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I am the title of emperor prescribed by Qin Shihuang. In the pre-Qin period, monarchs generally called themselves "this king", "lonely", and "widow", and anyone, including ordinary people, could call themselves "I". With the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Ying Zheng established the title of emperor and stipulated "I" Only the emperor can use it. This system has been passed down ever since.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, heroes competed for hegemony and a separatist situation emerged. Although Cao Cao was also the monarch of Wei (King of Wei), Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty still reigned (the Han Dynasty existed in name only), and the powerful Wei King Cao Cao only called himself " "Gu" or "this king" did not call himself "I" because he did not claim to be emperor; but Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, who had no real power, could call himself "I" because he was the emperor.

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Jue refers to a title or title, which is a bestowal given by ancient emperors to nobles and heroes. It is said that in the Zhou Dynasty, there were five kinds of titles: Duke, Marquis, Bo, Zi and Male. The title and title system of later generations often changed with time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang not only made the prince king, but also made seven meritorious officials kings. Peng Yue was the king of Liang, Yingbu was the king of Huainan, etc.; Cao Zhi of Wei was named the king of Chen; Guo Ziyi of the Tang Dynasty was named the king of Fenyang; Zunurhachi named his son Azig as Prince of Ying, Duduo as Prince of Yu, and Hauge as Prince of Su. Another example is that in the Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun was granted the title of Duke of Lai, Wang Anshi was granted the title of Duke of Jing, and Sima Guang was granted the title of Duke of Wen; in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang was granted the title of Duke of Korea, Li Wenzhong was granted the title of Duke of Cao, Liu Ji was granted the title of Chengyi Bo, and Wang Yangming was granted the title of Xinjing Bo; in the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan was granted the title of first-class Yiyong Marquis. Zuo Zongtang was granted the title of second-class Ke Jinghou, and Li Hongzhang was granted the title of first-class Su Yibo.

The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy. He is the person who upholds the monarch's will and manages the national government affairs. Sometimes it is called the prime minister, often referred to as the prime minister, or "prime minister" for short. For example, "Chen She's Family": "Princes and generals have a lot of talent." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "A mediocre person is still ashamed, how much more so than a general!" "Xiang of Shu": "Where can I find the ancestral hall of the Prime Minister? Jin Xiangru There are many people outside Guancheng. "Postscript of "Guide Record": "In addition to the right prime minister and privy envoy, I will supervise all the troops and horses. "

Taishi refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Taishi, Taifu, and Taibao were called the "Three Dukes." Later, they were mostly given titles to senior officials to express favor but no actual duties. For example, Zhao Pu in the Song Dynasty , Wen Yanbo, etc. were once awarded the title of Taishi. Secondly, in ancient times, they were also called the "Three Masters of the East Palace": the Prince's Grand Master, the Prince's Taifu, and the Prince's Taibao. They were all the Prince's teachers. Taishi was the abbreviation of the Prince's Grand Master. Gradually it became a false title. For example, in "The Story of Meihua Ridge", "Yan Taishi was defeated by troops", Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince and Grand Master, so he was called. Another example is that Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty had eight false titles, and was finally given the title of Prince and Grand Master; In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also awarded the title of Prince Taishi, but he did not actually teach the prince.

Taifu refers to one of the "Three Masters" in ancient times. For example, Jia Yi served as the teacher of the princes Changsha King and Liang Huai King, so he was granted the title of Taifu. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zuo Zongtang, and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give it to Taifu after their death. < /p>

Shaobao refers to two official positions. One is that in ancient times, Shaoshi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called the "three orphans". Later, they gradually became empty titles. For example, "Wen Shaobao" in "Meihua Ridge" "Enlightenment of the Great Light Dharma Cicada", Wen Tianxiang once served as a Shaobao official, so he was called. Secondly, in ancient times, the Prince Shaoshi, the Prince Shaofu, and the Prince Shaobao were called the "Three Young Masters of the East Palace", and later they gradually became empty titles.

< p> The minister was originally the official in charge of documents and memorials. In the Sui Dynasty, there were no six ministries. In the Tang Dynasty, the six ministries were defined as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers. Each ministry had the minister and the minister as the chief and deputy chiefs. For example, "The Biography of Zhang Heng": " Submit letters to beg for bones, and worship ministers. "Another example is the great calligrapher Yan Zhenqing who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, the poet Bai Juyi who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of Justice, and Shi Kefa who once served as the Minister of the Ministry of War.

In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the scholar was in charge of ceremonies and compiled various affairs. After the Tang Dynasty, it was referred to as the Imperial Academy. A bachelor became the emperor's secretary, advisor, and participated in secret affairs, so he was known as the "inner minister". Although the imperial edicts, ministers, lecturers, editors, and sage scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also Hanlin bachelors, they were not related to the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the status and duties of Hanlin bachelors were different. For example, in "(Guidelu) Later Preface", "he served as a bachelor of Zizheng Palace", which was the official position awarded by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; in "Tan Sitong", "the king was recommended by Xu Gong as a bachelor." ", Xu Zhijing was serving as a bachelor of Hanlin Academy at that time, which was an official position dedicated to giving lectures to emperors. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo, Song Lian, etc. were all bachelors of Hanlin Academy.

Shangqing Zhou Daiguan According to the system, the emperor and the princes all have ministers, divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. The most noble one is called "Shangqing". For example, "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" says: "Lian Po is the general of Zhao...he is worshiped as Shangqing."

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General) was the highest title for generals in the pre-Qin and Western Han Dynasties. For example, the emperor of the Han Dynasty regarded Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty regarded Wei Qing as the general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a false title without actual duties. Ming Dynasty During the Qing Dynasty, the rank of general was only established during the war and was abolished after the war. According to "The Biography of Zhang Heng", "General Deng Zhi was very talented". Deng Zhi was the general of Emperor He of the Han Dynasty.

Involved in political affairs. Also referred to as "Shengzheng", he was one of the highest administrative officials in the Tang and Song dynasties. Together with Tongping Zhangshi, Privy Envoy, and Deputy Envoy of Jiami, he was collectively known as "Zai Zhi". Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. "Jian Shikang" "Participated in politics as an admonishment officer", "Lu Gong" refers to Lu Zongdao during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the new affairs were just like those in the Tang and Song Dynasties who participated in political affairs and served as prime ministers."

The Military and Aircraft Department is a government agency that assists the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of vacancies, and they are usually held by princes, bachelors, ministers, ministers, or Jingtang. The number of military and aircraft ministers is at least three or four. In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong, and Yuan Shikai served as military ministers. /p>

Military aircraft Zhang Jing is a staff member of the Military Aircraft Department and is an official subordinate to the military aircraft minister. He is called a "little military aircraft" in "Tan Sitong": "The emperor promoted military aircraft to the rank of Si Jingqing." Zhang Jing participated in the New Deal together with Yang Rui, Lin Xu, and Liu Guangdi. ”

The censor was originally a historian, such as "The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru", "The Prehistoric Book of the Qin Dynasty", "Xiangru Gu Zhao Zhao Zhao Yushi Book". After the Qin Dynasty, the censor doctor was appointed, and his position was The second son, the prime minister, was in charge of impeachment and investigating officials' faults. Han Yu served as the censor of the capital, and in the Ming Dynasty, Hai Rui served as the censor of the capital of Nanjing. Another example is "Records of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs", "Gong was the censor of the capital, and he was the censor of the capital." "Eunuch guarding Liaoning", Wang Ao was the chief of the Imperial Procuratorate at that time.

The Privy Council is the chief of the Privy Council. In the Tang Dynasty, it was held by eunuchs, but after the Song Dynasty, it was held by ministers. The Privy Council is the highest authority in managing important military affairs. As one of the state agencies, the power of the privy envoy is equal to that of the prime minister. In the Qing Dynasty, the military minister was often called "privy envoy". In the Song Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu once served as the deputy privy envoy. , the commander-in-chief oversees all the troops and horses. "Wen Tianxiang was in charge of military affairs at that time.

Zuo Tu's official name in the Chu State during the Warring States Period was equivalent to that of later generations. His main responsibility was to admonish the emperor and recommend talents. "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Qu Yuan's name was Ping. , the same surname as Chu. He was the left disciple of King Huai of Chu. "

The official title of Taiwei before the Yuan Dynasty. It was the highest military attache who assisted the emperor. In the Han Dynasty, it was called Da Sima. In the Song Dynasty, it was designated as the highest military attache. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple": "I am guilty of evil. He married Lieutenant Gao, was framed, and suffered a lawsuit. "Gao Taiwei refers to Gao Qiu.

Shangdafu is a pre-Qin official, one rank lower than Qing. "The Biography of Lian Po Lin Xiangru": "I worship Xiangru as Shangdafu. "At that time, Lin Xiangru had a lower official position than Shangqing Lianpo.

The contents of doctor in different dynasties are different. Sometimes it can refer to important positions in central agencies, such as Yushi doctor, admonishment doctor, etc. "Qu Yuan "Biography": "Shangguan officials are in the same category as him. They compete for favors but are unwilling to harm their abilities. ""Shangguan Dafu" is generally believed to refer to Shangguan Jin Shang. "Zi is not the San Chang Dafu?" Qu Yuan served as the chief executive in charge of the affairs of the three surnames of the royal family: Zhao, Qu and Jing. "Guide Record" Afterword: " Jin gentry, officials and scholars gathered in the Prime Minister Zuo's Mansion. "Refers to the imperial censors, admonishment officials, etc.

In the old days, scholar-bureaucrats referred to officials or intellectuals with more prestigious status. "Shi Shuo": "The clan of scholar-bureaucrats is called a teacher or a disciple. , then people gather together and laugh. ""The Story of Shizhong Mountain": "The scholar-bureaucrats finally refused to use their boats to stay under the cliff at night, so no one knows. "Xunjianshikang": "At that time, all the scholar-bureaucrats' families were like this. "The Tombstone of Five People": "The wise men and officials of the county are invited to be in charge." ”

Tai Shi was a high-status court minister in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. He was responsible for drafting documents, giving orders to princes and ministers, recording historical events, and also taking charge of classics, calendars, sacrifices, etc. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Tai Shi Ling was established. , the scope of his duties gradually became smaller, and his status gradually declined. "Zhang Heng Biography" states: "In the early days of Emperor Shun, he was transferred to the Taishi Order again. "The Tombstones of Five People": "As a wise scholar and an official, I asked you why it was Duke Wu, Duke Wen of Taishi Wenqi, and Duke Yao of Meng Chang." "Wen Qi was compiled by the Hanlin Academy and was a historian, so he was called Taishi.

In the Qin Dynasty, the chief historian was an official subordinate to the prime minister. For example, Li Si served as the chief historian, which was equivalent to the secretary-general of the prime minister. After the Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate of the general. An officer is the chief of staff.

"Chu Shi Biao": "Shi Zhong, Shangshu, Chang Shi, and Join the Army, these are the ministers of Zhenliang's death festival." "Chang Shi" refers to Zhang Yi. "Battle of Chibi": "Ziyu, Liang's brother Jinye, avoided the chaos in Jiangdong and became Sun Quan's long history."

The minister first served as a palace attendant. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became a subordinate official of Shangshu. In the Tang Dynasty, the Vice Minister was the deputy position of the ministers (Shang Shu) of the three provinces (Zhongshu, Menxia, ??and Shangshu) (see the article "Three Provinces and Six Ministries" for details). Han Yu once served as the minister of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of War, and the Ministry of Personnel. "Shi Shi Biao" "Shi Zhong, Shi Lang Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc.", among which Dong Yun is the Shi Lang. "Tan Sitong": "On the first day of the eighth month, Yuan Shikai was summoned and the minister was specially rewarded." Yuan Shikai was the minister of the Ministry of War.

Shi Zhong was originally one of the additional officials in addition to regular official positions. As he served the emperor, his status gradually increased and his rank surpassed that of the minister. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, he often became the de facto prime minister. Guo Youzhi and Fei Yi mentioned in "Chu Shi Biao" are the servants.

During the Warring States Period, Langzhong served as a palace guard. From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, he became a senior official below the minister and minister, and was responsible for the affairs of various departments. For example, in "Jing Ke's Assassination of the King of Qin": "All the men holding the troops are Your Highness Chen." This refers to the palace guards. "The Biography of Zhang Heng" "The characteristic of public cars is to worship the doctor". "Langzhong" is the official name for managing the chariot and riding family.

Joining the army is the abbreviation of "staff military affairs". It was originally the military staff of the prime minister, such as Jiang Wan who joined the army as mentioned in "Shi Shi Biao". After the Jin Dynasty, their status gradually declined and they became the aides of kings and generals. For example, Tao Yuanming served as a soldier in the army, and Fan Ye, the author of "Book of the Later Han", served as a soldier in the army of Liu Yikang, the fourth son of Liu Yu. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, they gradually became local officials. For example, Du Fu served as the right guard and led the governor to join the army, and the Huazhou Sigong Cao joined the army. Bai Juyi once served as the governor of Jingzhao to join the army.

Ling Yin was the chief in charge of military and political power in the Chu State during the Warring States Period, equivalent to the prime minister, such as "The Biography of Qu Yuan": "Ling Yin Zilan was furious when he heard about it." In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it referred to the county magistrate, such as "Promoting Weaving": "Heaven will reward those who have long and generous lives, so the Fu ministers and Ling Yin will be encouraged and favored.

Yin, please refer to the article "Ling Yin". During the Warring States Period, the assistants of Ling Yin of Chu State were Zuo Yin, You Yin and You Yin. Yin, such as "Chu Zuo Yin Xiang Bo", Zuo Yin's status is slightly higher than that of You Yin, and it is also a general name for ancient officials, such as Jingzhao Yin, Henan Yin, Zhou Yin, County Yin, etc.

The military attache whose position is second to that of general is "Chen She Family": "Chen She established himself as general and Wu Guang became captain. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong has come out, and King Xiang sent the captain Chen Ping to summon Pei Gong. "

Another name for Ji Qing and Tai Pu Si Qing, who is in charge of the emperor's carriages, horses and livestock. "The Tombstones of Five People" "Those who are wise men and officials, Ji Qing is the Duke of Wu" 'Yin Zhi' is Wu Mo's name.

The official positions of Sima in different dynasties were different. During the Warring States period, he was the adjutant in charge of military affairs and military awards. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gongzuo Sima Cao Wushang said. "In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, he was an official subordinate to the governor (provincial governor) of the prefecture and county. For example, "Pipa Xing" says: "In the tenth year of Yuanhe, I moved to the left to be the Sima of Jiujiang County. "Bai Juyi was demoted to Jiujiang at that time, and was under the jurisdiction of the prefectures and counties.

The Jiedu envoy in the Tang Dynasty took charge of the military and political affairs of several states. Originally, he was only located in the border states; later inland They were also set up all over, resulting in a separatist situation, so it was called "vassal town" in the world. Chapter 4 of "Dream of Red Mansions": "Yucun quickly repaired the second letter and joined Jia Zheng to camp Jiedushi Wang Ziteng. "

Jinglue envoy is also referred to as "Jinglue". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was a border military officer and was juxtaposed with the governor. For example, Fan Zhongyan once served as the deputy envoy of Shaanxi economics. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were important military tasks The official position is higher than that of the governor. For example, "Jinglue Hong Chengchou has an old relationship with him" in "Meihua Ridge". After Hong Chengchou was transferred to the Qing Dynasty, he served as the governor of seven provinces and was stationed in Jiangning.

He was originally the governor. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, he became the highest military and political officer of the state and county, and was sometimes called the governor. Bai Juyi of Tang Dynasty served as the governor of Hangzhou and Suzhou, and Liu Zongyuan served as the governor of Liuzhou.

The governor is also called "the governor". "Junsu", the highest chief executive of the state and county. Fan Ye once served as the prefect of Xuancheng. "Peach Blossom Spring": "When I went to the county, I met the prefect and said this. "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "Speaking directly of the prefect's family, there is this son. "Battle of Chibi": "I have an old relationship with Wu Ju, the prefect of Cangwu, and I want to surrender to him." ”

For “Captain Governor”, ??please refer to the article “Jinglue Envoy”. The official name of a military commander or a leading general. In some dynasties, the highest local governor is also called “Captain Governor”, ??which is equivalent to the Jiedushi Envoy or the governor of a state or county. For example "Meihua Ridge": "Ren Taishou Min Yu and all generals Liu Dudu Zhaoji and others died. "Liu Zhaoji was the military commander stationed at the local guard station.

In the early Ming Dynasty, the governor directed the capital officials to inspect local areas.

In the Qing Dynasty, he officially became a provincial governor, with a status slightly lower than that of the governor. He was also known as "Fuyuan", "Futai" and "Fujun". For example, "Tombstone Notes of Five People": "At that time, the person who used Dazhong Prime Minister to Fu Wu was Wei's private person." Fu Wu means serving as the governor of Wu.

For Fujun, see "Governor". "Promoting Weaving": "It is rewarded and presented to the Fu army." The Fu army was overjoyed and entered with a golden cage. "Also known as "Fuchen", such as "The imperial edict bestows the name of Fuchen on horse clothes and satin".

The official position of Xiaowei was second to that of general during the Han Dynasty. For example, "Battle of Chibi": "With Lu Su as the Praise to the military captain. "Lu Su served as the deputy general who assisted the commander Zhou Yu in planning the military. After the Tang Dynasty, his status gradually declined.

The officer who taught martial arts in the Song Dynasty army. Lin Chong in "Water Margin" was the gun of the 800,000 forbidden troops in the capital.

The official name of the military attache in the Song Dynasty, responsible for training the army and supervising the arrest of thieves. For example, Lu Ti governed Lu Zhishen in "Water Margin". The staff members appointed by the central or local governors are also called "engagers". "Battle of Chibi": "If you have a good reputation, you will not lose your job. "

The prefect is the "prefect", also known as the "prefect of the state". "The Record of Climbing Mount Tai": "It was the end of the moon, and I climbed up from the southern foot with the prefect Zhu Xiaochun Ziying. "

The county magistrate is the chief executive of a county, also known as the "county magistrate." "The Peacock Flies Southeast": "More than ten days after returning home, the county magistrate sent a matchmaker. ”

Li Zheng In ancient times, a township official was one mile long. For example, "Promoting Zhi": "The order is followed by the responsibility." "

Lixu is responsible for managing the affairs of the village. "Promoting Zhi": "Lixu is cunning, and he pretends to be a master to get a small mouth." ”

The three provinces, six ministries, and three provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province, and Shangshu Province. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the three provinces were the highest government agencies. Generally, the Zhongshu Province was in charge of decision-making, the subordinate provinces were in charge of deliberation, and the Shangshu Province was in charge of implementation. The chief officials of Zhongshu Province are all prime ministers. The governor of Zhongshu Province is called Zhongshu Ling, and he has the official title of Zhongshu Shilang and Zhongshu Sheren; Under the order, there are official positions such as left and right servants. The Shangshu Province has six departments: the Ministry of Personnel (in charge of the appointment, removal and evaluation of officials, etc., equivalent to the current Organization Department), the Ministry of Husbandry (in charge of land registration, taxation and finance, etc.), and the Ministry of Rites (in charge of the appointment, removal and evaluation of officials, etc.). Ceremonies, imperial examinations, schools, etc.), the Ministry of War (in charge of the military, equivalent to the current Ministry of Defense), the Ministry of Justice (in charge of justice and prisons, equivalent to the current Ministry of Justice), and the Ministry of Industry (in charge of engineering construction, farmland, water conservancy, etc.). He is called Shangshu, with the deputy title of Minister, and has the following official positions: Langzhong, Yuanwailang, and Chief. The six-ministry system was implemented from the Sui and Tang Dynasties and lasted until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The promotion, appointment and removal of official positions are governed by the following words:

(1) Worship. Use certain etiquette to confer certain official positions or titles. "So I resigned from the prime minister's seal but did not worship", which means that I did not accept the seal of the prime minister and did not take office.

(2) Removal. The word "exclude" in the sentence "Guidelu (Post-Preface)" means to confer an official position.

(3) Promote. To promote an official position, such as "Warring States Policy·Yan Ce": "The previous king made an excessive promotion; Promoted among the guests, and established above the officials. ”

(4) Transfer. Transfer of official positions, including promotion, demotion, and horizontal transfer. In order to be easy to distinguish, people often move. Add one word before or after the word "qian". Upgrade is called promotion, transfer, transfer to a lower class; downgrade is called transfer, relegation, left move; transfer at the same level is called transfer, official transfer, transfer; and transfer after resignation is reinstatement. The title is relocation.

Relegation. Demotion or transfer to a remote area. The "relegation" in "Teng Zijing was relegated to Baling County" in "Yueyang Tower"

(6) Deposed. "Deposed" and "removed, dismissed, seized" are all about removal from official positions. For example, "Guoyu": "The general deposed the prince Shen Sheng and established Xi Qi."

( 7) Go. There are three types of dismissal: resignation, transfer and removal from office. Resignation and transfer are general situations and adjustment of official positions, while removal from office is to reduce one's position to the people.

(8) Skeletons. When he gets old, he asks to resign and retire, as in "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "After serving for three years, I submit a letter to beg for my bones and pay homage to the minister."

[Qian Zong] A sixth-grade military attaché in the Ming and Qing dynasties. /p>

[Dali Temple Minister] One of the three chief judicial officers in the country, the highest official in charge of prisons in the country.

[Grand Bachelor, Cabinet Bachelor] The "Bachelor" was the official in charge of literary works in the Tang Dynasty. If the prime minister was also in charge of the "Bachelor", the prime minister would be called the "Bachelor". In the Song Dynasty, those with particularly high prestige among the "bachelors" were called "big bachelors". In the Ming Dynasty, there were a number of bachelors who were responsible for answering memorials for the emperor and handling government affairs. They had five official ranks. If you serve as both a minister and a minister, you can be promoted to the first rank and become the de facto prime minister, commonly known as "Ge Lao". In the Qing Dynasty, the bachelor's degree was the chief official of the cabinet, with a rank of Zhengyipin, generally called "Zhongtang".

[Ministry of Industry Minister] The minister in charge of water, soil and water engineering in the country. He was the second rank in the Ming Dynasty and the first rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[Ministry of Industry Minister] Deputy Chief of the Ministry of Industry, from the second rank in the Ming Dynasty to the second rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[General Guangwei] was a military attaché of the fourth rank during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Zhongfeng Dafu] was a civil servant of the fourth rank in the Song Dynasty, and a second-rank civil servant in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Zhongsan Dafu] was a fourth-grade civil servant in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Zhongxian Dafu] was a fourth-grade civil servant in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Zhongyi Dafu] was a fourth-grade civil servant in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Doctor Zhongshun] was a fourth-grade civil servant in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Zhongshu Ling] In the Tang Dynasty, the "Zhongshu Ling" of Zhongshu Province, the "Shangshu Ling" of Shangshu Province and the "Si Zhong" of Menxia Province were all called the chiefs of the three provinces, and they were in charge of the central government. want. Zhongshu Sheng is the decision-making body, and Zhongshu Ling is actually the prime minister. In the Song Dynasty, the Zhongshu Sheng and the Privy Council were in charge of government affairs and military affairs. The three-province system was abolished in the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhongshu Ling was the only supreme minister of state. The official title of Zhongyi Ling was abolished in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Prime Minister of Zhongshu Province] In the Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, the Prime Minister of Zhongshu Province (or Prime Minister of the State) was established, which was the deputy position of the prime minister. After the twelfth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, there were no longer official titles such as "Prime Minister", "Pingzhang", and "Participating in Politics".

[Prefect] The highest official in charge of county affairs in the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties, the governor of the state was changed to the governor of the county. Since then, the title of prefect is no longer an official title, and is customarily used as another name for "prefect" or "prefect". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the title "prefect" was exclusively used, and it was the fourth rank official.

[Taiwei] During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Taiwei was the highest military officer in the country. Later, this official title was often used in successive dynasties, but gradually it became an official title without real power. By the time of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Taiwei was designated as the highest rank of military attache. It did not represent any position. It was generally used as an honorific title for military attaches, regardless of the size of their positions. This name was abolished after the Yuan Dynasty.

[Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu, Prince Taibao, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao] referred to as "Three Masters" or "Three Young Masters", they were originally the closest people to the emperor or the prince. "Teacher" is the person who imparts knowledge, "Fu" is the person who supervises his actions, and "Bao" is the person who takes care of his body, that is, he is the person responsible for the intellectual, moral, and physical education of the monarch respectively. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the prince's masters were all appointed with other official titles. "Third Master" and "Three Young Masters" were only official titles that were added to the throne and had no official duties. In the Song Dynasty, "Three Masters" were the official titles of prime ministers and princes. "Three Masters" were Zhengyilu, and "Sanshao" was Congyipin. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the "Three Masters" were Cong Yilu, and the "Three Young Masters" were the second rank.

[Dazai] In ancient times, "Dazai" was the leader of hundreds of officials. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, the title of Shangshu Zuopushe was changed to Taizai, and Youpushe was changed to Shaozai. Generally speaking, the official minister is Dazai. In the Ming Dynasty, it was the second grade of Zheng, and in the Qing Dynasty, it was the first grade of Cong.

[Taichang Temple Qing] The officer in charge of the ancestral temple’s sacrifices, with a third rank.

[Taichang Temple Shaoqing] Deputy chief of Taichang Temple, fourth rank.

[Dr. Taichang] The official in charge of sacrifices at Taichang Temple is the seventh grade.

[Taizhong Dafu] The civil official in charge of discussions was ranked as the fourth rank of Cong in the Tang and Song dynasties, and the third rank of Cong in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Taipu Temple Minister] The chief of Taipu Temple, in charge of conveying the king's orders, accompanying the emperor in and out, carriages and horses, etc., is the third grade.

[Taipu Temple Shaoqing] Deputy chief of Taipu Temple, fourth grade.

[Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Nan] This is the title awarded by the emperor. "Gong" is the highest title below "King". In the Tang and Song dynasties, there were levels of Duke of the State, Duke of the County, and Duke of the Founding County, and the number of households they occupied ranged from 4,000 to 3,000 households. In the Ming Dynasty, only marquis and uncle were granted titles.

[Shangshu of the Ministry of Household Affairs] The highest official of the Ministry of Household Affairs, in charge of financial supervision and civil affairs across the country. In the Ming Dynasty, he was an official of the second rank, and in the Qing Dynasty, he was an official of the first rank.

[Servant of Hubu] The deputy chief of Hubu, ranked second rank in the Ming Dynasty and second rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[Wen Linlang] was a civil servant of the ninth rank, and became the seventh rank in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Pu She] "Pu She" means director or foreman. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the "Pu She" was actually the prime minister.

[Left and Right Participation in Politics, Left and Right Participation in Discussions] Officials subordinate to the chief envoy in the Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. The chief envoy is in charge of the government affairs of a province. He participates in political affairs and consults in different departments. He is also in charge of grain storage, farming, military affairs, post missions, water conservancy, naming, etc., and is generally of the fourth rank.

[General Longhu] was a military attaché of the second rank in the Ming Dynasty.

[Master Book] Master book means in charge of documents. The chief registrar in the Central Qing Temple was a regular military officer, and in the Tang Dynasty the chief registrar was ranked seventh rank, the chief registrar of other government offices was the eighth or ninth rank, and the county chief registrar was the ninth rank. In the Qing Dynasty, the chief clerk was regarded as a chore and eliminated.

[Shang Shu of the Ministry of Rites] The minister in charge of etiquette, sacrifices, banquets, and tribute in the court. In the Qing Dynasty, he was the first rank.

[Minister of Rites] The deputy chief of the Ministry of Rites, the second rank in the Ming Dynasty and the second rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[Jiedushi] A local governor in charge of military and civilian affairs in the Tang and Song dynasties, with official ranks ranging from second to fifth rank. This name was abolished after the Yuan Dynasty.

[Chief Secretary] The highest civil affairs agency in a province during the Ming and Qing dynasties was the Chief Secretary. The chief envoy is the chief official of the political department, ranking second in rank and second only to the governor. In order to prevent autocratic power, there were two left and right chief envoys in the Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, there was no longer a distinction between the left and right chief envoys.

[Zhengfeng Dafu] From the second grade articles in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[正义大夫] A fourth-grade civil servant in the Tang Dynasty.

[Shang Shu of the Ministry of Punishment] The minister in charge of justice and prisons across the country. In the Ming Dynasty, he was the second rank of Zheng, and in the Qing Dynasty, he was the first rank of Cong.

[Shilang of the Ministry of Justice] Deputy Chief of the Ministry of Justice, the second rank in the Ming Dynasty, and the second rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[Guanglu Doctor] The officer in charge of the palace guards and attendants in the Han Dynasty. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there was a name but no position. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, it became the title of a rank official, starting from a second-grade official. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the rank was Congyipin, and in the Qing Dynasty, it was the Zhengyipin, becoming the highest rank among civil servants.

[Tongzhi] The deputy position of the government is called Tongzhi, just like the chief official of a government is called the prefect, and the assistant officer of the government is called Tongzhi. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, all prefectures had the same title of Zhengwupin.

[Tong Ping Zhang Shi] "Tong Ping Zhang Shi" is the abbreviation of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Ping Zhang Shi". "Pingzhang" means discussing and handling state affairs. When the position is high, "Tongping Zhangshi" is equivalent to the official title of the prime minister; when the position is low, the official title is also above the fifth rank. After the middle of the Song Dynasty, the name Tongping Zhangshi was abolished. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was not used when it was used, and its official position was lower.

[Shang Shu of the Ministry of Personnel] is in charge of the appointment and removal of officials across the country and is the highest official of the Ministry of Personnel. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was the third grade of Zheng, the second grade of Zheng in the Ming Dynasty, and the first grade of Cong in the Qing Dynasty. Usually called Tianguan, Zhongzai and Dazai.

[Garrison] In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the military attache of the fifth rank was the chief officer.

[Appeasement Envoy] Officials sent by the imperial court to manage the military and civilians in important border areas. In the Yuan Dynasty, the pacifiers of various districts were the chief executives of each district. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, this officer was only established in minority areas, and the official rank was usually the third rank. If the original official rank was above the second rank, he was called the pacifying ambassador when he was dispatched.

[zhoumu] The local governor of Gyeonggi in the Tang and Song Dynasties was called Zhoumu, and he was a sixth-rank official. In the Qing Dynasty, the magistrate of the state was demoted to the level of a local governor equal to that of the county magistrate, but in writing he was still respectfully called Zhou Mu, and together with the magistrate, he was called the Mu Ling, which was the seventh rank.

[Inspection and Supervision] In the Ming Dynasty, the supervisory censors were dispatched to various provinces and regions to inspect and assess the administration of officials. They were called patrol supervisors. Generally, there were only six-rank officials. Although his official rank is not high, he can compete with the provincial and district administrative leaders. The prefect and below must obey his instructions and return to the capital after all matters.

[Inspection] The official name of Inspection began in the Song Dynasty, and it was the military commander of the prefectures and counties in the frontier areas. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, inspections were limited to ninth-rank officials.

[Governor] In the Ming Dynasty, all civilian officials who were ordered to go out of court were collectively called "governor". This official position was temporary. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor and the governor were both feudal ministers. The governor was slightly lower in rank than the governor and was the chief executive of a province. The governor's duties are carried out at any time and according to the circumstances and people. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor was the second rank.

[Observation Envoy] An official sent by the Tang Dynasty court to visit various provinces to investigate the merits and demerits of county officials and the sufferings of the people. The official rank is determined by the original official position, ranging from Yushi Zhongcheng to Liubu Shangshu. Most of them are Second and third grade officials. By the Song Dynasty, both the Observer Envoy and the Jiedushi Envoy were honorary titles rather than actual duties.

[General Manager] A seventh-grade military attache in the Qing Dynasty.

[Ministry of War Minister] is the chief military administrator in charge of the country. He was the second rank in the Ming Dynasty and the first rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[General Huaiyuan] was called a general in the Yuan Dynasty and a third-rank military attaché in the Ming Dynasty.

[Yuanwai] "Yuanwai" are people who are assigned outside the quota. In the Tang Dynasty, they were the sixth grade, and in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were the fifth grade.

[Provincial Governor] The governor and the governor are in charge of the civil and military affairs of the state respectively. The title of governor was abolished in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor was often used as a written title for the governor.

[Doctor Fengzhi] was a fifth-rank civil servant in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Fengzheng Dafu] was a fifth-grade literary administrator in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Fengxun Dafu] was a fifth-grade civil servant in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[General Dingguo] A second-grade military attaché in the Ming Dynasty.

[General Dingyuan] was a third-grade military attaché in the Ming Dynasty.

[General Mingwei] A fourth-grade military attache in the Ming Dynasty.

[Martial Arts General] A third-grade military attache in the Qing Dynasty.

[Martial General] was a fifth-grade military attaché in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Wulueqiwei] A military attaché of the third rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[General Wuyi] was a fifth-rank official in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Wuyi Duwei] A military attaché of the third rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[General Wu Jie] was a military attaché of the fifth rank during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[General Wu De] was awarded military attache at the beginning of the fifth rank in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Wudeqiwei] Zhengwulu military attaché in the Qing Dynasty.

[Wu Yiduwei] A third-grade military attache in the Qing Dynasty.

[General Wu Xian] A military attaché of the third rank in the Qing Dynasty.

[Zhizhou] The chief of the state is usually the sixth or fifth grade.

[Prefect] The post of prefect in the Song Dynasty was slightly higher than that of prefect. The prefect of the Qing Dynasty was Cong Sipin.

[Zhixian] The highest official of the county in the Song Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was called County Yin. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the county magistrates were the seventh grade.

[Dr. Jin Ziguanglu] was a civil official of the third rank in the Tang and Song dynasties, and a first-rank civil servant in the Yuan Dynasty. This official title was not established in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Guo Gong] was a civil official of the third rank in the Tang and Song dynasties, and a subordinate rank in the Yuan Dynasty. This official title was not established in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Guozijian’s sacrificial wine] In ancient times, the children of ministers and officials were called “Guozi”, and the “Guozijian’s sacrificial wine” was the chief official of the Imperial Academy, from the fourth rank.

[Guozijian Cheng] After the Tang Dynasty, Guozijian Cheng was the internal affairs officer of Guozijian. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the function of the supervisor was that of a school supervisor, and he was a seventh-grade official.

[Doctor of the Imperial College] After the Tang Dynasty, the officials in charge of teaching in the Imperial College were called Doctors of the Imperial College and teaching assistants.

[驸马] "驸马" means "vice". The Prince Consort and the Captain Fengche were both close ministers who accompanied the emperor on his carriage. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the emperor's son-in-law was often awarded the title of Prince Consort Captain. Therefore, Prince Consort became a special title for the emperor's son-in-law, rather than an official position. This name was used in the Ming Dynasty, but there was no such title in the Qing Dynasty.

[Jinglue Appeasement Envoy] In the Tang Dynasty, there were "Jinglue Envoys" in the border areas. The "observation envoy" also serves as the manager's envoy. In the Song Dynasty, all the generals along the border were also "jinglue" (jinglue). Since then, most of the pacification envoys have been in charge of the military and civilians. In the Ming Dynasty, they were only called "Jinglue" rather than "Jinglue envoy", and their official rank was slightly higher than that of the governor. In the Qing Dynasty, the minister of economics and strategy ranked first among the generals of the feudal territories, and his official rank was generally the second rank or the first rank.

[Privy Envoy] "Privy Envoy" means central secret. Since the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs have been in charge of the Privy Council, and eunuchs often intervened in government affairs in the name of Privy Council envoys. After Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty, he was appointed as a privy envoy to a scholar. In the Song Dynasty, the privy envoy was appointed as the chief of the privy council, and he was responsible for important military and state affairs together with Tongping Zhangshi of Zhongshu Province, and gradually Tongping Zhangshi also served as the privy envoy. In the Qing Dynasty, military ministers were also often addressed as privy ministers, and were generally first-rank officials.

[County Magistrate] The chief official at the county level in the Tang and Song dynasties, with official ranks ranging from the sixth to the seventh rank. In the Song Dynasty, the official titles of county magistrate and county magistrate existed at the same time. At that time, the county magistrate was slightly stronger than the magistrate.

[General] In the Ming Dynasty, there were generals under the general army to guard various places. In the Qing Dynasty, a military attache of the third rank was a military attache, second only to the deputy general.

[Shenzhen Ling] The third-rank official in the Qing Dynasty, and the deputy staff leader was the fourth-rank official.

[Participating in political affairs] referred to as participating in political affairs, it was the deputy position of the prime minister in the Song and Yuan dynasties.

[Imperial Envoy Minister] In the Ming Dynasty, officials personally dispatched by the emperor to handle major events were called imperial envoys. In the Qing Dynasty, those specially appointed and awarded by the emperor for customs defense were called imperial envoys.

[General Soldier] The rank of the General Soldier in the Ming Dynasty was not customized. The second military attache in the Qing Dynasty.

[Governor] A court official in the Ming and Qing dynasties who had the power to control the power of local civil and military officials.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were also governors in charge of specialized affairs, such as governors of water transportation, etc., with official ranks ranging from the second rank to the first rank. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor-general was the highest local official and had jurisdiction over one or several provinces.

[Exhibition of Military General] A fourth-grade military attaché in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

[Doctor Ronglu] was a first-class civil servant in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.

[Transporter] An official in the Tang Dynasty who managed the transportation of rice, grain, coins, and materials across the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. In the Song Dynasty, he was called the Cao Si, and in the Ming and Qing dynasties, he was called the Governor of Water Transport. He was usually a second-rank official.

Grand View of Appellations in Ancient China

1. Honorific Titles

Respectful titles, also called honorific titles, are titles that show respect for the other party in conversation. The word used to express honorific titles is called respect.

According to the part of speech of the respectful utterance, there are three situations:

(1) It is a pronoun directly used to express honorific address, usually a monosyllabic word, and the commonly used ones are "Ru, Er" , Zi, Er, Gong, Jun, etc., these can all be translated as "you.

(2) Use nouns to replace words to call each other. These words are all two-syllable words, and this kind of title is also There are three forms: the general honorifics are "Sir, my son", etc.; the other party can also be represented by the place where the other party is located or the people under his command. Commonly used ones are "Your Majesty, Your Majesty, Your Excellency, Deacon, Right and Left", etc.; and the honorific titles of official status are used. For the other party, such as "king, doctor, general, son", etc. These nouns can also be translated as "you". Your Majesty refers specifically to the monarch and the emperor, and it does not need to be translated, and the official title does not need to be translated.

(3) Adjectives are used to refer to the behavior of people related to the other party. These words are usually two-syllable words, the former is an adjective, and the latter is a noun related to the person. Common ones are:

Respect : Honorable Mansion, Honorable Brother, Honorable Master, Honorable Madam;

Xian: Honorable Brother, Honorable Wife

Ren: Dear Brother, Dear Brother

Noble: Noble Body (meaning of greeting), noble surname, noble Geng;

Gao: high friend, high relative, high neighbor, high opinion;

Da: great gift, great work, great honor.

< p>These words are generally not needed