after hearing different words, it is strange to be obedient.
"As you can see from here, Pei Songzhi is also surprised by the records in Wei Lue.
Furthermore, the author of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou.
He was ordered to compile Biography of Zhuge Liang in the early Jin Dynasty, and compiled Zhuge Liang Collection in February of the tenth year of Taishigong (AD 274), which provided a lot of detailed information for Zhuge Liang.
Chen Shou's father joined the army under Ma Su, and Ma Su knew Zhuge Liang very well.
Chen Shou can get the truth from his father.
In addition, Zhu Gejin, the grandson of Zhuge Liang, was hired by the Jin Dynasty with Chen Shou, and Chen Shou would never let this insider go. Therefore, The History of the Three Kingdoms adopted the theory of "three visits to the thatched cottage" instead of the theory of "self-recommendation" in Wei Lue.
This also shows that Chen Shou has more reliable information.
The history of Liu Bei's "three visits to the thatched cottage" has become a conclusion.
The analysis also makes sense.
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the official Corporal Li Xian has been praised as a virtue by the world.
Corporal Li Xian helped to maintain his rule.
Celebrity's refusal to visit or invite can improve their reputation and social status. It has been common for people like Liu Bei to pay tribute to men and women since the Eastern Han Dynasty.
How can Zhuge Liang, who is knowledgeable, broad-minded and has the lofty integrity of a hermit, come uninvited? At that time, Liu Bei was surrounded by outstanding generals such as Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun. However, in order to realize his great cause, he really felt that he lacked a plan for himself.
Liu Bei is eager to find a saint. When he visited Sima Caode, he asked him about the "world". In Cao Deri, he said, "Do Confucian scholars and laymen know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun.
There are Long Fu and Feng Chu.
"Liu bei heard exultation, asked who it was.
Cao De replied, "Zhu Gekongming and Pang Tuyuan.
"Pang Shiyuan has gone to Jiangdong at this time. Mr. Wolong, Zhu Gekongming Bai Bi Guan Zhong and Le Yi are all very capable people: even Xu Shu, who Liu Bei admired very much, praised Kong Ming for being better than Guan Zhong and Le Yiqiang.
Thinking of the hardships and bumpy experiences of my half life and seeking talents everywhere, can I sincerely invite Kong Ming without paying attention to the thatched cottage?
In addition, there are the following reasons for not visiting the thatched cottage.
In the complicated situation at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of young people with lofty ideals stood out and showed their wisdom and talent.
Twenty-year-old Zhou Yu helped Sun Ce arise from Jiangdong; Yu Xun recommended 27-year-old Guo Jia to Cao Cao, who praised him: "This man is the only one who can turn orphans into great undertakings.
"Zhuge Liang, 27, read the classics intensively before coming out of Longzhong, made friends with celebrities, analyzed the world trend and was brilliant.
After being introduced, Liu Bei will definitely meet this rare talent.
To judge the value of a history book, its data source and compilation age can not be ignored.
Wei Lue was written before The History of the Three Kingdoms. It was written by a contemporary official. The author is an ordinary person with an unknown life experience. He doesn't need flattery or fame, he just needs to be carefree and unpremeditated, and he can truthfully reflect the incident without scruple.
Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong thinks that the historical materials of Wei Lue are extremely informative and "naturally honest".
Zhang Zongyuan's textual research on Sui Shu's classics also said that it was a rare history of trust.
When Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Lue was one of his main reference books.
Pei Songzhi quoted as many as one hundred and eighty-eight articles from the reflection and Wei lue, not including seven articles from Fish Theory.
All these can show their value.
Those who advocate "taking care of the thatched cottage" simply exclude Wei Lue on the basis of Pei Songzhi's "although he hears different opinions, he is willing to do what he is told and is curious".
Actually Pei Songzhi didn't make a clear statement, just surprised.
Zhuge Liang's visit to Liu Bei was not the work of one family.
In addition to Wei Lue, Sima Biao's Jiuzhou Chunqiu also has the same record, which is a book about speech and records the dialogue between the two sides in detail.
Sima Biao and Chen Shou were contemporaries, and they wrote books almost at the same time. Since the Three Kingdoms is credible, Jiuzhou Chunqiu refused to abandon it.
Lu Xun said that the official history was "painted too thick to detect the details". Knowing this may be helpful for us to collect historical materials.
Born and raised in Shu Han, Chen Shou is familiar with rumors since he was a child, and Zhuge Liang's tall image has long been fixed in his mind, which determines that when he writes the history of the Three Kingdoms, he hides evil and overflows beauty everywhere.
Only Zhao Yi's Notes on Twenty-four Histories: Records of the Three Kingdoms provides many examples.
Miao Yue, a scholar of literature and history, also believes that "covering up evil and promoting beauty is the real shortcoming of the History of the Three Kingdoms".
On this basis, when Chen Shou wrote that Zhuge Liang's image was damaged, he ignored Wei Lue and adopted the theory of "one model".
In fact, the "model" is neither autobiographical nor historical, but just an oath made to cope with the situation.
At that time, Liu, Guan and Zhang all died. As the commander-in-chief of the Shu army, Zhuge Liang will not be suspected of vanity in order to consolidate his dominant position.
Historical background cannot be ignored in textual research of historical facts.
Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, read widely and made friends with celebrities all over the world.
And never like what he said, "Gone with the world is willing to risk his life, not asking Wen Da to be a vassal".
When Cao Cao's overall situation was decided and Sun Quan took shape, he knew that Sun Quan would not be reused if he took refuge in Cao Cao.
And Liu Bei, not only a relative of the Han dynasty, but also a place where people know and do their duty well. Although trapped in Fancheng, he will eventually become an emperor. With Zhuge Liang's knowledge, he knew that he could only show his ambition by relying on Liu Bei, which means he had no choice but Liu Bei.
Then, if Liu Bei can't be invited, how can he expect to be invited twice? Second, if you can't invite, how can you guarantee that there will be three invitations? If there were no two invitations and three invitations, wouldn't his great ambition be dashed? This is a big problem that determines the future and destiny of a person's life. As a cautious Zhu Gekongming, there will be no airs.
It seems that the only way out is to recommend yourself and sell yourself.
So Wei slightly's words are not empty! From 722 to 770, Yu Chaoen was born in Luchuan, Luzhou (Lu Xian, Sichuan).
Famous eunuch in Tang Dynasty.
Yu Chaoen entered the palace as a eunuch during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
After the Anshi Rebellion, he fled with Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and served Prince Hengli, which earned him a good reputation. He used to be the prosecutor of Mimia, General Zuo Wei, and was in charge of internal affairs.
In the first year of Gan Yuan (A.D. 758), Tang Suzong was appointed as Guan Junrong's envoy to supervise hundreds of thousands of troops in the Ninth Division.
Eunuchs began to master military power in Tang Dynasty.
After Tang Jun recovered Luoyang, Yu Chaoen was made Duke of Feng Yi, and he was appointed as a court official.
In the first year of Guangde, Tang Daizong (AD 763), Tubo soldiers invaded and fled Shanzhou (Sanmenxia, Henan).
Yu Chaoen, in order to protect the meritorious military service, was appointed as the ambassador of the world, in order to examine the military capacity and comfort, and to command the Ce Shen army in the capital.
Later, he was in charge of imperial academy's affairs, and he was the envoy of Li Hong and the porter, who held the power of the imperial court.
Interfere in political affairs, subdue officials, accept bribes and extort money.
The northern army called the dungeon persecuted the innocent.
Minister Yuan Zai knew that Tang Daizong was dissatisfied with it, so he tried to get rid of it with the Anshi Rebellion.
During the Cold Food Festival in the fifth year of Tang Dynasty (AD 770), Tang Daizong was summoned to kill Yu Chaoen after a banquet in the palace.
Jade, a.d. 842-868, female, formerly known as Youwei, whose real name was Huilan, "Mystery" was her Taoist name after becoming a monk; Chang 'an people.
A famous poet in Tang Dynasty.
Born in Huichang, a suburb of Chang 'an in the second year.
Father Fish has read many poems, but he has never achieved fame in his life.
When she was young, she could recite hundreds of poems at the age of five. At the age of seven, she began to write poems. At the age of eleven or twelve, her works have been circulated among Chang 'an literati and become a poetic teenager praised by everyone.
At the age of fifteen, he became a Taoist, charming and poetic.
There are some beautiful sentences in her poems, such as "diligence is beyond words, red tears flow" and "clouds are gloomy and strive for the same dream, and the fairy looks long and fragrant and flowers bloom", which are praised by prostitutes and literati for a time.
As a result, Yu began to make friends with celebrities such as Wen and Li Ying, and his reputation spread far and wide.
Wen came specially.
At this time, the fish father has passed away, and the fish mother and daughter can only make a living by doing some needlework and washing starch for prostitutes in brothels near Pingkangli.
Wen invited Yu, who is under thirteen years old, to compose an impromptu poem on the topic of "Linjiang Willow". After a little meditation, I wrote, "the blue is even barren, and the smoke is far away;" In spring, the shadows of trees spread and the flowers fall to catch people's heads.
Rooted in the old Tibetan fish cave, the bottom of the branch is a guest boat; A rustling stormy night, a terrible dream increased sadness. "
Soon, Wen left Chang 'an and went to Xiangyang as the secretariat of Xu Jian.
I wrote a five-character poem "Farewell Fei Qing's Journey" to see him off: "The footsteps are noisy and the smoke in the courtyard is clear; In the middle of the month, the neighbors are ringing, and the upstairs is far away.
The pillow is cold, and the piano sends hate; Ji Jun lazy book gift, substrate to comfort autumn? Later, he wrote a poem called "Sending Wen Feiqing on a Winter Night": "I struggled to find poetry, sang under the lamp, and was afraid of the cold all night; The court is full of fallen leaves and worries about the wind, and the screen window cherishes the sinking moon.
Evacuation does not smell, it will follow, and it will go up and down; I live in seclusion in Wutong, and the dusk birds ring around the forest to show my nostalgia.
Two years later, Wen Tingyun returned to Chang 'an.
One day, teachers and students visited Chongzhen Temple together and met a group of new subjects scrambling to write poems on the wall. I hate being born as a daughter, but I am brilliant, but I can't compete with a man and a man, so I left this helpless but energetic poem: "The full moon shines on the clouds, and the silver hook refers to the afterlife; I hate Luo Yi's poems. Look up at the top. "
At this time, Lucy li, the son of Zuo Buque, came to Chang 'an for the first time and was greatly admired.
So he asked Wen to set him up, and soon he met Yu and became Li's confidant.
However, Li was so critical of Yu that she had to write a divorce agreement and drive her out of the house.
The marriage lasted only three months.
On the surface, instead of making a clean break, Lucy li secretly sent someone to find a secluded Taoist temple-Xian Yi Temple in Qujiang, invested in renovation, donated a considerable amount of sesame oil money, and then quietly sent her to the temple, thus taking the name of "mystery".
In the cloud room, I missed my ex-husband and wrote the famous sentence "Send a child to report peace": "Don't worry about getting drunk, leave the intestines for no reason; The cymbidium rests in the garden, and the willow accompanies the guest boat.
The gathering and dispersion are uncertain, and thinking about feelings must be learned from the long running water; It's hard to know when there will be a flower season, so I came to Ken Tired and Drunken Jade House.
Although I miss you very much, I haven't heard from you. I only sent my infatuation to the poem, so she wrote another poem "Send Li Zi 'an": "It is always futile to drink ice and eat medicine, and the pot locks the dream; Qin Jing wanted to be sad, but Shunqin had to complain and fly.
The leaves of tung trees beside the well sound of autumn rain, and the silver lights under the window are dark; Where is the letter? Hold the pole to the sky.
"When the poem was finished, I couldn't send it out, so I had to throw it into Qujiang and let the affair go with the flow.
When she heard that Li Lang had taken his wife to Yangzhou to take office, she felt abandoned. She was so sad that she wrote a poem "Give a neighbor a daughter": "I am ashamed to cover my sleeves, and I am lazy to make up in spring; It's easier to find priceless treasure than to have a lover.
Tears are hidden on the pillow, and flowers are dark and heartbroken; You can spy out why Song Yu hates Wang Chang.
"She also changed a totally, he who sees through the world of mortals attitude, just indulge.
From one of her poems, I can also reflect her living situation at this time: "There is nothing to do, travel happily;" Last month, Duan Yunjiang untied the boat in the sea.
Qin Nong Liang Xiao specializes in poetry and Geng Liang Lou; It is easy to raise a stone for the company.
Swallows are expensive, but gold and silver are not sought; Spring is full of green wine and listening to the moonlight.
It is interesting to build around it, it reflects a trickle; Delete all the books on the bed and comb your hair when you are half drunk. "
In many contacts, Yu has an unusual relationship with musicians.
There is a poem to prove it: "I hate that I can't send it on the string, and I am not responsible; If I had known that I would have sex, I wouldn't be tempted by orchids.
Burning peaches and plums, it is no harm to find a national scholar; Pine trees and laurel trees are still appreciated by scholars.
The moonlight court is clean and the bamboo courtyard is deep; The red leaves in front of the door are not swept as bosom friends. "
Once, Jade suspected that her maid-in-waiting Green Joe was having an affair with her lover, killed her and buried her under the wisteria in the backyard.
One night, it was discovered that there were flies gathering on the floating soil under the flowers, and the official was secretly called to investigate, and the matter was exposed.
Jade was taken to court and interrogated by Pei Cheng, who rejected her because of her old love.
In the end, he was sentenced to death because of his bad crimes.
She is twenty-six years old.
The Complete Tang Poetry contains 48 of her poems.
Her story is not official, but there are some clues about her in the scattered notes of North Dream and Talented Person of Tang Dynasty.
Fish around, words in it; Qiu Yongren.
Zhong Cheng was a famous imperial historian in the Northern Song Dynasty.
As an orphan in his teens, he studied hard.
Jinshi was born, and when he was an official, he advised the doctor right and advised Cheng right.
According to legend, when he was appointed as the magistrate of Anzhou, the petty official in charge of the garden saw a big snake hanging on a dead tree and took a close look. It turned out that fish Zhou Xun was drunk and was taking a nap there.
Fish worships forgiveness and words benefit. At first, it respected forgiveness and respect for distance, and then avoided the Han ancestors and changed it; It originally came from Yang Shan and Chuzhou, and then moved to Shaanxi.
Famous ministers and scholars in Song Dynasty.
Fish worshipping teenagers can be literary, weak-crowned, and engaged in Xiangzhou secretariat.
Yang died, Xiangzhou was built as Zhao Dejun, and Weixian half county was returned to it.
It was inconvenient today, so I took Zhang Yan's account and took it back. Yu Zhongliang went to Shaanxi.
Song Mingzong ascended the throne, and the king of Qin was honored as a clerk.
Starting from Zhu Rong, except for the membership system, it flows to Gyeongju.
In the early Qing Dynasty, he moved to China.
Russia and Israel were buried in memory of Xu and sent back to Shaanxi.
In three years, he became Shaanxi Sima.
Shi Jin and Shi are in the museum, and they are strictly observation ambassadors.
Paying tribute to the party was recommended by the Prime Minister as the patent of Yuan Wailang and Zhi Zhi.
At the end of the shipment, Qidan entered the border and was recommended as a bachelor of Hanlin.
Qidan returned to the north, leaving fish to worship the capital.
The ancestors of the Han dynasty entered the DPRK and tried their best to ask the fish to forgive them. They were burned in the court and ordered to establish a patent.
When I worship the bachelor of Hanlin, I will add Chinese books.
Song Huizong acceded to the throne, and the fish respected the mother. Except for the deputy envoys of Baoji Yi Army, they all led Taizhou secretariat and served in the county.
Will raise teachers to discuss three rebellions, our time in front of the army, worship the fish to understand the aftermath.
Please ask all those who provide military reserves and prepare to send them to do it on time and rely on it near the town.
Yu Chongliang's relatives are all in Fengxiang City. Over the years, the city was broken, and Guli, as a transshipment messenger, sheltered dozens of homes that worshipped Liang, all of which were safe and sound.
Fish, please tell me, welcome them to live in Shaanxi.
A few days later, Wang Renyu stopped working and asked Yu Chongliang to be a bachelor.
Zhou Zujian only wrote a letter to countless committees, and all the fish respected him.
At the beginning of the year, Guang Shun was appointed as full-time Assistant Minister of Industry.
Adding Murong Yanchao in Yanzhou to a feudal city, Yanchao was pregnant with the opposite side, and sent fish to the official for help, still comforting him.
At that time, I will work harder to guide people, and I will ask the fish to take a test in the Privy Council to decide the rise and fall.
The fish worships the mother and homesicks for the old.
A letter was sent to the chief prosecutor, giving her mother clothes, silk, tea medicine and money. After a hundred days' holiday, she was ordered to pay 30,000 yuan monthly salary and 15 yuan rice and flour fee.
A servile assistant minister, resume his bachelor's degree.
The imperial edict waited on the mother to return to the que, and worshipped and asked for fish to show her mother's old illness and begging for support. The imperial edict was not allowed.
When Song Shizong was demanding, the fish hadn't arrived yet. Gu Tao took the opportunity to say, "Fish is afraid that he can't stay, so he has concerns.
"Sejong is quite suspicious.
The fish is forgiven, showing that Chen's mother is ill, and she is allowed to return to Shaanxi to raise it.
I can't afford it.
Song Taizong acceded to the throne and awarded Dr. Jin Ziguang Lu and Assistant Minister of the Ministry of War of Shangshu as officials.
10 years old.
Fish can talk, the word is positive, and the number is right, right and right; People from Changshu, Jiangsu.
Famous officials of Ming dynasty.
Jinshi in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty.
He has served as the director of the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of Industry, and supervised the grain transportation with the capital.
Because the river is sometimes shallow and inconvenient to sail, please create a "shallow general service" and dredge it at any time to ensure smooth flow. At this time, people praise it.
When he was the magistrate of Kaifeng, he didn't have to ask about the trial of the case, and he was known as an honest and upright Bao Gong.
When my mother died, the government didn't take anything, so it abandoned its official position and returned home. She lives in poverty, her house leaks in rainy days, her bedding is thin in winter, and she doesn't even have food to cook, so she still feels at ease.
Yu Kan has worked in Kaifeng for many years. When he returned to his hometown because of his mother's death, he only brought a bamboo box. In addition to the old clothes worn on weekdays, there are only eight liang of salary and money left in the box.
When he arrived at his hometown, he saw that there were no incense burners and vases in front of the Confucius statue in the Confucius Temple in Changshu. He donated the only eight taels of silver to cast incense burners and vases, and came home with only a box of old clothes and an innocent body.
Because I am too poor, I often can't open the pot at home, and my wife complains all over the sky. He pretended not to hear.
Because Yu Kan is aboveboard and enforces the law impartially.
At that time, people called him "Bao Lao" and compared him to Bao Gong.
Later, Yu Kan was ill in bed, there was no servant at home, and his wife was unable to serve him, so he had to hang two ropes between his beams for later use.
After the wife cooked porridge with highland barley and rice, she went to bed and shouted, "integrity, integrity!" This is porridge.
"He held out his hands, grabbed the rope and sat up to drink porridge.
After drinking, I grabbed the rope and lay down slowly.
After his death, he had no shroud, so he had to wear old cloth and was buried in Beishan, Changshu.
After his death, people in the village set up an ancestral temple in Xiang County to commemorate him.
About 200 years after the death of Khotan, Lu Zhenfei, who was the governor of Huaiyang during the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty, visited Changshu and offered sacrifices at Khotan's tomb, and set up a stone tablet for him. At the same time, he set up two stone tablets on the side of the tomb, one is called Zhong Yong, and the other is called Xunshu, which set off the first official with these two sages.
More than 300 years later, Wang Yingkui, a fellow countryman and a junior of the Qing Dynasty, felt that the history of the Ming Dynasty had not been passed down for an upright official like Yu Kan, and that history was so indifferent and unfair to a generation of upright officials, so he wrote an article specially for him in his own Liunan Essays.
As can be seen from the records, Yu Kan is honest and almost harsh, and his character is really commendable and admirable.
However, the sad ending of fish talk cannot but make people feel deeply and think-provoking.