Unit 1: Love each other as a family
Lesson 1: Love under the roof
Honoring parents is a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation.
1. The meaning of family: P5
2. Family types: nuclear family, stem family, single-parent family, joint family
3. Establishment of family relationships : Marriage, childbirth, adoption, remarriage.
4. How do you understand the family relationship with your parents? P6
5. Honor parents
(1) Honoring parents is a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation;
(2) Honoring parents is a moral and legal requirement. It is our bounden duty
(3) Honoring parents means children respect, serve and support their parents. The most important of these is respect and love for parents.
(3) How should we honor our parents? P16
6. Several important understandings:
(1) What should we do if our parents do immoral or illegal things? P17
2 ) How should we treat our parents and elders? Why? P17
Lesson 2: I make friends with my parents
1. What are the reasons for conflicts between us and our parents in adolescence?
(1) When we enter adolescence, we have our own thoughts and desire to be independent, eager to be taken seriously, and even challenge the authority of our parents;
(2) Our parents still treat us as children and are uneasy, Nagging, blaming, and conflicts arise.
2. How to correctly understand the conflicts between us and our parents? P21
3. Generation gap and rebellious psychology
(1) The age gap between us and our parents is the direct cause of the generation gap. The essence of the generation gap is the multiple generations reflected behind the age difference. international differences.
(1) The main manifestations of rebellious psychology: P21
(2) How to correctly understand our rebellious psychology? P21
4. How do we correctly deal with the generation gap and conflicts with our parents?
(1) Get close to your parents, strive to cross the generation gap, and walk hand in hand with your parents;
(2) Learn to communicate and discuss with your parents. Through discussion, clarify differences and find a solution acceptable to both parties. Through communication, we can gain parents' understanding and even change their opinions.
(3) Master the essentials of communication with parents: mutual understanding is the prerequisite, respect and understanding are the key. The effective way to understand parents is to think from their perspective, and the result of communication is to seek common ground while reserving differences.
5. The art of communicating with parents:
(1) Appreciate your parents, and you will have no worries when communicating;
(2) Listen carefully, and you will avoid misunderstandings when communicating. ;
(3) Help your parents and have no barriers to communication;
(4) In family interactions, you don’t have to worry too much about your parents. Even if your parents are wrong, you should forgive them and don't have to fight to win or lose.
In the second unit, teachers and friends walk together
In the third lesson, peers work together to make progress
1. The meaning of interpersonal communication:
By actively interacting with students, the tree of friendship will be evergreen. If we are open to ourselves, our character will be more cheerful and our life will be more exciting.
2. The qualities a popular person should have: sincerity, kindness, responsibility, enthusiasm, friendliness, humor, etc.
3. How to understand friendship?
Friends bring us warmth, support and strength. We must cherish friendship; we must grasp friendship carefully and rationally in order to gain more friends and get true friendship.
4. Principles of making friends:
(1) Equality and reciprocity, (2) Tolerance and understanding; (2) When making friends, you cannot maintain so-called friendship at the expense of principles; (3) ) is happy to make friends with criticism and is good at making friends with good friends.
5. Interactions between boys and girls in adolescence
(1) Why should we associate with the opposite sex?
(2) How can boys and girls interact normally and healthily?
① You must respect each other, and you must respect and love yourself;
② You must be open to yourself, but also have a sense of proportion;
③ You must be proactive, enthusiastic, and Pay attention to the way, occasion, time and frequency of communication.
6. Emotions in adolescence
(1) Understanding: After entering puberty, it is normal, natural and beautiful for male and female classmates to develop feelings of affection and admiration.
(2) How to treat it?
We must treat the emotions between male and female students with caution, handle them rationally, learn to choose, learn to take responsibility, and learn to protect ourselves.
Lesson 4: The teacher accompanies me to grow up
1. Getting to know the teacher
(1) The importance of teacher-student interactions:
Teacher Student interaction not only affects the quality of our learning, but also affects our physical and mental development. Respecting teachers is the moral character we should have.
(2) Teachers are the disseminators of human civilization and engineers of the human soul. Even today with the rapid development of information technology, the role of teachers is still irreplaceable.
(3) Teachers teach us the principles of life and relieve our worries and sorrows. While teachers teach us knowledge, they also teach us how to learn and stimulate our enthusiasm for learning. Teachers help us grow. plays an irreplaceable role.
(4) If you establish a harmonious teacher-student relationship with your teacher, you can learn happily and make progress faster.
2. New concept of teacher-student interaction:
The new teacher-student relationship is based on democracy and equality. Teachers and students have equal personality, respect each other, learn from each other, and learn from each other. , teachers are our collaborators, guides and participants in learning, and they are our friends.
3. Active communication is the prerequisite for teacher-student interaction. Communication produces understanding, and understanding produces trust.
4. Specific ways to communicate with teachers:
(1) See the problem from the teacher’s perspective and learn to think from others’ perspective;
(2) Treat it correctly If the teacher's praise and criticism is correct, correct it and encourage it if it is not;
(3) Forgive the teacher's mistakes, point out the teacher's mistakes in an appropriate way, and do not hurt the teacher;
(4) Be polite to the teacher;
(5) Pay attention to the occasion;
(6) Keep a good balance.
Unit 3 Our friends are all over the world
Lesson 5 Multicultural "Global Village"
1. Cultural differences in different countries:
< p>KFC - American Tulips - Netherlands Eiffel Tower - FranceGreat Wall - Chinese Kimono - Japan Sydney Opera House - Australia
Bird's Nest - Thailand Pyramid - Taj Mahal of Egypt - India
Macaroni - Italian Tango - Argentine Football - Brazil
2. How to treat the cultures of different countries and nations?
There is no distinction between the cultures of different countries and nations. We must communicate with the people of other countries and nations on an equal footing, respecting the value of our own culture and the value of other nations’ cultures.
3. How to deal with differences between different cultures? P60
Lesson 6: New Time and Space of Network Communication
1. Characteristics of network communication: infinite, two-sided, advanced, and dangerous.
2. The two sides of online communication:
(1) Advantages: fast and convenient, expanding the scope of communication, broadening horizons, realizing one's own value, etc.;
(2) Negative effects: long time online affects physical and mental health, addiction to the Internet ruins studies, temptations to commit fraud, violations of laws and disciplines, etc.
3. Psychological causes of Internet addicts: (P71)
< p>4. How should you protect yourself when communicating online? (P72)5. What rules should be followed in online communication?
(1) You cannot do whatever you want online, (2) You must abide by morality when communicating online, (3) You must abide by the law when surfing the Internet.
6. How to surf the Internet in a civilized manner? (P74～75)
7. What should we teenagers do about online communication?
As teenagers, we must establish lofty ideals, study diligently, think diligently, and use the Internet as an advanced tool and a supplement to life. We must consciously regulate our online behavior, surf the Internet in accordance with the law, surf the Internet in a civilized manner, and strive to purify the online environment and make it another space for people to live and study.
Unit 4: New Thoughts on the Art of Communication
Lesson 7: Friendly communication comes first with etiquette
1. Politeness and etiquette are the most direct manifestations of personal qualities. , is also the forefront of communication. Being polite in speech and behavior is a prerequisite for us to win the respect of others and is also one of the conditions for successful interactions.
2. The importance of civility and politeness: (P79)
3. Civilized language, friendly attitude, and dignified behavior are essential qualities for friendly interactions with others, as well as politeness towards others. reflect.
4. Requirements for polite language:
(1) Speak in a gentle manner, do not use strong words, and do not use harsh words to hurt others;
(2) Speak in an elegant manner and do not say Swearing and swearing;
(3) When talking to others, be humble and respectful, speak in a consultative tone, and do not be arrogant or talk big.
5. Issues to pay attention to in social activities:
Firstly, the appearance is clean, secondly, the clothing is neat, beautiful and generous, and thirdly, the behavior is standardized.
6. The importance of etiquette:
Etiquette is not only a form, but also a symbol of the spiritual civilization of a person, a group and even a country. Consciously practicing etiquette is not only related to our own image, but also directly related to the people around us, to our collective, and even to the image of our nation and country.
7. The benefits of following etiquette requirements: (P84)
8. How to treat traditional etiquette? How to treat the etiquette of ethnic minorities? (P87, P88)
Lesson 8: Competition and cooperation for a win-win situation
1. The positive and negative effects of competition: (P90)
2. Jealousy Psychological understanding: Jealousy is a subtle, strong and hidden negative emotion. It is a negative psychology of punishing oneself with the achievements of others, which is very harmful to our development.
3. The basic norms that must be observed in the competition process are ethics and law.
4. The purpose of competition is to surpass oneself, develop potential, stimulate enthusiasm for learning, improve work efficiency, learn from each other's strengths and make progress together.
5. The relationship between cooperation and sharing: Cooperation is the basis of sharing, and sharing is the inevitable result of cooperation.
6. The core of cooperation is to promote the spirit of collectivism.
7. The core of "863 Spirit" is "dedication of unity and cooperation"
8. The importance of cooperation:
Cooperation can gather strength and inspire Thinking, broadening horizons, stimulating creativity, and cultivating compassion, altruism and dedication. A person with a cooperative spirit and ability to cooperate can easily obtain support and help from others to achieve success.
9. The connotation of competition in cooperation:
On the one hand, the full cooperation of the group encourages competition among members; on the other hand, competition among members promotes the improvement of the group's competitiveness. .
10. How to compete in cooperation? (P96)
11. Brand new competition concept: (P97)
12. How to face success and failure? (P97)
13. The relationship between competition in cooperation and cooperation in competition: (P98)
14. What is the true meaning of cooperation in competition? (P98)
15. How to handle relationships with others in competition and cooperation? (P98)
16. What is team spirit?
17. The core of team spirit is collectivism, cooperation, sharing, dedication, and the subordination of personal interests to collective interests.
Lesson 9: Be open to others
Tolerance is a traditional virtue of the Chinese nation and an essential moral quality for contemporary people.
1. "Harmony without difference" and seeking common ground while reserving differences are the basis for our tolerance and cooperation.
2. Why is it said that one is good at tolerating others and benefiting oneself? (P104)
3. Tolerance is principled and cannot be blind. Don't be fussy about your family, classmates, and friends, but be generous and kind to others. Of course, we will never accommodate "bad people" or "evil people". No concessions should be made on matters of principle.
3. The meaning of "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you": P105
4. Caring for, respecting and understanding others means "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." The essence of "for people".
5. The essence of empathy and being kind to others is to put yourself in others’ shoes, that is, think about what others think, and understand first.
6. Empathy is a process of psychological experience between people. Empathizing with others and putting themselves in their shoes are indispensable psychological mechanisms for achieving understanding.
Equality is the eternal theme pursued by mankind, and respect is the cornerstone of modern civilization.
7. Understanding of equality: Equality between people is concentrated in the equality of personality and legal status. In terms of personality, everyone is a subject with independent consciousness and has human dignity, which should not be underestimated. In terms of legal status, everyone equally enjoys statutory rights and equally performs statutory obligations.
8. What are vulnerable groups? What can we do to help them?
Vulnerable groups are a general term for those at a disadvantage in society. Such as: disabled people, women, the elderly, minors.
To treat them, we should first treat them equally and respect their personal dignity; secondly, we should try our best to help them and consciously safeguard their legitimate rights and interests.
9. Respecting others requires us to be polite, equal, honest, friendly, and fully understand others.
10. Respect for society: (P112)
11. The core of respecting nature is protecting the environment. Human beings come from nature, and human beings cannot survive without the gifts of nature. Human beings have the obligation to respect nature, otherwise they will be punished by it. Protecting the environment is my country's long-term basic national policy.
Lesson 10: Live with integrity forever
Honesty and trustworthiness are the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. Integrity is the basic principle of dealing with others.
1. What is integrity? P115
2. The meaning of "a gentleman's words are hard to follow" and "a man without faith does not know what he can do". (P115, P116)
3. Being trustworthy to people and being responsible for things are the basic requirements of integrity. Adhering to trustworthiness is reflected in actions, which is reflected in a positive and responsible attitude. "Being an honest person and doing honest things" is the code of conduct that people advocate. Practical work is the guarantee for personal success and career success.
4. Keeping promises and keeping promises are the core of our honest life.
5. Relationship of honesty and trust. (P119)
6. Code of Integrity
(1) Adhere to seeking truth from facts;
(2) When it comes to conflicts of interest, the Code of Integrity requires us to stand Side with the interests of the majority;
(3) When immediate interests conflict with long-term interests, the Code of Integrity requires us to side with long-term interests;
(4) When there is a conflict between emotion and law , the Code of Integrity requires us to stand on the side of the law.
7. How to deal with the relationship between being honest with others and respecting privacy? (P122)
8. Integrity and lying are incompatible.
Are “white lies” dishonest? Why? (P123)
9. The core of integrity is kindness
Answer: Wu Dingqian - Jianghu Rookie Level 4 1-2 22:29
History review for the second year of junior high school Outline
1. The fundamental reason why Britain launched the Opium War: In the first half of the 19th century, in order to open up the Chinese market, promote industrial products, and plunder cheap industrial raw materials. The direct reason for smuggling opium into China: in order to reverse the trade deficit.
2. In 1839, Lin Zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Emperor Daoguang to ban smoking, conduct secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers, and confiscate opium. In June, opium was destroyed at Humen Beach. This was a great victory for the Chinese people in the anti-smoking struggle. It showed the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero. This event became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. From 1840 to 1842, the first Opium War broke out. After the Opium War, China began to gradually transform from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of modern Chinese history.
4. From 1856 to 1860, the British and French forces launched the second war in order to further open up the Chinese market. Opium War. After occupying Beijing, the Old Summer Palace was burned down.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and the Communists ceded China's northeastern and northwest territories. More than 1.5 million square kilometers. (Combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9)
6. During the Taiping Rebellion from 1851 to 1864, Nanjing was occupied in 1853 and was renamed Tianjing, designated as the capital, and established established a regime that confronted the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the Qing Dynasty's rule, it sent troops to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
7. Zuo Zongtang, as the imperial envoy, adopted the strategy of "first north, then south, and then proceed slowly and urgently". Xinjiang was recovered. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
8.1894-1895, after the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government signed the " The Treaty of Shimonoseki greatly deepened China's semi-colonialization.
9. In the spring of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion was directed at the imperialist aggressive forces.
10. In 1901, the Qing government was forced to The eight countries signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" which was humiliating and humiliating, which added a new burden to the Chinese people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. From then on, the Qing government became a tool of imperialism to rule China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. .
11. From the 1860s to the 1890s, the Westernization Movement? "Self-improvement" was the slogan, and Western advanced production technology was adopted to establish a number of modern military industries such as the Anqing Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. Later, with the slogan "seeking wealth", some civilian industries were founded, such as Li Hongzhang The Steamship Investment Promotion Bureau founded in Shanghai, Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, Hubei Weaving Layout, etc. From the 1970s to the 1980s, three navies of the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian were planned. The Jingshi Tongwen Museum founded in 1862 was founded by the Westernizationists The first new school.
12. Evaluation of the Westernization Movement (page 30, key points)
13. In the spring of 1895, Kang Youwei’s "letter on the bus" unveiled the reform and reform The prelude.
14. From June to September 1898, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of reform decrees, the contents (P33): requiring mastery from five aspects: politics, economy, military, education, and ideology.
p>15. In 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized the revolutionary group Xingzhonghui. In 1905, he established the unified revolutionary organization China League, with Sun Yat-sen as prime minister, and passed the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the abolition of the autocratic monarchy, and the establishment of a democratic *** and a national , the revolutionary program for reforming the land system, its establishment greatly promoted the national bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement. It founded the official publication "Min Bao", and the Three People's Principles were the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership in the Revolution of 1911.
16. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal monarchy of more than two thousand years in China. It made democratic principles and concepts deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the fruits of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by the Beiyang warlord Yuan Shikai and failed to complete the anti-imperialist revolution. Feudal tasks.
17.19
In 15 years, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", and used the magazine "New Youth" as the main position to launch the New Culture Movement. With the four promotions and four oppositions as the main content, they attacked the countercurrent of respecting Confucius and restoring ancient times. This set off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.
In 1918, Li Dazhao published two articles, "The Victory of the Common People" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", to promote Marxism.
19. The New Culture Movement was an unprecedented ideological liberation movement in the history of our country. It inspired people to pursue democracy and science, explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement In the cultural movement, there was also a tendency to absolutely deny or absolutely affirm Eastern and Western cultures, which influenced later.
20. On May 4, 1919, students from Peking University and other schools held a demonstration demanding "fighting for sovereignty abroad and eliminating national traitors at home." ", canceled the "Twenty-One", opposed the signing of the "Peace Treaty" with Germany, and punished traitors, but were suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike, merchants went on strike to support the student struggle, and the working class rose up played a huge role. As a result, the government was forced to release the students, remove Cao Rulin and other traitors from their posts, and refused to sign the peace treaty. The May Fourth Movement achieved an initial victory. The May Fourth Patriotic Movement was a thorough patriotic campaign against imperialism and feudalism. The movement was the beginning of China's new democratic revolution.
21. The National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in Shanghai in July 1921 adopted the party's program and determined that the party's goal is: to overthrow the bourgeois regime, Establish the dictatorship of the proletariat and realize communism. The central task is: leading the workers’ movement.
22. The Second National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1922 determined that the party’s democratic revolutionary program is: overthrow the warlords and overthrow imperialism. oppression and the establishment of a democratic Communist Party. This was the first time in China that a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program was proposed.
23. The Whampoa Military Academy founded in 1924 was headed by Zhou Enlai as director of the political department. .Cultivation of a large number of military and political talents.
24. In 1926, the Guangdong National Government launched the Northern Expedition, with the purpose of overthrowing the rule of the Beiyang warlords and unifying the country; Targets: Wu Peifu, Sun Chuanfang, Zhang Zuolin; Main battlefields: Hunan, Hubei; Main Battles: Tingsi Bridge, Hesheng Bridge; Wu Peifu’s main force was eliminated on the battlefield of the two lakes; less than half a year after the launch, the Northern Expeditionary Army fought from the Pearl River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin, and the Nationalist Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
25. April 1927 , Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. Representing the interests of the big landlords and big bourgeoisie, it surrendered to imperialism externally and suppressed the people's revolutionary movement internally.
26. August 1, 1927, Zhou Enlai , He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot in the armed resistance to the rule of the Kuomintang reactionaries.
27. In September 1927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, attacking rural areas where the enemy was relatively weak, and established China's first rural revolutionary base: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base. The Nanchang Uprising, Autumn Harvest Uprising, etc. were the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the creation of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary bases.
28.1934 October From January to October 1936, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was forced to make strategic shifts and carry out the Long March after failing to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression" campaign.
29. In January 1935, the Party Central Committee held the Zunyi Conference. It solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bogu and others, canceled the military command authority of Bogu and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was determined that Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others would be responsible for the military command. The Zunyi Conference established Mao Zedong as the core The correct leadership of the Party Central Committee. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army, and the revolution. It was a life-and-death turning point in the history of the party.
30. During the Long March, he crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the enemy's trap. In October 1936, the Second Red Front Army and the Fourth Red Front Army successfully joined forces with the First Red Army, declaring the victory of the Long March. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang's reaction? B style='color:black;background-color:#A0FFFF '>Shang?鸷瀀?Na笸?preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, turning the Chinese revolution out of danger.
31. When the September 18th Incident broke out in 1931, Chiang Kai-shek asked Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the Northeast, to implement a non-resistance policy , bringing more than 100 people to the three northeastern provinces
Ten thousand square kilometers of land fell into enemy hands in less than half a year. People across the country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's non-resistance policy and demanded an end to the civil war and resistance to Japanese aggression. The people of Northeast China and some Northeast Army troops organized an anti-Japanese volunteer army to resist the Japanese invasion. The Communist Party of China sent Yang Jingyu to organize the Northeast guerrillas and carry out the anti-Japanese guerrilla war. The Chinese people's local war of resistance began.
32. After the September 18th Incident, the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a national anti-Japanese national united front. It advocated that the National Government should stop the civil war and unite to resist Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted the proposal of the Communist Party of China. In order to force Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan, they launched the "Xi'an Incident" on December 12, 1936. After the incident, the Communist Party of China Proceeding from the interests of the entire nation, we advocated a peaceful solution. Since then, the ten-year civil war has basically ended, and the anti-Japanese national united front has initially been formed.
33. In 1937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the Chinese defenders of Marco Polo Bridge, creating the July 7th Incident, and China The people's nationwide Anti-Japanese War broke out. In the incident, Tong Linge and Zhao Dengyu successively sacrificed their lives for the country. Pingjin fell one after another, and the Anti-Japanese National United Front was formally established.
34. In December 1937, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing. Created the Nanjing Massacre, massacring more than 300,000 Chinese residents within six weeks.
35. During the all-out war of resistance, the Eighth Route Army led by the Communist Party of China achieved the "Pingxingguan Victory". It was the first major victory since the Anti-Japanese War; in order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, the Hundred Regiment Campaign was organized under the command of Peng Dehuai in August 1940. This was the largest battle in which the Chinese army took the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the Anti-Japanese War. The Kuomintang army The great victory of Taierzhuang was won in the spring of 1938.
36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, in April 1945, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in Yan'an. The congress mainly discussed the importance of winning the Anti-Japanese War and what path China would take after the victory. Question. Formulated the party's political line: let go of the masses and, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, defeat the Japanese invaders, liberate the people of the country, and establish a new democratic China.
37.1945 On August 15, 2015, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, marking the final victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
38. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, conspired to launch an anti-Japanese and anti-people civil war. In order to further gain time to prepare for the civil war and to deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. From August to October 1945, in order to do everything possible to strive for domestic peace, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang. Finally, Reached the "Double Ten Agreement" for the peaceful founding of the country.
39. In June 1946, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the "Double Ten Agreement" and launched an attack on the liberated areas of the Central Plains, marking the outbreak of a full-scale civil war.
40.1947 Xia, Liu Bocheng, and Deng Xiaoping led their troops into the Dabie Mountains to threaten Nanjing and Wuhan. This marked the beginning of the strategic counteroffensive.
41. From September 1948 to January 1949, the People's Liberation Army launched the three major battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pingjin. The victory in the Huaihai Battle laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Battle was launched by the people on small carts). In early 1949, Peiping was peacefully liberated. The victory in the Pingjin Battle basically liberated the entire territory of North China. .(Master P98 picture) With the victory of the three major battles, the Communist Party annihilated and reorganized more than 1.5 million people in the Kuomintang army. The main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the People's Liberation War across the country.< /p>
42. On April 23, 1949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, marking the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.
43. Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki Later, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, it put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" and founded a series of enterprises such as Dasheng Cotton Mill. At the same time, it established schools and carried out charities. During the First World War, due to imperialism, enterprises relaxed their control of China's national capital. Due to the oppression, it gained further development, but was annexed after the war.
44. The most famous Chinese newspaper is Shenbao, which was founded in Shanghai in 1872. The Commercial Press was founded in Shanghai in 1897. It is the oldest and largest cultural publishing organization in modern China.
45. In 1909, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway built under the leadership of Zhan Tianyou was the first railway designed and constructed by the Chinese themselves?B style=' color:black;background-color:#
A0FFFF'>Up?
46. Hou Debang, who revealed the secret of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and his alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".
47. Representative figures among modern thinkers who opened their eyes to the world include Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Wei Yuan compiled the book "Hai Guo Tu Zhi", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compilation was " "Learn from the barbarians and develop skills to control the barbarians". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated "Tianyan Lun" and elaborated on "natural selection, survival of the fittest" and "the world must advance, and the future will be better than the present" Progressive views.
48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, the Capital University was founded, which was the first highest institution of learning established by the state in modern China.
49. In 1905, the Qing government announced the abolition of the The imperial examination system has existed for more than 1,300 years.
50. Lu Xun’s representative works include “Diary of a Madman”, “Kong Yiji”, etc.; Xu Beihong’s representative works include “The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountains”, etc.; he is known as the people’s musician. Nie Er's representative work is "March of the Volunteers", and Xian Xinghai's representative work is "Yellow River"
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