A gentleman who says what he says and what he says means he is a villain; everyone knows how to guard against villains, but those who praise Yao and Shun in words, agree with Jie and Zhou in their hearts, swear by mountains and seas with their mouths but harbor traps in their minds, are the most difficult to deal with. Measured. This kind of duplicitous hypocrite will definitely be disloyal to his ruler and unfilial to his relatives; he will definitely be untrustworthy when making friends, and he will definitely be dishonest in his treatment of subordinates. This kind of person is the villain among villains! If people misbelieve his words and fall into his conspiracy, then the consequences of such a crime in the underworld will be several times greater than the sins in the earth! The Buddhist scriptures say: "Those who speak falsely and harshly will fall into the hell of pulling out their tongues and plowing the copper plow after death. They will have to endure long eons of suffering before they can be reincarnated as animals and often eat thorns as food; if When he is reincarnated as a human being, he will not have a tongue, and his breath will always be foul. Even if he says good things, others will not believe him. Therefore, if he commits the sin of duplicity, he will receive such retribution! "How dare you not refrain! ?

Xue Wenqing of the Ming Dynasty said: "The Book of Changes says: Common words must be believed. Most people think that ordinary words are unimportant, so they develop the bad habit of speaking carelessly and carelessly. However, if you tell a lie, you have made a mistake in your words; so if you can believe everything you say, your moral cultivation must be very high."

Story 1! :

Sima Wen Gong (Sima Guang) of the Song Dynasty, when talking about why Liu Qi (Liu Shizhi) was able to achieve the self-cultivation of "doing one's best", he said: "His secret is just That's all for being 'sincere'! To achieve 'sincerity', you must first start by not lying." Sima Wen Gong once said: "Liu Qi's life is just a word of 'sincerity'. , He was able to make the word "sincerity" so unbreakable!" Tian Sou, a citizen at the time, said: "If you pass through Nanjing without seeing Liu Shizhi, it is like passing through Sizhou (Qubu, Shandong) without seeing Da. As regretful as Saint Confucius! "Why are they so touching? The answer is just sincerity!

Reanalysis

After we see this fact, we should know how the word sincerity can mislead people? Why are people unwilling to work hard on the word sincerity?

Story 2:

Ren Guozuo was ill once and did not recover for a long time, so he asked Taoist priests to set up an altar to pray to God for peace and health; Ren Guozuo slept at night When he was dreaming, he heard the gods saying to him: "Ren Guozuo, you have been inconsistent in your life. You have never done a good thing since you were a child. The king of hell has already decided the sins you have accumulated in your life. Your death is about to happen." It’s almost here!” Sure enough, Ren Guozuo died not long after.

Reanalysis

It should be noted that earth among the five elements has no position, but the five elements (metal, wood, water, fire, and earth) are dominated by earth; the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn, and winter also rely on it To operate, all things must rely on soil to grow. When it comes to benevolence, justice, propriety, wisdom, and faith in the five constant principles, faith is the main one. If there is no faith in the so-called four roots of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom, then it will not be possible to achieve benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom! Therefore, Zhongyong says: "Honesty is the root and bottom of everything. If you are not sincere, it will be nothing!" Nowadays, when people speak, they are not sincere to others. How can they become their own people? If you can change your consciousness from now on, be consistent in your words and deeds, and behave accordingly, then when you encounter things, you can face them calmly, always have room for peace, and be able to look up to God and live up to others. Wouldn't it be very happy? ? However, this is the most common mistake we make! Moreover, prevention and review are very difficult to do; so you must not relax even a little and sever yourself from the light and integrity, and enter a dangerous realm of darkness and thorns!

A further analysis

The villain was also called "I" in ancient times. As opposed to "nationals". The land outside the surrounding suburbs is wild or despicable. People living in small towns in the fields were called "barbarians" in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. The savages paid taxes and performed corvee service. Most of the barbarians in the Yin Dynasty were prisoners of war and were actually slaves. The savages in the Zhou Dynasty were guests who were not from their own tribe. The difference between the Chinese and the savages in the Zhou Dynasty was not only their place of residence and history. The Chinese had surnames, while the savages had no surnames. The Chinese could become officials with education, while the savages could only work in agriculture. The Chinese could serve as soldiers. , but not for savages. "Zuo Zhuan. The Twenty-Three Years of Duke Xi": "I came out of the Five Deer and begged for food from the wild men, and the wild men fought with them." "Xunzi. Fei Xiang": "Sun Shu'ao of Chu, I miss you." Yang Liang's note: "I, I am a man of the countryside." "Mencius. Teng Wen Gong I": "If there are no gentlemen, do not control the savages; if there are no savages, do not raise the gentlemen."

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[Analysis again]

Evil slave villain.

Originally, being a slave is also a social construct, and there is nothing to be ashamed of or to be ashamed of. But some of them, when they become slaves, rely on their master's reputation to bully others. After the master loses power, they retaliate against the master himself, and even when they look down upon the master, they continue to overthrow and engulf them. The various possibilities of the master, this is the evil slave, and the evil slave is a very typical villain. Mr. Xie Guozhen's book "An Examination of the Party and Social Movement in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" has a book called "An Examination of the Slave Transformation in the Ming Dynasty". , describes in detail the scenes of domestic slaves in the homes of officials and gentry in the Jiangnan area in the late Ming Dynasty, which also involves the domestic slaves of famous cultural figures such as Zhang Pu, Qian Qianyi, Gu Yandi, and Dong Qichang that we are familiar with. These domestic slaves may use their power to bully others. , or go to the government to falsely accuse the owner, or make noises to cause trouble and sweep away property, making the political situation even more chaotic. For this reason, Mr. Meng Sen once wrote an article "Reading the Ming Dynasty Ji Nu Bian Kao", It shows that this kind of slavery cannot be said to be a class struggle, because at that time, although there were many people in Jiangnan who were unwilling to be slaves, there were also many people who clearly did not need to be slaves but had to be slaves. This was a popular trend for seeking refuge with wealthy families. Their lives were already very good, but they wanted to rely on wealthy families to escape taxes, so they came in groups to sign contracts and sell themselves into slaves. Mr. Mengsen said that this is how the former group came to be. The slaves had just made a serious trouble, and the latter group of people happily came to work as slaves. What kind of class struggle is this?

People usually come into contact with a large number of evildoers who have not signed a contract to sell themselves. Their characteristic is that they are always looking for someone to seek refuge with and flatter themselves with. They will say anything nice at the beginning and once they successfully seek refuge, they will fully and thoroughly exploit the weaknesses and worries of the person they seek refuge with as a means of coercion and blackmail. , capital for rebellion and betrayal, but they are still slaves after rebellion and betrayal. Such people, no matter how vicious and capable they are, cannot separate themselves from the backers behind them. In terms of personality, they are completely unable to stand on their own in the world. They don’t care. No matter how much you accomplish, you can only be considered a villain.

Begging for a living due to a temporary famine is worthy of sympathy, but when begging becomes a habit. The basic point of the beggar's psychology is to use self-degradation and self-weakness as a means to accomplish the goal bit by bit and quickly. Possession of other people's property. Beggar-type villains do not have a clear concept of ownership in their minds. They believe that everything in the world is not theirs and is theirs. As long as they are willing to sacrifice their personality to gain people's sympathy, it is not theirs. It is also possible to convert things into their own. Their feet are always on the pulley of ownership. Before acquiring, their tone of voice is so sincere that it makes people cry. After acquiring, they will immediately turn their backs on others. Of course, this approach will be criticized by people. When faced with a challenge, their method is to play scoundrels to save themselves. They will swear to heaven and insist that the thing they just begged for is inherently theirs, and falsely accuse the giver of breaking it. The giver thinks that if this is the case, then he will not give it. , they will shout loudly that a robbery has occurred. The shouts attracted onlookers, bored onlookers who enjoyed listening to dramatic events that defied common sense. So, a robber who had no need to rob robbed a robber who had no need to rob. What an incredible and sensational story this is. As the protagonist of this story, the beggar-shaped villain is deeply satisfied by being watched for a long time together with the frustrated almsgiver. Different from the villains in the market, beggar-type villains will never abandon their pitiful appearance, or show off broken branches, or show off rags, or emphasize aging. Everything seems to be at the end of life, making a living for kind-hearted people in humanity. the last line of defense.

Once beggars form groups, it is difficult for anyone to deal with them. "Qing Ye Lei Chao·Beggars" records: "In Huai, Xu, Hai and other places in Jiangsu, there are hundreds of people who are fleeing famine as a profession. They beg in groups of hundreds in various states and counties, and even in neighboring provinces. The largest number was in the early years of Guangxu." The strangest thing is that this large group of beggars from northern Jiangsu also carry passports with official seals. When they go to a place to beg, it has become a kind of official business. After begging, they will inevitably go to the government to beg for help, and get another official seal, which becomes a "visa" for begging at the next stop. Although the officials also frowned, they couldn't stand the insistence. Since they were pitiful people and begging was not illegal, they stamped them one by one. Based on this example, as long as someone is determined to get something by begging in life, sooner or later he will achieve his goal.

He looks pitiful but has a keen eye for lust, he is cowardly but greedy, and once he gets something, he immediately cheats on him. This is the basic ecology of a beggar-type villain.

A rogue villain.

All villains are hooligans. When the evil slave type villain is finally expelled by the last master, when the beggar type villain finally no longer wants to pretend to be pitiful, when these villains When they completely lose their social positioning and even their pretense of value principles, they become the most unbridled and illogical harassers of social order. These are hooligans.

The energy of a gangster comes from being shameless. Some people in the West say that humans are the only animals with a sense of shame. This sentence is not suitable for rogue villains. "History of the Ming Dynasty" records a man named Cao Qincheng. Even though he had become the magistrate of Wu County, he asked someone to recognize the eunuch Wei Zhongxian as his father. In the end, even Wei Zhongxian couldn't stand his flattery and described him as a scum. When he was dismissed from his official position, he actually said on the spot: "The righteousness between the monarch and his ministers is over, and the kindness between father and son will never be forgotten." Soon Wei Zhongxian's conspiracy was exposed, and Cao Qincheng was counted as an accomplice and sent to death row. He was nothing. He robbed other criminals' food in prison every day and was full. This Cao Qincheng was undoubtedly an evil slave-type villain at first, but after losing his master and going to death row, he naturally transformed into a gangster-type villain. What if I was a county magistrate? Still dare to snatch the food from the murderer's mouth and stuff it into his mouth! Are you coming to fight? I've already swallowed it. I'm going to be decapitated sooner or later anyway, so I'm still afraid of being beaten? ——When a person reaches this stage, it can really be said that he has entered a certain state.

Rogue villains who have not yet been jailed are more active than other types of villains. They alternately play with frame-up, rumor-mongering, alienation, eavesdropping, intimidation, fraud, betrayal, and treachery. , luring snakes out of their holes, making noises in the east and attacking in the west, etc. Others were made bloody by all this, but they talked and laughed calmly and didn't take it seriously at all. One of their great advantages is that they are not only proficient in gangster techniques, but also familiar with the normal rules of the world. Therefore, they are good at deliberately confusing the two and inducing good-hearted people who do not know the bottom of the story to mistakenly think that there is room for reason, so that they can argue with reason. You think they don’t know the truth, but in fact they have known it for a long time; you think they have misunderstood for a while, but in fact they have never misunderstood. You give them reason, and what they want to despise is all reason. When you know this secret and just want to turn around, they warmly pass you the most normal principle, which makes people feel that you are the one who will despise the principle in the end. Mr. Qu Yanbin's "History of Beggars in China" quoted many examples collected by Mr. Lei Junyao in "The Legend of Drawing and Deception" and concluded: "It's okay to ignore such people. Once you get involved, you will inevitably fall into a trap." ." This statement may resonate with many readers. On the other hand, there are people around us who have been getting along with each other for many years without any problems, while there are people who are affectionate and claim to be disciples, but it doesn’t take long for endless troubles to arise. Those people are probably gangsters. .

At first glance, most hooligans seem to be young people, but this may not be the case. Their actions are the consequences of time, so they are probably a little older. Mr. Xie Guozhen once recorded that in the late Ming Dynasty, a man named Gu Shenqing in Shaxi, Taicang, Jiangsu Province, worked as a domestic slave, sold private salt, and also worked in the yamen. He had extremely rich life experience. When he was old, he organized a group of rogues in the countryside. He was harassed by the people. History books evaluated him in three words: "old and cunning", which succinctly summarized the typical example of a truly hooligan-type villain. Those young people who look like gangsters in the streets are generally outside the scope of our discussion.

A literary villain.

When a small number of various villains obtain a cultural carrier or cultural mask, they become literary villains. I think it is not difficult to name a long list of villains with great literary talents in Chinese history. Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty was frowning after fishing for a long time but could not catch any fish. A scholar named Ding Wei immediately recited a poem: "Fish are afraid of the dragon's face and it is too late to catch fish." The poem was very clever, and Song Zhenzong was immediately happy. To be a cultural attendant in the palace, you must at least have this ability. As for whether such a cultural attendant is a literary ruffian, it depends on how many bad things he has done.

Literary ruffians are actually cultural hooligans. What is different from ordinary gangsters is that they also pay attention to modifying their cultural image. From time to time, they are willing to write a few calligraphy strokes, write a few legends, pretend to be academic seniors, wipe a cultural signboard, pretend to be the teacher of a celebrity, and promote that they have worked with a famous person. I have made friends with a certain master.

More importantly, they know a little about the basics of cultural character, so they always spend a lot of effort to dress themselves up as impassioned, as if they are the last representatives of national integrity and cultural character, and today's righteous men who draw their swords to help when they see injustice. They sometimes even take over the lawsuit, turning things upside down and gaining a reputation for justice. As literati, they particularly knew the importance of public opinion, so they spent a lot of attention on the ways and means of spreading rumors. In ancient times, it was this group of people who created the careerist Wang Mang to be the most honest and honest person in the world, and promoted him to the throne of emperor; in modern times, they poured a lot of dirty water on the weak woman Ruan Lingyu, leaving her speechless. , it was this group of people who had no choice but to write the last words "people's words are terrible" and committed suicide. This group of people has no morals, no conduct, and no shame, but they dress up as moral guardians from time to time, and they blame others for the characteristics they fear most about others. They have a pen in their hands, but they have done almost nothing decent for the cultural construction of the Chinese nation. Apart from flattery, they are also slanderers. I remember that a contemporary art master with profound experience in the world once said with emotion before his death: "If a cultural person has not accomplished any real cultural undertakings in his life but still managed to gain a little fame in the cultural world, Then he can only live by speculation when he grows old and continue to be a literary ruffian. "The literary ruffian type straddles the line between hooligan consciousness and cultural means. In a culturally backward country like China, he is particularly disguised. They are also particularly destructive, because they transform the localized turbidity of other types of villains into a widespread social pollution through decoration. Just imagine, a group of street hooligans will throw stones, throw dirty water, and make noise when they see pedestrians in better clothes. This kind of evil behavior that is easy to see would be replaced by a few writers and writers in some magazine. How many people can tell if you do it in a different tone? Maybe it’s all regarded as literary criticism and art discussion.

------Yu Qiuyu

Translation of the villain’s ancient text:

Original text: During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, an artist carried an urn , Wengzang is a little man, about a foot long. If you put money in, the lid will be opened and the villain will come out, sing a song and then retreat. When he arrived at Ye (the name of an ancient county in present-day Shandong Province), he ordered the urn to be sent to the office to carefully examine the origin of the villain. I didn't dare to speak at first. After being asked to interrogate him, he described his hometown and clan. Gai, a boy who was studying, returned from school one day and met an artist on the road. He was fascinated by him and gave him medicine again, and his limbs shrank suddenly. He then took it with him and thought of it as a theatrical tool. In anger, the artist was killed with a stick.

Translation: During the Kangxi period of the Dynasty, there was a man who was playing magic with a box. There was a little man hidden in the box. The little man was about a foot tall. Someone puts money into the box, and the magician opens the box and lets the little man come out and sing. After singing, the little man returned to the box. When the magician arrived at the palace, the person in charge of the palace gave the box to the magician and asked for it. He took it to the office and carefully asked where the little man in the box came from. The villain didn't dare to say it at first. After repeated questioning by the person in charge, the villain finally revealed where he was from and which family he belonged to. It turns out that this villain was a boy who was studying. When he came back from his private school teacher, he was drugged by a magician. The magicians then gave him medicine that made his limbs extremely small; the magicians then carried him around and used him as a tool for their tricks. After knowing this, the person in charge of Gongye was furious and beat the magician to death with a stick.

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