The continent we live in—Asia

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(1) Natural environment

1. Asia is the largest continent in the world

Looking at the map below, we can find that Asia is in the northeastern part of the Eastern Hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Indian Ocean to the south, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and European land to the west. .

It should be noted that most of Asia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, and a small part is located in the Western Hemisphere; most of Asia is located in the Northern Hemisphere, and a small part is located in the Southern Hemisphere.

So where are the surrounding continents and oceans in Asia?

The correct description should be: the Pacific Ocean is located to the east of Asia, the Indian Ocean is located to the south of Asia, the Arctic Ocean is located to the north of Asia; Europe is located to the west of Asia, Africa is located to the southwest of Asia, and North America is located in Asia. To the northeast, Oceania is located south of Asia.

Asia is the continent with the widest latitude in the world and the longest distance from east to west. Asia covers an area of ??approximately 44 million square kilometers, accounting for almost one-third of the world's land area, and is the world's largest continent.

Based on geographical location, we usually divide Asia into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, and North Asia. China is located in East Asia, which also includes North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and Japan. The location relationship between other major regions in Asia and China is: China borders North Asia to the north, Central Asia and West Asia to the west, South Asia to the southwest, and Southeast Asia to the south.

2. Terrain and Rivers

Looking at the picture above, first we get the different heights represented by different colors from the land height and sea depth table. Both the Tibetan Plateau and the Pamir Plateau are located in central Asia, and their dark brown color indicates that their average altitude is above 3,000 meters. The West Siberian Plain is located in the northern part of Asia, the North China Plain is located in the eastern part of Asia, and the Indus Plain and Deccan Plateau are located in the southern part of Asia. The above terrain areas all range from light yellow to light green in color, indicating that their altitudes are below 1,000 meters. . The Iranian Plateau is located in the west of Asia. Its dark to light yellow color indicates that its average altitude is 1,000 to 3,000 meters. Through the above map reading analysis, we can conclude that the characteristics of Asia's terrain are: the ground is highly undulating, the terrain is high in the middle and low on the surrounding sides, and the plateaus and mountains cover a wide area.

Looking at the rivers in the picture, we find that many large rivers in Asia originate from the central plateaus and mountains and radiate to the surrounding areas. The middle and lower reaches of each river are mostly plains. The Ob River and the Yenisey River are located in northern Asia, flowing from south to north; the Yellow River and the Yangtze River are located in eastern Asia, flowing from west to east; the Mekong River, Ganges, and Indus River are located in southern Asia, flowing from north to south.

Look at the topographic profile below. The ordinate in the figure represents the altitude. It can be seen from the figure that the ground in Asia is highly undulating, with the central terrain being high and the surrounding terrain being relatively low.

3. Complex climate

Asia is vast in scope, spanning cold, warm and hot zones. Due to the different topography and land and sea locations, the climate is complex and diverse, with significant monsoon climate and Continental climate is characterized by wide distribution.

① In eastern and southern Asia, the monsoon climate is significant. Summer precipitation is closely related to the strength of the summer monsoon. Generally speaking, in years when the summer monsoon is strong, there is more water vapor brought from the ocean and more precipitation. Too much precipitation will cause floods; conversely, in years when the summer monsoon is weak, there will be less precipitation. Too little precipitation will cause floods. Come drought. Therefore, East and South Asia are often affected by summer monsoons and suffer from droughts and floods.

Indochina and the Indian Peninsula mainly have a tropical monsoon climate. The temperature there is high all year round. The southwest monsoon prevails in summer and there is a lot of precipitation. The northeast monsoon prevails in winter and there is little rain. The southern part of the Malay Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago has a tropical rainforest climate with high temperatures and rain all year round.

Eastern my country, North Korea and Japan have temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate. The southerly wind prevails in summer, with high temperatures and rainy weather, while the northerly wind prevails in winter, which is cold and dry.

② The central and western parts of Asia are located inland, are less affected by the ocean, and have a dry temperate continental climate.

③In northern Asia, the winter is long and the temperature is very low; the summer is short but mild. Most areas there have a subarctic coniferous forest climate in a temperate continental climate, and there is the largest coniferous forest belt in the world. The northern coast of Siberia and the islands in the Arctic Ocean have a polar climate with severe cold all year round.

④The Arabian Peninsula in southwest Asia and the Indus Plain in the south are hot all year round, with low precipitation and high evaporation, forming a tropical desert climate. The Mediterranean coastal areas are affected by the westerly winds in winter and the subtropical high pressure in summer, resulting in a Mediterranean climate of rainy winters and dry summers.

⑤The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and some high mountain areas in central Asia have an altitude of more than 4,000 meters, have very low temperatures all year round, and have many snowy peaks and glaciers, so they have an alpine climate.

After analyzing the climate characteristics of Asia, let’s summarize the methods and steps for analyzing the climate characteristics of a continent. We can analyze from aspects such as the distribution rules of climate types and which climate type is the most widely distributed. This approach can then be applied to other continents. For example, by analyzing the climate map of Africa below, we can find that the climate distribution in Africa is dominated by tropical climate, with widespread tropical desert climate and savanna climate, and the distribution of climate types is symmetrical from north to south.

Climate has a great impact on agricultural production. Especially in the monsoon climate, the combination of rain and heat allows crops to grow vigorously. Frequent droughts and floods caused by seasonal and interannual changes in precipitation seriously threaten agricultural production.

(2) Human environment

1. The most populous continent

The world's population reached 6.055 billion in 2000, 61% of which were distributed in Asia. East and South Asia are densely populated regions.

Analyze the picture above and find out from the picture which countries in the world with a population of more than 100 million are located in Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

According to the above figure, the order of the continents by population is: Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, Oceania; the order of average natural population growth rate is: Africa, Latin America, Asia, Oceania, North America, Europe.

Asia’s large population puts heavy pressure on resources and the environment. Students can try to complete the following block diagram.

2. Diverse regional cultures

There are about 1,000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total number of ethnic groups in the world. The population disparity between each ethnic group is relatively large, and each ethnic group has created their respective cultures. Asian cultures mainly include Chinese culture, Indus Valley culture, Ganges culture and Arab culture. Ethnic groups in different regions show different cultural and artistic styles and different folk customs in various aspects such as architecture, clothing, music, dance, and etiquette.

Analyze the relationship between the culture of different regions and local natural conditions:

① Saudi Arabia is located in a tropical desert climate zone, which is hot and dry all year round. Because of the high temperatures, they wore large robes to help dissipate heat. Dry pastures are suitable for the development of animal husbandry. The shepherds were nomadic, so they lived in tents.

② Siberia is one of the coldest regions in the world. They wear fur clothing to keep out the cold. The large area of ??subarctic coniferous forest provides sufficient raw materials for building wooden houses. The year-round snow makes sledding more comfortable. become the main means of transportation.

③As can be seen from the Asian topographic map, Yemen is located in a hilly area, so most of the houses in Yemen are built on the mountains, and the farmland is basically terraced fields.

④The Ganges Delta is one of the areas with the most precipitation in the world. It is hot and humid all year round and has dense river networks, so residents here go out by boat and make a living by fishing.

⑤The Indonesian island of Kalimantan is located in a tropical rainforest climate zone, with high temperatures and rain all year round. In order to prevent moisture, their houses are stilt houses. Because they live a communal life, their houses are very long, up to 200 meters.

⑥ Because Japan is located in the Pacific Rim Volcano and Seismic Belt, where there are many earthquakes, Japanese buildings have many earthquake-proof designs.

Through the above analysis, it can be concluded that cultural phenomena are closely related to the local natural geographical environment.

The three birthplaces of human civilization in Asia are all located in the southern part of the temperate zone, the subtropical zone, and the northern part of the tropics. That is to say, there are neither too cold areas nor too hot areas; judging from precipitation, there is no extreme drought. There are no desert areas, and there are no extremely humid rainforest areas; from the topographic point of view, they are all located on the alluvial plains of large rivers, and the soil is fertile. Is this all a coincidence? No, this shows that human civilization is closely related to the natural environment.

3. Differences in economic development

A few countries in Asia are developed countries, and most countries are developing countries. Even if they are both developing countries, there are great differences in economic development.

Among the countries shown in the figure below, Japan, Singapore and Israel have a per capita GNP of more than 10,000 US dollars, while Mongolia, Nepal, India and Bangladesh have a per capita GNP of less than 500 US dollars. and Vietnam. It can be seen that the per capita GDP can reflect the huge economic gap among Asian countries. China's per capita GDP ranks 9th among the 14 Asian countries shown in the figure, and is in a lower-middle position.

The different levels of economic development in various countries are caused by the different natural, historical and social conditions in different countries. The vast majority of developing countries have suffered from colonial rule for a long time in the past and have a weak economic foundation. Most countries have achieved certain development in their national economies since their independence. For example, Singapore has taken advantage of its superior geographical location to develop from re-export trade to a large number of export-processing enterprises, and then to the financial industry and tourism. In recent years, with the development of science and education, Singapore has become the largest high-tech industry center in Southeast Asia. South Korea also shifted from an export-oriented industrialization strategy in the 1960s to heavy chemical industrialization in the early 1970s, and then to a "technology-based nation" strategy in the 1980s. Countries along the Persian Gulf have become relatively wealthy countries because of their large export of oil resources.

GNP per capita is not the only criterion for measuring a country’s economic development. The country’s industrial structure is also an important indicator. The primary industry refers to agriculture (including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, etc.); industry and construction are the secondary industry; the circulation department and service department belong to the tertiary industry. Generally speaking, the higher the per capita GDP of a country, the greater the proportion of the tertiary industry; the lower the per capita GDP of a country, the greater the proportion of the primary industry.

The law protects my growth

1. Overall logical analysis

This lesson has designed two boxes of content: "Special protection, special love", "Use the law to protect yourself." The first box "Special Protection, Special Love" mainly talks about the necessity of special protection for minors, the basic requirements of family protection, school protection, social protection and judicial protection; the second box "make good use of the law to protect yourself" Mainly introduces ways and methods to protect yourself.

2. Internal logical structure of each box

Introduction

The introduction uses a mother scolding her daughter as an example to illustrate the disrespect for minors in real life , infringement of the legitimate rights and interests of minors is relatively common, thus pointing out that teenagers need special protection from the state, and teenagers should also enhance their awareness of self-protection and learn to use legal means to protect their rights and interests.

The first box is "Special Protection, Special Love"

This box is composed of "Family Protection and School Protection" and "Social Protection and Judicial Protection".

Through Xiaochen’s experience, it is necessary for the country to formulate special laws to provide special protection for minors. In the Law on the Protection of Minors, clear provisions are made for family protection, school protection, social protection, and judicial protection, and four lines of defense are set up to protect the healthy growth of minors.

About family protection. First of all, it is explained that the family is the cradle for the growth of minors, it is the basic living environment for minors, and it is the starting point and basic conditions for the realization of minors' ideals. The textbook then states the basic requirements for family protection.

Then he briefly explained the role of family protection, which has two meanings: first, to protect the legal rights and interests of minors from infringement from the family. Second, provide a suitable family environment for minors.

About school protection. School protection has three meanings. First, it explains the meaning of school protection, and then it explains the importance of schools’ protection of underage students. Finally, the school's protection content is summarized, that is, the education and development of minors, the protection of personal rights, and the protection of life safety.

About social protection. First, it is pointed out that social protection requires the whole society to create a social environment conducive to the healthy growth of minors. Second, it is pointed out that social protection includes five aspects of social, cultural, physical health, and labor protection.

About judicial protection. First, specify which departments the "judicial authorities" refer to, and secondly, what are the main protective measures in judicial protection.

The second box "Make good use of the law to protect yourself"

This box is composed of three eyes: "There is a way to ask for help", "Dare to go to court", and "Good at fighting".

"Help for Help" uses the case of a 13-year-old girl who asked to go to school but was rejected by her stepfather to point out that her legitimate rights and interests have been infringed upon and she should find the right means to protect them and request help from relevant institutions, thereby pointing out that non-litigation Means are effective means commonly used by us to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests.

"Litigation" is the most formal, authoritative and effective means to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests. First, Xiaomiao accidentally fell and became disabled while wiping a fluorescent lamp at school, and the problem was solved through litigation. This introduced the three types of litigation: criminal litigation, civil litigation, and administrative litigation. Through the relevant link column, students can clearly understand the applicable scope of the three types of litigation.

“Being good at fighting” is the most important thing for students. It requires students to act in accordance with the law, act in accordance with the law, and protect their rights in accordance with the law. Doing so not only protects their healthy growth, but also maintains legal dignity and social stability. It is the unshirkable responsibility of young people to fight against violations. Through cases, students can learn how to fight wits, and guide students to summarize several methods of fighting wits suitable for middle school students based on existing methods.

Introduction to specific knowledge

1. Special protection, special love - family protection and school protection

(1) Category of minors: all Citizens under the age of 18 are minors.

(2) The necessity of protecting the healthy growth of minors:

① Minors represent the future of the motherland, the hope of the nation, and shoulder the responsibility of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. heavy responsibility.

② Minors are immature physically and mentally, have no financial strength, and lack the ability to protect themselves.

③Protecting the healthy growth of minors is the common responsibility of the country and the whole society.

(3) The party and the state provide special protection to minors

①The Law on the Protection of Minors and the Law on the Prevention of Delinquency of Minors have been formulated to specifically protect our legitimate rights and interests .

②In the Law on the Protection of Minors, there are clear provisions on family protection, school protection, social protection, and judicial protection, and four lines of defense are set up to protect us.

(4) Basic requirements and significance of family protection

① Family protection requires parents or other guardians to perform their duties of raising and guardianship of minors in accordance with the law and respect minors The right to education.

② Significance: This can protect the legal rights and interests of minors from infringement from the family and provide a suitable family environment for the healthy growth of minors.

(5) Basic requirements, content and significance of school protection

① School protection requires schools and other educational institutions to educate minors in accordance with the provisions of the law and Protect their physical and mental health and legitimate rights and interests.

②Content involved: Involving the education and development of minors, the protection of personal rights, the protection of life safety, etc.

③ Significance: Minors spend a long time in school, so school faculty and staff have a major responsibility for the training and education of minors.

2. Special protection, special love - social protection and judicial protection

(1) Basic requirements and aspects of social protection

① Social protection requires the whole society to create a social environment conducive to the healthy growth of minors.

②The content of social protection: including social and cultural protection, physical health protection, labor protection, freedom rights and spiritual rights protection for minors.

(2) Basic requirements and important measures for judicial protection

①Judicial protection requires the public security, procuratorate, law and judicial administrative departments to perform their duties in accordance with the law and implement special measures for minors protective measures.

②Important measures: Establish juvenile courts, do not hear juvenile criminal cases in public, respect the personal dignity of minors who have committed crimes, protect their legitimate rights and interests, and do a good job in the placement of minors released after serving their sentences ,etc.

3. Make good use of the law to protect yourself - there is a way to seek help

(1) The law is our most powerful weapon in safeguarding our rights and interests.

(2) Institutions that can provide legal services and assistance: legal service offices, law firms, notary offices, etc.

(3) Our means of safeguarding rights and interests include litigation and non-litigation means.

(4) Non-litigation means are commonly used and effective means for us to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests

① It reflects the case to relevant government departments, judicial organs, people's organizations, relevant social groups, etc. Problems, seek help, and solve problems;

② It may also resolve disputes and disputes through mediation, arbitration, etc., and protect citizens' rights and interests.

4. Make good use of the law to protect yourself—dare to file a lawsuit

(1) The meaning and type of litigation

①Meaning: Litigation is a lawsuit. The People's Court presides over dispute resolution procedures involving the participation of interested parties. Litigation is the most formal, authoritative and effective means to safeguard our legitimate rights and interests, and is the last barrier to protect our rights and interests.

②Type: criminal litigation, civil litigation, administrative litigation.

Criminal litigation: refers to the activities of national judicial organs, with the participation of parties and other litigation participants, to expose crimes, prove crimes, and punish criminals in accordance with the law.

Civil litigation: It is an activity in which the People's Court hears civil cases and resolves civil disputes in accordance with the law with the participation of the parties and other litigation participants.

Administrative litigation: commonly known as "people sue officials", refers to the activities of the People's Court to resolve administrative dispute cases in accordance with judicial litigation procedures with the participation of both parties. Administrative litigation is an important way to resolve administrative disputes.

5. Make good use of the law to protect yourself—dare to file a lawsuit

(1) Young people must consciously abide by the law, act in accordance with the law, and safeguard their rights in accordance with the law, so as to protect their own healthy growth and maintain their rights. The dignity of the law and social stability.

(2) It is the unshirkable responsibility of all citizens to fight against illegal crimes

① When their legitimate rights and interests are infringed upon, they must be good at using legal weapons to safeguard their rights and be good at fighting against infringements Struggle;

②When the rights and interests of the country, collective, and others are illegally infringed upon, we must also safeguard them.

(3) Methods to fight against illegal and criminal elements:

① When fighting against illegal and criminal elements, one must be both brave and resourceful; one must pay attention to the battle of wits and strive to protect the Under their own premise, they skillfully captured the criminals.

② When facing a gangster committing an attack, try to stabilize the gangster, remember the gangster's appearance, understand the gangster's whereabouts, and call "110" in time are all good and effective methods.

2. Analysis of key knowledge

What are the basic contents of legal protection for minors?

It is necessary for the law to provide special protection for minors, which reflects the care of the party and the country for minors. In the Law on the Protection of Minors, clear provisions are made for family protection, school protection, social protection, and judicial protection, and four lines of defense are set up to protect the healthy growth of minors.

1. Family protection

(1) Family protection is the basis for the protection of minors.

(2) The role of family protection has two meanings: the first layer is to protect the legal rights and interests of minors from infringement from the family. The second level provides a suitable family environment for minors. Family protection requires parents, on the one hand, to oppose the laissez-faire approach of raising minors without educating them; on the other hand, they must also oppose parents' over-indulgence or over-strict discipline of minor children.

2. School protection

(1) The meaning of school protection: schools educate minors and protect their physical and mental health and legitimate rights and interests.

(2) The important role of school protection. The quality of our country's future talents depends to a large extent on the education and protection of minors in schools. Minors spend a long time in school, so schools play an important role in protecting the physical and mental health and legal rights of minors.

(3) Contents protected by schools: education and development of minors, protection of personal rights, protection of life safety, etc.

3. Analysis of difficult knowledge

Why should the legitimate rights and interests of minors be given special protection?

In our country, persons under the age of 18 are considered minors. The physical and psychological development of minors are immature, their worldview and outlook on life have not yet been formed, and they are very malleable. Their ability to distinguish right from wrong, good from bad is still poor, and their ability to resist the invasion and temptation of bad social trends is still weak. , vulnerable to various violations of disciplines, laws, and crimes. These characteristics of minors determine that they belong to a group in society that needs special protection - a vulnerable group. Providing special protection to this vulnerable group is a common practice in all countries around the world and a legal principle that our country adheres to.

As a vulnerable group, minors have poorer self-protection awareness and ability than adults. This is reflected in the fact that when their legitimate rights and interests are illegally infringed upon, they often do not realize it, or even mistakenly believe that this may be the case. For example, when you are corporally punished by a teacher for not completing your homework, you think it should be so; even if you know that you are being violated by illegal behavior, such as being violated by family and social violence, it is determined by your own physical and psychological development status, and there is not enough punishment. ability to protect oneself. In order to protect minors from illegal abuse during their physical and psychological development, families, schools and society must provide them with special protection.

As a special group, minors, in addition to enjoying most of the legal rights enjoyed by adults, the law also stipulates that they enjoy some special rights, such as the right to be raised in the family. The right to receive the nine-year compulsory education provided by the state shall not be deprived. Once a crime is committed, the person shall have the right to a special trial that is different from that of an adult and the right to be exempted from the death penalty. The exercise of these special rights of minors depends on the special care and efforts of families, schools and even the whole society. Therefore, the whole society must be mobilized to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors. Minors are the hope of mankind and the future of the country and nation. Providing special protection to the legitimate rights and interests of minors and doing a good job in their training and education is a strategic and systematic project that requires the participation of the whole society. Governments, departments, organizations, groups, schools, families and even every citizen at all levels bear the sacred obligation to protect the legitimate rights and interests of minors and cultivate the healthy growth of minors.