Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the proper names of a person, a place or an institution, such as Beijing and China. Common nouns are nouns of a class of people or things or an abstract concept, such as books and sadness. Common nouns can be divided into the following four categories:
1) individual noun: it means an individual in a certain kind of person or thing, such as a gun.
2) Collective noun: refers to a collection of several individuals, such as family.
3) Material nouns: physical objects that cannot be divided into individuals, such as air.
4) Abstract nouns: abstract concepts such as action, state, quality and feeling, such as work.
Individual nouns and collective noun can be counted by numbers, which are called countable nouns, while material nouns and abstract nouns cannot be counted by numbers, which are called uncountable nouns. To sum up, the classification of nouns can be shown in the following figure:
Noun proper noun uncountable noun
Common noun material noun
abstract noun
collective noun
Countable noun
Individual nouns
Regular changes of noun plural 1. 1
Examples of situational composition pronunciation
Generally, you read /s/ map-maps after adding -s consonants.
Read /z/ bag-bags /car-cars after voiced consonants and vowels.
Add-esreading/iz/bus/iz/bus-bus/watch-watch at the end of s, sh, ch, x, etc.
Add -s reading /iz/ license-licenses at the end of ce, se, ze, etc.
End with consonant +y, change y to I, and add es as /z/baby-babies.
1.2 Regular changes of plural numbers of other nouns
1) When proper nouns ending in y or nouns ending in vowel +y become plural, directly add s to become plural. For example:
The two Marys of Henry's family
Monkey-Monkey Holiday-Holiday
2) nouns ending in o, when plural:
A. add s, for example: photo-photo piano-piano.
Radio Zoo Zoo;
B. add es, for example: potato-potato-tomato.
C both methods mentioned above can be used, such as zero-zero/zero.
3) When nouns ending in f or fe become plural:
A. add s, such as: believe-believe roof-roof.
Safe-safe bay-bay;
B. go to f, fe, ves, for example: half-half.
Knife-knife-leaf-leaf wolf-wolf
Wife-wife life-life thief-thief;
C. Both methods A and B can be used, such as handerchief: handerchiefs/handerchieves.
1.3 Irregular changes of noun plural
1) children-children's feet-feet-teeth-teeth
Mouse, mouse, man, man, woman, woman
Note: Compound words consisting of one word plus man or woman have plural forms of -men and -women, such as an Englishman and two Englishmen. But German is not a compound word, so the plural form is German; Bowman is a surname, and its plural is the Bowman family.
2) Monomorphs, such as deer, sheep, fish, Han, Japan, Li, Jin, Yuan, Er Li, San Mu, Si Jin, etc. However, in addition to yuan, jiao and extra RMB, dollars, pounds and francs all have plural forms. Such as: one dollar, two dollars; One meter, two meters.
3) collective noun appears in singular form, but it is actually plural. For example:
People police cow itself is plural, so we can't say a person, a policeman and a cow, but we can say a person, a policeman, a cow, an Englishman, an Englishman, a Frenchman and a China. Nouns such as Japanese and Swiss. People in China are hardworking and brave. The people of China are hardworking and brave.
4) nouns ending in s are still singular, such as:
A. Mathematics, politics, physics and other disciplines are generally uncountable nouns, which are singular.
B. News is an uncountable noun.
C. The United States and the United Nations should be considered unique.
Organized by the United Nations on 1945. The United Nations was founded in 1945.
D titles of books, plays, newspapers and magazines in plural form can also be regarded as singular. For example:
Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book. Arabian Nights is a very interesting story book.
5) refers to things that consist of two parts, such as glasses and clothes. If you represent specific numbers, you should use word pairs (right and double); Suit (set); A pair of glasses; Two pairs of trousers, etc.
6) There are also some nouns whose plural can sometimes express special meanings, such as goods, water and fish (all kinds).
1.4 Representation of uncountable nouns
1) material nouns
A. Material nouns are countable when they are transformed into individual nouns.
Cake is a kind of food. Cake is a kind of food. (uncountable)
These cakes are sweet. These cakes are delicious. (countable)
B. When a substance noun indicates the kind of substance, it can be counted. For example:
This factory produces steel. (uncountable)
We need all kinds of steel. (countable)
C. when the material noun indicates the number of copies, it can be counted. For example:
Our country is famous for its tea. Our country is famous for its tea.
Two teas, please. Two teas, please.
2) abstract nouns can also be counted when they represent concrete cases. For example:
Four Freedoms, Four Freedoms, Four Modernizations, Four Modernizations
Material nouns and abstract nouns can use a certain number of unit words, such as a glass of water/a suggestion.
5. Plural number of attributive nouns
Nouns are usually used as attributes in the singular form, but there are the following exceptions.
1) Use the plural as an attribute. For example:
Sports meeting student reading room sports meeting
Negotiating table, negotiating table, foreign languages department
2) Be a man, a woman, a gentleman, etc. When used as attributes, their singular and plural numbers depend on the singular and plural numbers of the nouns they modify. For example:
Male workers, female teachers, gentleman officials
3) Some nouns ending in S are used as attributes, and S is reserved. For example:
Goods, trains and weapons production.
Customs documents customs documents clothes brush
4) When numerals+nouns are used as attributes, nouns generally remain in singular form. For example:
Two dozen eggs, two dozen eggs, ten miles.
Two hundred trees, two hundred trees, five-year plan.
1.6 singular and plural numbers of people of different nationalities
Nationality (predicate is plural) is singular and plural.
China, China and China.
Swiss, one Swiss, two Swiss.
One Australian and two Australians.
Russian, one Russian, two Russians
Italian, one Italian, two Italians.
Greek, one Greek, two Greeks.
French, one French, two French.
Japanese, one Japanese, two Japanese
Americans, one American, two Americans.
Indians, one Indian, two Indians
Canadian, one Canadian, two Canadians.
Germans, one German, two Germans.
An Englishman, an Englishman and two Englishmen.
Swedes, one Swede, two Swedes.
1.7 case of nouns
In English, some nouns can be added with "'s" to express all relationships. Nouns with this suffix are called possessive cases of nouns, such as teachers' books. The rules of the possessive case of nouns are as follows:
1) Add "'s" to singular nouns and "'s" to plural nouns without S, such as schoolbags for boys and schoolbags for boys and men's toilets.
2) If a noun has a plural suffix -s, add "'",such as the struggle of workers.
3) Any noun without "s" can be represented by the structure of "noun +of+ noun", such as the name of a song title.
4) When expressing the name of a shop or church or someone, the noun it modifies often does not appear after the possessive case, such as the barber's barber's.
5) If two nouns are juxtaposed and have S respectively, it means "respectively"; Only one' s' means' * * * yes'. For example:
John and Mary's room (two rooms)
6) compound nouns or phrases, add, s at the end of the last word. Be absent for a month or two