It is a better way to explain the views of ancient porcelain item by item. It is not easy to make it clear without expanding the explanation separately. In fact, it is very difficult to make it clear, so here is just a hint, so the knowledge and views on ancient porcelain are still too shallow, such as the decorative patterns of painting, from story painting to allegorical painting, from totem worship to landscape painting. There are pavilions and mountains and rivers; There are wars and peace; There are paintings and calligraphy, as well as dancing
; There are farmers, fishermen, fishermen and so on.
These paintings not only reflect people's pursuit at that time, but also describe the history. The depiction of figures on ancient porcelain also meets the needs of porcelain shape, which is just right for the times. Due to limited knowledge, I can only give a hint here.
1. From the content,
From the bottle, jar and dragon jar with a shape as high as one meter, to the water drop, bird food jar and go chess. There are military, imperial, official and civilian uses. There are more paintings, such as the Three British Wars against Lu Bu, Xiao He's letter of chasing Korea under the moon, Zhou Yafu's Xiliuying, Yang Jiajiang and Knife Horse Man. Some of these pictures are complete sets of military stories, some describe men's farming and women's weaving, some describe fishermen's music, some describe handicrafts, some describe education, such as beauty tapes and lectures by Confucius, and some describe happiness, fortune and longevity. There are places where Buddhism and Taoism are sacrificed to heaven, such as eight treasures, miscellaneous treasures, three-star maps and eight diagrams. There are pictures of Bo Gu for appreciation, pictures of Four Treasures of the Study by literati, objects of Four Treasures of the Study
, pictures of piano, chess, books and paintings, and pictures of three friends who are old and cold and draw pines, bamboos and plums. There is a picture of visiting friends with a piano. There are twelve women in Jinling who introduce story fragments. There are Eight Immortals, Eight Elders and Nine Elders who introduce immortals from all walks of life, and
there are pictures of scholars and sages. There is a running chart to calculate the day, month, day and earth. There are sea animals that people long for calm and control floods, and there are gluttonous pictures that pray for good luck and peace. There are all kinds of decorative patterns with bright meanings, and there are many totems worshipped by previous dynasties in Chinese history: dragon, eagle, lion, cicada, bird and so on. There are words, poems and articles, and historical records. Through this colorful picture, we can see all kinds of patterns and shapes from heaven to earth, from ancient times to the present, including
everything. Today, when we appreciate these porcelains, it is like seeing the history of China's civilization for thousands of years. China ancient porcelains provide evidence and materials for Chinese civilization from another side. Of course, it is impossible to say that porcelain is not related to
pottery is the clay sculpture art before porcelain.
Second, from the aspect of modeling,
China's history of several thousand years is the only one that can be recorded in the world. In ancient times, stone tools were used to make worship objects, utensils and tools. From the
carving of jade, we can see the worshippers at that time; When pottery appears, it is also said that these utensils were made, because they were made of pottery in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Later, in the porcelain age, due to the success in plasticity, pottery, bronzes and jade articles were made of ceramics. Therefore, it is porcelain that can preserve the most history, and it is also porcelain that reflects the most historical aspects. This has something to do with the characteristics of porcelain that does not rot and
does not rot, and it has something to do with the heavy burial in China's history, which regards death as life. In the past, from emperors and nobles to clan households, every family had a cemetery; Seclusions, wealthy businessmen, and households also have cemeteries. In ancient times, people's idea of
was to bury some porcelain in the ground, and to take porcelain as a valuable thing and to hoard it. For example, the burial of floods, landslides and other reasons resulted in a lot of porcelain underground in China. But if the porcelain < P > ware is a kind of non-corrosive product, it is difficult to protect it.
Porcelain shapes include jars, cans, bottles, bowls, plates and saucers, incense burners, buckets and saucers, flower inserts and vases for appreciation and decoration. The study room is equipped with pens, inkstones, washing, water drops, water utensils and containers; There are revolving bottles and
playing snuff bottles. There are wall brick murals and emperor supplies; Having military symbols, tokens and seals; There are porcelain beads and porcelain poles used by ministers of civil and military affairs in the court, gifts for rewards, palace supplies,
articles for daily use, some worship products, gifts and totems made according to the customs of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and gifts for tribute. It can be said that as long as things happened in history, almost all of them can be found in the shapes of porcelain.
It can be said that by looking at the shapes of ancient porcelain, we can understand the aesthetic history of China's worship of history and ancient civilizations.
Third, from the perspective of ceramic painting
From the perspective of painters, we can see a very complete painting history from ancient porcelain. On ancient pottery, there are the world's earliest abstract paintings painted and smeared. Only a few strokes of daubing or carving on the ancient pottery will bring about an artistic
picture that looks like an elephant but is not like an elephant. In ancient porcelain, some only use a few strokes to sketch out realistic and freehand pictures and patterns. For example, the horses, cows, sheep, flowers and birds, landscapes, grass stones, figures, etc. sketched are very beautiful and lovely, giving people a feeling that the more you look at them, the more you love them, the more touching they are, and the far-reaching their artistic conception.
From the painter's point of view, some use a large pen, some use a small pen, and some also use a center pen and a small pen to touch; There are large sketches, small pens and double tick marks, flying white, leaving white space and drawing white space. It can be said that it covers almost all kinds of painting methods of China.
During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, a kind of blue material was used to show five or even twelve levels of blue-and-white porcelain in the blue-and-white water, and perspective method was used in the blue-and-white water, so that the monochrome blue-and-white porcelain showed a landscape painting in front of the house in a very small picture. This kind of blue-and-white porcelain was a very successful blue-and-white porcelain in Kangxi period. If a bottle or jar is unfolded, it will be a one-foot or several-foot monochrome ancient painting page.
ink, tricolor, multicolor, pastel and enamel are painted on ancient porcelain by using the color of glaze. Not only China's traditional Chinese painting, realistic, freehand brushwork, woodcut and paper-cut painting, but also foreign western painting and oil painting introduced to China, the painters are rough and delicate, but their brushwork is skillful and smooth. Looking at the paintings on ancient porcelain is simply a painting history of China, and it is also a painting history of Chinese people to the world. Paintings and decorative patterns
on ancient porcelain are an excellent variety of appreciation for studying China's paintings and learning painting, and also a treasure house for collecting painting art. Painting on ancient porcelain is a big ethnic group in the painting industry.
Fourth, look at calligraphy from the perspective of writing style
On the inscriptions and styles of poems in China ancient porcelain, some of them were written by celebrities, such as the handwriting of the emperor and the handwriting of famous calligraphers; Some are imitations of celebrities, such as Wang Xizhi, Huai Su and so on. There are also painters' books
written directly on porcelain by legalists, and there are celebrities imitating celebrities of the previous dynasty; There are Tang poems, famous sayings and famous sentences, as well as a long preface to Lanting; There are flowers and a full moon, and there are also people who write and learn to write stories; There are praises and aphorisms; There are famous sayings of Confucius, an educator, and famous sayings of emperors and ministers. There are sacrifices to heaven and earth, as well as world history. Chinese and foreign famous sayings can be seen, with expressions of sustenance and sentences applied on the funerary objects; Having a recorded history; There are people who pray for happiness and good luck
. There are pictographic characters, Oracle bones, Sanskrit characters, Xixia characters, ancient Chinese characters and minority characters; There are Chinese and foreign languages; There are embossed lettering and intaglio lettering; There are printed and pressed flower characters; There are brush strokes and other strokes. There are
big letters, small letters and cursive scripts.
From the perspective of calligraphy, China ancient porcelain is available in Chinese, foreign languages, Buddhist languages and ethnic languages, which is really diverse. To appreciate words and learn calligraphy, you can get a lot of nutrition from porcelain. Calligraphy on porcelain is the most serious imitation of
handwriting; It is also the most serious calligraphy work written by celebrities on porcelain. Orthography, cursive script, official script and seal script can be seen on China ancient porcelain, and we can see the evolution of characters and the development of calligraphy. Therefore, there are
historical traces on ancient porcelain, and calligraphy written on porcelain also has historical value.
So generally speaking, ancient porcelain with written records is more expensive. The calligraphy written on ancient porcelain is a calligraphy that never fades, does not corrode, and can be placed for a long time. It is Copybook for calligraphy written on furnishings.
There are not only long words on some porcelains, but also paintings on the writing utensils. This kind of works with pictures is very precious, often imitating the works of great calligraphers and painters. Some are also equipped with imprints and dates.
It can really be said that it is a collection of such an ancient porcelain, that is, it is a collection of ancient porcelain and a collection of picture pages and copybooks. Appreciation is tasteful, copying can be pure, and owning can be satisfied.
V. From the classification of ancient ceramics
The classification of ancient porcelain is very early, and there are also very strict standards. This classification is not only the classification of kiln mouth, but also the social hierarchy classification of feudal society and monarchy; There are the classification of ruling and ruled, the difference between powerful people and servants, the difference between young and old, men and women, and the difference between public and private use; The classification of civil and military affairs, military affairs, life, worship to heaven and places of worship is very clear.
For example, in the ancient porcelain of the Song Dynasty, people rated five famous kilns: Ru, Guan, Ge, Ding and Jun; There are Longquan, Dehua and Jizhou Kilns. Another example is monochrome glaze, blue and white porcelain, tricolor, multicolor, bucket color, enamel color and so on. It can really be said: there are ages and kiln mouths in big points, glazes in small points, and application grades in subdivision.
There are bottles, incense burners, smoking stoves, buckets, etc. in porcelain. Daily necessities include pots, bowls, plates, dishes, cylinders, cans and so on. It is also divided into cutters and rounders (that is, vertical pieces and horizontal pieces), official porcelain (official kiln) and civil porcelain (folk kiln). Official use is divided into imperial articles, toys, palace articles, princess articles, gifts and rewards. Public goods are divided into play, display, birthday celebration porcelain, celebration porcelain and so on.
These ancient porcelains have strict production regulations on modeling and ornamentation. For example, after the Ming Dynasty, the emperor used five-claw dragons, while the harem used regimented dragons, regimented phoenixes and regimented horses, but the common people could not use them. The yellow glaze is special for the court. Military attaché s use lions, tigers,
leopards, bears, etc., and civil servants use kirin, crane, golden pheasant eagle, crane, etc. There are symbols and tokens for military use, and Four Treasures of the Study for literati. The decorative patterns of these porcelains have strict requirements.
There are also convenient life, including backflow pots, thermos pots, thermos pots, fair cups and Jue cups for drinking. These utensils are well-processed and clearly written. Often, a palace article will be selected layer by layer before being sent to the palace.
The development of history and culture can be researched through the classification of ancient porcelain. Ancient porcelain has important historical and cultural value. It is a national treasure and a part of human history. From the application of types, it can be divided into many kinds.
It can also be divided into domestic porcelain and export porcelain, and from the painter, it can be divided into Chinese painting porcelain and western painting porcelain. Therefore, the classification of ancient porcelain not only reflects the history of China, but also reflects the history of other countries. We can also study some world history from the classification of ancient porcelain.
6. Look at the costumes from the painted figures
The costumes of the figures painted on ancient porcelain are very particular. Because China ancient porcelain has a long history and covers a wide range, many people's decorations are targeted and painted according to the costumes of historical figures at that time. Song Dynasty is the painting method of Song Dynasty,
Yuan Dynasty is the painting method of Yuan Dynasty, and Ming and Qing Dynasties also have their own painting methods. They all paint their own costumes according to their own situation. However, they painted the historical figures of the previous generation basically according to the original historical appearance. His figure costumes, movements, wearing
, riding gear, utensils and hand-held objects were all painted according to the regulations at that time. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, many people in the western regions painted the costumes of Hu people, and most of them rode on grasslands. In the Ming Dynasty, Han people were painted mainly in the costumes of the Central Plains, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and the Yangtze River, and most of them wore silk and cotton products. Painting military costumes with armored combat robes, literati with long gowns and black hats, painting ladies in long-sleeved brocade, with high hair and delicate faces; Draw bad guys with their teeth bared and their clothes disheveled; Draw a good person with a good face and wear
appropriately and neatly; Draw children playing and naughty, with colorful clothes and wide pants, wearing a small hat and good clothes. There are winter clothes, summer clothes, long shirts and short coats; Some are elegant, some are stiff; Some people can tell by their clothes which person or thing is in history, whether it is literature, martial arts, fierceness or goodness. Clothing changes according to age and status. It should be said that the painting on ancient porcelain is also a costume exhibition of China history, an atlas of military, political, official and civilian costumes, and a large atlas of costume models of ancient officials and people. This has a thousand-year-old documentary effect on the research of costumes and the textual research of historical costumes, and its research value and archaeological value are immeasurable. Therefore, the costumes of many countries in the world are reflected in China ancient porcelain. The figures and costumes painted on China ancient porcelain are indelible and non-corrosive. Therefore, it can be regarded as a treasure of the world and priceless.
VII. Look at the Sculpture Art of Ancient Ceramics
China ancient porcelain has had sculptures since its inception. In ancient pottery, that's even earlier. In fact, ceramics itself is a sculpture made of clay. At the beginning, it was mainly based on pressing stripes and rewinding coils, but later, animals and plants were carved on ancient porcelain, resulting in landscapes and figures. These porcelains are very precious.
There are not only all kinds of sculptures in ancient pottery in China, but also complete sets of character story sculptures. These ancient porcelain sculptures include the habits of the time and people's pursuit, and the sculptures in the picture < P > are very beautiful and simple. Such as zigzag pattern, coin pattern, etc. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a large crochet-like crochet bottle with eighteen arhats fighting Wukong carved on it. The characters were very vivid, giving people the feeling that everyone was moving. The emotions and actions were real, and the whole picture was very beautiful. Even the joints, muscles and eyes of the hands were carved accurately, and the overall layout of the picture and the prominent parts of the characters were also very satisfactory. This is the level of ancient porcelain sculpture.
In some ancient carved porcelain, various carving techniques are used, which makes them look skilled. The knife method is sophisticated and smooth. In ancient porcelain, we can see many techniques such as carving, engraving, printing, pressing, picking, digging, picking, sticking, pasting, stacking and molding, including
embossed carving, intaglio carving and through carving. In the Qing Dynasty, superb techniques were used in the revolving bottle, so that the inside and outside of the bottle were divided into two layers, which were carved through, embossed and rotatable. This was an artistic masterpiece of mud and fire and was very successful.
As far back as the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were sculptures of figures and animals, such as camels, figures, cows and horses, as well as pouring pots, insulation plates and warm pots. These porcelains brought convenience and fun to people at that time. Kong Mingwan told people the story of the Three Kingdoms that happened in the history of China.
Ancient porcelain sculpture not only brought convenience and fun to people's lives, but also brought development and expansion to ancient porcelain, which left a wealth and historical data for human sculpture. Looking at ancient porcelain sculptures, we can see the sculpture skills and the development history of sculpture < P >, which can cultivate sentiment and taste delicate expression techniques. The ancient ceramic sculpture skill is a very comprehensive and useful group of figures in porcelain sculpture, which has left a holy place for archaeologists, artists, sculptors, collectors and appreciators, and people who study sculpture to practice and appreciate. <