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Mozi's life
Mozi was a famous thinker, philosopher, politician, scientist, strategist and logician in the pre-Qin period. Mozi's management thought is also very rich. Excavating Mozi's management thought is of great theoretical value for carrying forward the oriental management culture and promoting the development of management science < P >, and also has considerable reference for today's enterprise management and administrative management.

1. People-oriented

The article "Mozi's Self-cultivation" holds that although there are array methods for a gentleman to fight, courage is its fundamental; Although there is a funeral service, mourning is the root; Although scholars are learned, their conduct is the foundation. Therefore, when planting trees, the foundation is not stable, so don't seek lush foliage; If you are not close to the people around you, you will not ask for people far away; Don't talk about diplomacy if you don't even join your relatives; If there is no end and beginning to do things, it is not required to achieve a variety of undertakings; The list of things is not clear, so you don't need to see and hear widely. Therefore, when the ancient holy king ruled the world, he must observe the left and right and attract wise men from afar. A gentleman is observant about people, so the behavior of people around him is repaired; When you see people who don't practice or lose their reputation, you ask yourself questions, so you can reflect on yourself with resentment and your behavior can be < P > corrected. Don't listen to slanderous words, attack and reprimand others, don't say them; The idea of killing other people's children can't come to mind. In this way, even if there are low-ruined people, there will be nothing to rely on.

Mozi means that everything must have its roots. For the natives, conduct is the foundation. A gentleman can learn from the good deeds of people around him, and reflect on himself when he sees people with poor conduct, so his conduct can be corrected. Don't listen to slanders, don't say bad words, don't have the heart to harm others, although there are evil people's influences, it won't work. Mozi's idea is that a gentleman must cultivate himself first if he wants to make a difference in society. This is about the necessity of self-cultivation. The article "Self-cultivation" says: "If you don't have a strong will, you won't be wise, and if you don't believe it, you won't succeed. Those who can't divide people according to wealth are not friends; "Those who are not scrupulous in keeping the way, who are not knowledgeable in everything, and who are not careful in judging right and wrong are not enough to swim." It means that people who are not strong-willed will not develop their intelligence, and those who break their promises will not succeed. Those who have money that cannot be distributed to others are not worth making friends with; Those who can't faithfully adhere to the way of being human, can't know things extensively, and can't see right and wrong clearly are not worth traveling with. The article "Self-cultivation" also said: "The original turbidity is unclear, and those who do not believe in it will lose their name." Therefore, it means, "the source is turbid and the water flow cannot be clear; If you don't believe in your behavior, your reputation will be ruined. " Mozi emphasized the importance of gentleman's self-cultivation here. If people want to achieve something in society, they must start with self-cultivation and build noble character. This is the starting point of all undertakings. In addition, Mozi also emphasized the influence of friends on people in the article "Dyed".

In Love for All, it goes: "Yu Mozi said,' The reason why benevolent people do things is to promote the benefits of the world and get rid of the harm of the world, and those who do things with this are also. "'It means that what a righteous man has to do is to prosper the interests of the people all over the world and eliminate the dangers of the people all over the world as his own career. That is to say, a gentleman should prosper the public interests of the world and eliminate the public hazards of the world.

The Eight Classics also says, "Righteousness is beneficial." It can be seen that Mozi's "promoting the interests of the world" is to promote justice or justice in the world. To this end, a gentleman with lofty ideals must have a strong sense of social responsibility and social justice. This is also the fundamental

principle of being a man. "Every man has a responsibility for the rise and fall of the world" can be described as an extension of this meaning.

In the face of the ugly phenomenon of "the strong rob the weak, the people are violent and few, the people are foolish, and you are arrogant and cheap" ("Under Love"), Mozi put forward: "The law of mutual benefit is easy." (Mozi's Love for All) means that

all people love each other and give each other benefits to change the ugly disadvantages. Mozi believes that "doing something beneficial to others does not mean that it is only beneficial to others. In fact, interests are mutual, so you must never do anything at the expense of others. Sacrificing other people's interests will also harm themselves. ..... Only when people do not harm each other and benefit each other, and their personal interests are based on the overall interests, and the two are mixed together, can the desire of enriching the country and securing the people be realized. " Mozi's idea that personal interests are based on the overall interests is very outstanding, because personal interests cannot be realized without the overall interests. The overall interest is supreme, that is, the national interest is supreme and the social interest is supreme.

in love, part two: "but what will happen if you love each other and benefit each other?" Zi Mozi said:' If you regard a country as its country, if you regard a family as its home, if you regard a person as his body, you will see him.' What do you mean by "love each other and benefit each other"? That is, looking at other people's country is like looking at your own country, looking at other people's families is like looking at your own family, and looking at other people's bodies is like looking at your own body. Mozi put forward an important principle in interpersonal communication-the principle of transposition, "treat others as yourself", which means to consider problems from each other's point of view, so as to avoid misunderstanding and eliminate conflicts.

Only by realizing "mutual love and mutual benefit" can "princes love each other and go to war, householders love each other without usurping each other, people love each other without being thieves, princes and ministers love each other with loyalty, fathers and sons love each other with filial piety, and brothers love each other with harmony. All people in the world love each other, and the strong do not hold the weak. Many people

do not rob the widowed, the rich do not bully the poor, the expensive do not despise the cheap, and the deceitful do not deceive the foolish. All the disasters and resentments in the world can make those who can't get up, live by loving each other, and be praised by benevolent people. "(

Love for All >) That is to say, princes will no longer fight fiercely because of their love, and householders will no longer usurp each other because of their love, and

everyone will no longer destroy each other because of their love; The monarch and the minister are loyal because of their love, the father and son are loving and filial because of their love, and the brothers are harmonious and coordinated because of their love. When all men and women love each other, the strong won't control the weak, many people won't plunder the few, the rich won't bully the poor, the noble won't be contemptuous of the low, and the cunning won't cheat the ignorant. The reason why all the evils, usurpations, complaints, resentments, etc. of Tianyi can stop it is because love has appeared, so people with lofty ideals praise it.

It can be seen that only by "love and profit" can the source of all evils in society be eliminated; Only by "love and benefit" can a harmonious society and a coordinated group organization be established. China people pay attention to maintaining a harmonious situation, safeguarding the overall interests and

maintaining good interpersonal relationships. This is an integral part of China's cultural spirit. Mencius, who was a hundred years later than Mozi, said, "The people are more important, the country is second, and the monarch is lighter. "He added:" The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as people. "This also emphasizes the importance of harmony between people-oriented and people, and undoubtedly reflects the influence of Mozi's thought." Mutual benefit "means giving each other benefits, that is, benefiting others and for others." In Mozi's view, "'being human' is the goal of' being human', and it is also the angle, the direction and the norms that' being human' considers. "Its profound meaning is that people's behavior should benefit the people and the country.

The essence of Mozi's thought of "loving each other and benefiting each other" is a kind of flexible management, which improves interpersonal relationships, eliminates destructive conflicts and creates a good social environment, so that people can both "love themselves" and "love others", so that everyone's interests can be met, which conforms to the natural needs of people and social moral and legal norms. Daisaku Ikeda of Japan thinks that Mozi's love is more needed by modern people than Confucius's love. "william ouchi's

Japanese-oriented corporate culture in Z theory is the reappearance and resurrection of Mozi's thought, which undoubtedly plays a great role in enhancing the cohesion of enterprises. Therefore, enterprises can create a successful corporate culture according to Mozi's thought. " Love and benefit each other "is also the principle of

importance in interpersonal communication-the embodiment of respect and reciprocity."

Generally speaking, any human-centered theory is called "humanism", while in philosophy, it usually refers to the theory of human who takes away the specific historical conditions and social relations of human beings and regards human beings as only a creature, and its representative figure is Feuerbach of Germany. So

refers to people-oriented management, that is, all activities are carried out by establishing the leading position of people in the management process and then mobilizing people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativity. It is precisely because Mozi asked managers to love and think for their subordinates that they can fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of < P > subordinates. Mozi changed from self-cultivation to loving, benefiting and serving others. After all, its essence is to put forward the idea of "people-oriented management" in management. It was not until the 193s that American Mayor and others' Hawthorne < P > experiment began to pay attention to people's feelings, the need for respect and the value of people. This has been about two thousand years later than Mozi.

In The Analects of Confucius, Liren says, "A gentleman is a metaphor for righteousness, while a villain is a metaphor for profit. "It means that a gentleman understands and values" righteousness ",while a villain understands and values" profit ". Mozi's thought of the unity of righteousness and benefit is a sublation of Confucius' thought.

It overcomes the hypocrisy of a gentleman who only talks about "righteousness" but not "benefit", thus bravely regularizing "benefit" and making "righteousness" and "benefit" move from opposition to harmony and unity. Mozi's thought of the unity of righteousness and benefit is essentially an economic ethics thought, which is of great reference significance to contemporary management practice. Managers should pay attention to the "unity of righteousness and benefit" to their subordinates, and can't just pay lip service to them. The rewards of superiors to subordinates should also be both spiritual and material.

Second, Shang Xian enabled

Mozi had a profound understanding of the value of talented people. The article "Pro-soil" says: "If you enter the country without keeping its soil, you will perish. If you don't worry about seeing a sage, you will slow down your husband. Non-virtuous people are not in a hurry, and non-scholars are not worried about the country. There has never been a person who can live in his country by delaying the sage to forget the scholar. "It means that if you are in charge of a country, but you can't collect virtuous soil, you will be subjugated. If a sage is found but not eager to use it, he will neglect his monarch. Without talents, you can't deal with crises, and without talents, you can't consider state affairs with them. There has never been anything that can save the country by neglecting the talents and forgetting the good soil. Sages are so important to the country, but how about enterprises with increasingly fierce competition? "On Shang Xian" says: "If there are many virtuous people in the country, then the country will be well governed; If there are few virtuous people, the country will be governed thinly. Therefore, the business of adults will lie in the sages. "It means that if the country has many virtuous people, then the governance of the country will be solid and stable; If the country has few virtuous people, then the governance of the country will be weak and turbulent. Therefore, everyone's first task is to increase the number of virtuous people. Mozi has an important premise here, that is, the country must be governed by virtuous people. Then, Mozi illustrated the way for a country to acquire virtuous people by citing the example of "a man who is good at shooting at imperial officials". "For example, those who want to shoot at imperial officials will be rich, expensive, respected and honored, and then those who are good at shooting at imperial officials will be available to all. Besides, there are virtuous people, who are honest in virtue, argumentative in speech, and knowledgeable in Taoism, which is the treasure of the country, and the assistance of the country will also be rich, expensive, respected and praised. Then the good soil of the country will also be available to all. "That is to say, to increase the number of people who are good at archery and driving in their country, they must be rich, noble, respected and praised, and then the number of people who are good at archery and driving in China will be obtained and increased. Moreover, there are virtuous people who are rich in virtue, speculative in speech and extensive in Taoism. This is the treasure of the country, and with the assistance of the country, it will surely become rich, noble, respected and praised. Then the virtuous land in China will also be available and will increase.

It can be seen that Mozi attaches importance to the quantity and quality of human resources, which actually determines the fate of an organization. Some developed countries and their enterprises attach importance to talented people, and spare no expense to attract and hire talented people, injecting high value-added human capital into the country and injecting new vitality into economic development. For example, in Microsoft, the first task is to find and hire the best talents. Bill Gates believes that the success of Microsoft is "hiring a group of smart people. "In fact, this only fully proves the correctness and rationality of Mozi's Shang Xian Thought.

"On Shang Xian" also says: "Therefore, the ancient sage king ruled, while Shang Xian was virtuous. Although he was in agriculture and industry, he could do it if he could. Give a high rank, give it a heavy reward, let it be done, and give it a break. It is said,' If the title is not high, the people will respect it, if the wealth is not thick, then the people will not believe it, and if the government decrees continue, then the people will not be afraid'. Those who give the sages of the three are not given by the sages, but want to achieve their goals. Therefore, when it is time, we should list morality, serve the official, reward the temple with labor, and divide the reward according to the amount of work. The Forbidden City is impermanent and expensive, but the people have no ultimate base. If you can, you can lift it. If you can't, you can lift it. If you can't, you can lift it. If you can't, you can lift it. If you can't, you can blame yourself. "It means that, therefore, the ancient sages and emperors ruled, arranged positions for people with high moral character, and those who advocated the virtuous. Even among farmers, craftsmen or businessmen, those who had the ability recommended them, gave them high titles, rewarded them with generous salaries, appointed them to political affairs, and decided to give them decrees. He also said that if the title is not high, the people will not respect it, if the salary is not rich, then the people will not trust it, and if the decrees are not arbitrary, then the people will not be afraid. The purpose of awarding these three things to talented people is not to reward them, but to make their career successful. Therefore, at this time, according to the rank of virtue, the official position serves the country, the reward is determined according to the labor performance, and the salary is distributed according to the merits. Therefore, officials will not always be rich, and the people will not be poor for life. Those who are talented will be recommended, and those who are unable will be removed. The recommendation should be righteous and avoid personal grievances. This is what Mozi said. In fact, Mozi's "Jue", "Ling" and "Lu" are, in today's popular language, posts, powers and benefits. If you want to reuse sages, but don't give them, it is difficult for even the sages to play their roles.

Mozi also said, "If you are proud, a wise man can't help it; If you are not satisfied, a wise man must lift it; ..... People who are virtuous are the foundation of politics. "("Shang Xian ") means that when you are proud of the official, the wise men must use it; When you are not satisfied, the wise men have to use it; Advocating sages is the foundation of governance. It can be seen that what Mozi advocates is elite enlightened governance. Although "Confucianism also advocates selecting talents, their scope of talents is limited to gentlemen who are in office or not, excluding' villains' or' savages', while Mozi extended the scope of talents to the' bitch' class. "It can be seen that there is no scope limit for Mozi's selection of sages. Mozi also stressed three points to be paid attention to when he talked about selecting talents, namely: "Don't be a party father and brother, don't be partial to the rich, and don't win the color." "("Shang Xian Zhong ") However, if the manager is corrupt, he should" look up and waste it, and waste it, thinking that it is a slave. "(Shang Xianzhong) These are also very instructive for today's personnel management. When employing people, nepotism is emphasized, posts can only be promoted but not lowered, and corruption is more serious. These are abnormal phenomena. Only by breaking these old ideas and boldly selecting and appointing talented people can we promote the healthy development of the economy and promote the civilization and progress of society.

Mozi also put forward the system of trial before appointment, supervision before appointment and comment after appointment. First, Mozi emphasized that "listen to what he says, trace what he does, and observe what he can." "These are all manifestations of" being cautious about being an official ",which is actually a pre-appointment inspection and trial; Secondly, the article "Pro-Shang" says: "There must be a minister of Fu Fu, and there must be a minister above.