Everyone may have had such an experience: being in a city will feel unbearable heat; However, when we come to the countryside, we can feel the cool breeze blowing head-on, which suddenly makes you refreshed and exhausted. Why is the temperature difference between the city and the countryside so great? This is caused by the urban heat island effect. Therefore, it is necessary for us to enter the "urban heat island effect".
The so-called urban heat island effect, popularly speaking, is the development of urbanization, which leads to the phenomenon that the temperature in the city is higher than that in the peripheral suburbs. On the near-surface atmospheric isotherm map of meteorology, the temperature in suburban areas has little change, like a calm sea surface, while the urban area is an obvious high temperature area, like an island protruding from the sea surface. Because this island represents a high-temperature urban area, it is vividly called an urban heat island. In summer, the temperature in some parts of the city can reach 6℃ or even higher than that in the suburbs, forming a high-intensity heat island.
It can be seen that the urban heat island embodies the concept of temperature difference. As long as there is an obvious temperature difference between the city and the suburbs, it can be said that there is an urban heat island. So urban heat island may appear all year round. However, the impact on residents' life is mainly the heat island effect of high temperature weather in summer. Medical research shows that environmental temperature is closely related to human physiological activities. When the ambient temperature is higher than 28℃, people will feel uncomfortable. No matter how high the temperature is, it will easily lead to irritability, heatstroke and mental disorders; When the temperature is higher than 34 degrees, frequent heat waves will also cause a series of diseases, especially the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and respiratory diseases, and the mortality rate will increase significantly. In addition, high temperature will accelerate the photochemical reaction rate, thus increasing the concentration of O3 in the atmosphere, aggravating air pollution and further endangering human health.
Over the past 20 years of reform and opening up, Fuzhou's rapid economic development has changed the old look of "Fuzhou Paper City", and the city has taken on a new look, winning the titles of "National Sanitary City" and "National Excellent Tourist City". However, in recent years, the hot summer climate has increasingly troubled the general public. The number of days with the highest daily temperature above 36℃ in summer in our city has increased every year, and it often ranks first in major cities in China. Especially in summer of 2003, the high temperature and the long duration are all new records since the history of meteorological records: since June 29th, 2003, the highest temperature in Fuzhou has exceeded 36℃ for 24 consecutive days, setting the longest continuous high temperature record since 1957; In July, the average daily temperature in the urban area exceeded 30℃ except 29.3℃ on July 27th, and the highest temperature reached 4 1.7℃ on July 26th, all of which set a new record since Fuzhou 1.880 had meteorological data. Looking back, the sultry days this summer are still frightening. According to the data of the Meteorological Bureau, in the 1960s and 1970s, the temperature in the urban area of our city was only 0. 16℃ and 0. 17℃ higher than that in the suburbs, but after 1980s, the temperature difference between the urban area and the suburbs suddenly increased to 0.4-0.7℃, which was the most obvious in summer evening, and the temperature difference could reach 1.5-2℃. In midsummer dusk, driving into the city from the suburbs, the hot air came on, and the coolness of the twilight in the suburbs was instantly swept away; Originally, the whole family was enjoying the cool in the yard at night, and the habit of old people frolicking with their grandchildren and enjoying family happiness became a beautiful memory drifting away because of the unbearable heat. The urban "heat island effect" in our city is more obvious, and it is urgent to strengthen the ecological environment construction to alleviate the urban "heat island effect".
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This summer, Fuzhou just resisted the once-in-a-century flood peak, followed by a heat wave that lasted for nearly 10 days. The "Rongcheng", which is full of greenery and not covered in summer, suddenly looks like a steamer with just opened the lid, which is suffocating. Did Fuzhou also fall into the "China Furnace"? !
The continuous high temperature has not caused much loss to industry and agriculture. It poses the greatest threat to the elderly, the weak, the sick and the disabled, especially the mortality rate of the elderly has increased significantly, and the number of people going to the hospital for heatstroke has also increased significantly. During this period, the government took various measures: for example, the frequency of sprinkler spraying back and forth was increased for 42 main roads; Some units promise a half-day working system for the elderly, the weak, the sick and the disabled. Many units prepare lunch for free and provide cold drinks for employees to cool down. On a hot day, most "office workers" in Fuzhou hid in the unit early before the sun was "poisonous", changing the habit of going home for dinner at noon. At night, in order to cool down, people who are "ashamed" constantly use faucets to wash and water the exposed surrounding environment; And there are many more people "soaking" in public swimming pools than usual; The people's army entered the defenseless park lawn.
Fuzhou Zoo has also taken measures for more than 30 species of animals in the park 130, changing water and flushing to cool down according to animal habits; Some people were sent to cool bomb shelters for "summer".
Fuzhou City is located in the northwest of Fuzhou Basin, surrounded by mountains, and the Minjiang River passes through the city. The basin pattern of "sending rivers around mountains" makes the heat gather at the bottom of the basin and is not easy to dissipate. The special geographical location has caused the climate characteristics of "Nine Fever in Ten Years" in Fuzhou. With the expansion of cities, the density of population and the concentration of industries, the phenomenon of urban "heat island effect" in the basin is particularly obvious. It should be said that the natural geographical environment and the urban "heat island effect" are the decisive factors that cause the urban temperature to rise.
Twenty or thirty years ago, Fuzhou was the front of the East China Sea, and the residential buildings were generally 20 meters high. For "special" needs, the front and back of the house are covered with "green clothes", which has become a measure to hide the building. In recent years, a large number of ancient and famous trees in Fuzhou have fallen sharply, and rows of "densely planted" high-rise buildings have risen from the ground, resulting in the wind between buildings. At the same time, the phenomenon of "competing with the river" and "competing with the pool" in urban construction has not stopped. It is reported that in the past 20 years, more than 70% ponds in urban areas have disappeared, and surface water with temperature regulation function has been replaced by reinforced concrete buildings and roads exposed to the sun. Although the per capita green area in Fuzhou is 6. 1 m2, the old trees in the lanes and sidewalks in the urban area have been cut down in large quantities, and the replanted sidewalk trees and ornamental plants are still in a state of "no shade in summer". Ornamental flowers and trees have become the main theme of urban greening and beautification. This is a problem worthy of serious consideration by landscape builders. In addition, the "thermal pollution" of air conditioning is also the main factor that people call heat. With the arrival of summer, shopping malls and units along the street are for the enjoyment of indoor people. Air-conditioning hosts often face the street, and its heat pollution makes passers-by "add fuel to the fire". Similarly, all kinds of motor vehicles are enjoyed by passengers in the carriage, or the hot air discharged when flowing or parking forms a "heat flow" with the hot ground at the bottom, becoming a flowing "stove".
It's hot in Fuzhou, which makes people dizzy and breathless.
According to the meteorological department, compared with previous years, the rainy season in Fuzhou ended ahead of schedule this year. Since mid-June, influenced by the strong subtropical high control system and "heat island 1", the daily extreme temperature in Fuzhou has been above 36℃, and once reached 38.6℃ on July 16. By the time of press release, the continuous heat wave had gradually subsided. But meteorologists warn that this heat wave will not be the last this year.
Fuzhou people finally got used to the heat.
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Definition of air pollution
In a clean atmosphere, the composition of trace gases can be ignored. However, in a certain range of the atmosphere, trace substances have appeared, and their quantity and duration may have adverse effects and harm on people, animals, plants, articles and materials. When the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere reaches a harmful level, even destroying the ecological system and the conditions for the normal survival and development of human beings, the phenomenon that harms people or things is called air pollution. The causes of air pollution are both natural factors and human factors, especially human factors, such as industrial waste gas, combustion, automobile exhaust and nuclear explosion. With the rapid development of human economic activities and production, while consuming a lot of energy, a lot of waste gas and smoke are discharged into the atmosphere, which seriously affects the quality of the atmospheric environment, especially in densely populated cities and industrial areas. The so-called dry and clean air refers to the air (composed of mixed gas, water vapor and impurities) in a natural state without water vapor and impurities, and its main component is nitrogen, accounting for 78.09%; Oxygen, accounting for 20.94%; Argon, accounting for 0.93%; Other trace gases (such as neon, helium, carbon dioxide and krypton) with the content less than 0. 1%.
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Measures of Fuzhou Municipality for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
[Issued by]: Fuzhou Municipal People's Congress Standing Committee
[Date of Issue]: March 28, 2002
[Effective Date]: May 0, 20021
Measures of Fuzhou Municipality for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
Article 1 In order to prevent and control air pollution, these Measures are formulated in accordance with the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and other laws and regulations, combined with the actual situation of this Municipality.
Article 2 These Measures shall apply to the prevention and control of air pollution within the administrative area of this Municipality.
Article 3 The people's governments at all levels in this Municipality are responsible for the quality of the atmospheric environment within their respective jurisdictions.
City, county (city) district environmental protection administrative departments to implement unified supervision and management of the prevention and control of air pollution in this area.
Article 4 A total amount control system shall be implemented for the discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere. The types of pollutants subject to total control and the total control plan (including the total emission index) shall be approved and promulgated by the Municipal People's Government according to law.
Units that discharge pollutants into the atmosphere must apply to the competent administrative department of environmental protection for a pollutant discharge permit in accordance with regulations. The discharge of pollutants shall not exceed the limit stipulated in the license.
Article 5 Units that discharge atmospheric pollutants from industries under the key control of the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall install automatic continuous monitoring devices and connect with the automatic monitoring system of pollution sources.
Article 6 It is forbidden to sell and use coal and fuel with sulfur content exceeding the prescribed standards, and the specific standards shall be promulgated by the Municipal People's Government.
It is forbidden to build, rebuild or expand facilities that use coal and heavy oil as fuel in urban built-up areas. Existing boilers and kilns that use coal or fuels with sulfur content exceeding the prescribed standards shall be replaced with qualified fuels within a time limit, or desulfurization devices and online monitoring devices shall be installed. Specific measures shall be formulated by the Municipal People's Government.
Article 7 Clean energy sources such as gas and electricity shall be used in catering services and unit canteens in urban built-up areas, and soot and waste gas purification devices shall be installed. It is forbidden to discharge lampblack or furnace ash into pedestrian passages, rivers and underground drainage networks.
Article 8 Units that discharge toxic and harmful substances such as benzene, toluene and dimethylformamide into the atmosphere and engage in business painting, plastic spraying and sand blasting must install purification devices. And shall not exceed the prescribed emission standards.
In densely populated areas such as urban areas, suburbs and market towns, scenic spots, nature reserves and other areas that need special protection according to law, it is forbidden to burn asphalt, linoleum, rubber, plastics, leather, garbage and other substances that produce toxic and harmful smoke and malodorous gases.
Ninth stacking, loading and unloading and transportation of coal, fly ash, coal cinder, coal gangue, cement clinker, sand and gravel, lime soil, muck and other dust-proof substances must be taken.
Tenth building or exterior wall decoration site, must set up a standard enclosure; Heaps that are easy to raise dust, such as mounds and sand piles, should be covered or sprayed with covering agent when not in use.
Construction waste should be sealed and not scattered in the air.
Article 11 Fences shall be set up during road construction. If tools such as pneumatic drill, chainsaw, electric mill and concrete mixer are used for construction, dust prevention measures must be taken.
Twelfth construction sites, stockyards, solid waste yards and other places of transport roads must be hardened, and vehicles and equipment cleaning devices are set at the exit. Vehicles and equipment that have not been effectively cleaned shall not leave the site.
Thirteenth buildings should be separated by fences, and dust suppression measures should be taken. If the construction is not started within 90 days after the demolition, the construction unit shall take dust-proof measures such as simple hardening or simple greening on the demolition site.
Fourteenth roads, squares and other public places should take dust suppression measures, and the cleaned garbage should be transported in a closed manner.
Fifteenth Municipal People's Government shall, according to the requirements of the city's atmospheric environment quality and the emission status of motor vehicle pollutants, promote the use of clean energy vehicles such as liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas, electricity and solar energy.
Article 16 If a newly purchased vehicle fails to pass the initial test of pollutant discharge, the traffic control department of the public security shall not issue the vehicle number plate and driving license, except for vehicles exempted from inspection as stipulated by the state.
There is no annual inspection of pollutant discharge. Or motor vehicles that fail the annual inspection, the public security traffic management department shall not issue the annual inspection certificate.
Seventeenth motor vehicles driving in this city shall not exceed the emission standards prescribed by the state. The competent administrative department of environmental protection may conduct supervision and sampling inspection on the pollutant discharge of motor vehicles in use in motor vehicle parking places.
The traffic administrative department of the public security shall order the motor vehicles that emit black smoke or smoke to stop using, and carry out testing at the testing institution entrusted by the administrative department of environmental protection within the specified time.
The owner or driver of a motor vehicle in use shall not refuse or obstruct the supervision and sampling inspection by the competent administrative department of environmental protection and the public security traffic management department.
Eighteenth motor vehicle pollutant emissions exceed the prescribed standards, after two times of deadline governance is still not up to the standard, the municipal environmental protection administrative department shall inform the municipal public security traffic management department, which shall be forced to scrap in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state.
Nineteenth motor vehicle maintenance units shall carry out maintenance in accordance with the requirements of air pollution prevention and control and the relevant technical specifications of the state, so that the motor vehicles in use can meet the prescribed pollutant discharge standards.
Business units engaged in secondary maintenance of motor vehicles, engine assembly overhaul and vehicle overhaul shall be equipped with pollutant emission detection instruments and equipment in accordance with regulations.
After secondary maintenance, engine assembly overhaul, vehicle overhaul and maintenance that affects vehicle pollutant emission, a motor vehicle whose pollutant emission exceeds the prescribed emission standard shall not be delivered for use.
After the motor vehicle is repaired by the items listed in the preceding paragraph, when it is used normally within the specified maintenance quality guarantee period, the motor vehicle maintenance unit shall be responsible for the maintenance and make it meet the specified emission standards.
The traffic administrative department shall strengthen the supervision and management of motor vehicle maintenance units.
Twentieth departments engaged in motor vehicle pollution detection business, should ensure that the testing instruments meet the national standards, and in accordance with the provisions of the testing procedures and technical specifications for testing.
Article 21 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 4 of these Measures, fails to apply for a pollutant discharge permit in accordance with the provisions, or the pollutant discharge exceeds the limit stipulated in the permit, shall be ordered by the competent administrative department of environmental protection to make corrections within a time limit and be fined more than 5,000 yuan/kloc-0,000 yuan.
Twenty-second in violation of the provisions of these measures, one of the following acts, by the competent administrative department of environmental protection according to different circumstances, shall be ordered to stop the illegal act, make corrections within a time limit, give a warning, and impose a fine of five thousand yuan to fifty thousand yuan:
(a) the pollutant discharge unit fails to install automatic continuous monitoring devices as required, or dismantle or leave idle the automatic continuous monitoring devices of air pollution sources without authorization;
(two) stacking, loading and unloading and transporting coal, fly ash, coal cinder, coal gangue, cement clinker, sand and gravel, lime soil, muck and other dust-prone substances, without taking dust-proof measures.
Twenty-third in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 6 of these measures, the sale and use of coal or fuel with excessive sulfur content shall be ordered by the competent administrative department of environmental protection to stop the illegal act and confiscate the coal, fuel and illegal income sold and used.
Article 24 In violation of the provisions of these measures, anyone who commits any of the following acts shall be ordered by the competent administrative department of environmental protection to stop the illegal act, make corrections within a time limit, dismantle or confiscate the facilities burning highly polluting fuels, impose a fine of 500 yuan on individuals, and impose a fine of more than 3,000 yuan 1 10,000 yuan on units:
(a) new construction, renovation and expansion of facilities using coal or heavy oil as fuel;
(2) The catering service industry and unit canteens fail to use clean energy such as gas and electricity as required, or fail to install oil fume and waste gas purification devices as required, or discharge oil fume and furnace ash into sidewalks, rivers and underground drainage pipes.
Article 25 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 8 of these Measures, discharges toxic and harmful substances such as benzene, xylene and dimethylformamide into the atmosphere, or engages in business painting, plastic spraying and sand blasting operations, fails to install a purification device in accordance with the provisions, or the discharge exceeds the standard, shall be ordered by the competent administrative department of environmental protection to stop production or use, and shall also be fined 1 10,000 yuan but not more than 50,000 yuan.
Whoever, in violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 8 of these measures, burns asphalt, linoleum, rubber, plastics, leather, garbage and other substances that produce toxic and harmful smoke and malodorous gases in densely populated areas such as urban areas, suburbs and market towns, scenic spots, nature reserves and other areas that need special protection according to law, shall be ordered by the competent administrative department of environmental protection to stop the illegal act, and the individual shall be fined above 500 yuan 1000 yuan, and the unit shall be fined.
Twenty-sixth in violation of the provisions of these measures, one of the following acts, by the construction administrative department shall be ordered to stop the illegal act, make corrections within a time limit, and give a warning, if the circumstances are serious, impose a fine of three thousand yuan to ten thousand yuan:
(a) failing to carry out construction on the road in accordance with the provisions, or failing to take dust suppression measures;
(2) The transportation road on the construction site is not hardened as required, or a device for cleaning vehicles and equipment leaving the site is not set at the exit as required, or the vehicles and equipment leaving the site are not effectively cleaned;
(3) failing to set up standard enclosures on the construction site of building and exterior wall decoration as required, or failing to cover or spray covering agents on the mounds and sand piles that are easy to raise dust when not in use;
(four) the construction waste is not sealed or scattered in the air according to the regulations.
Twenty-seventh in violation of the provisions of these measures, one of the following acts, by the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall be ordered to stop the illegal act, make corrections within a time limit, and give a warning, if the circumstances are serious, impose a fine of three thousand yuan to ten thousand yuan:
(a) the demolition of buildings without enclosure construction in accordance with the provisions, or without dust prevention measures;
(two) the construction unit fails to take simple hardening or simple greening measures on the demolition site according to the regulations;
(3) Transport roads in yards, solid waste dumps and other places are not hardened according to regulations, or devices for cleaning vehicles and equipment leaving the site are not installed at the exit according to regulations, or vehicles and equipment are not effectively cleaned.
Twenty-eighth in violation of the provisions of article fourteenth of these measures, cleaning operations in public places such as roads, squares, etc., without taking dust suppression measures, the urban management department shall order it to make corrections within a time limit and give a warning.
Failing to transport the cleaned garbage in a closed manner in accordance with the regulations, the municipal administrative department shall order it to make corrections, give a warning and impose a fine on 200 yuan.
Article 29 If, in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 17 of these measures, the pollutant discharge of motor vehicles driving in this city exceeds the emission standards prescribed by the state, the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order them to stop using them, make rectification within a time limit, and impose a fine on each vehicle from 200 yuan to 500 yuan.
In violation of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 17 of these measures, motor vehicles driving in this city discharge black smoke and thick smoke into the atmosphere, fail to be tested by testing institutions within the time limit, or fail to deal with motor vehicles after the time limit, the traffic control department of the public security shall temporarily detain the motor vehicle number plate and motor vehicle driving license, and impose a fine of 500 yuan to 2000 yuan.
In violation of the provisions of the third paragraph of Article 17 of these measures, the owner or driver of a motor vehicle refuses or obstructs the competent administrative department of environmental protection or the traffic administrative department of public security to conduct supervision and sampling inspection of pollutants discharged by motor vehicles, and the public security department or the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall handle it in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Article 30 Where a maintenance unit, in violation of the provisions of Article 19 of these measures, delivers a motor vehicle whose pollutant emission still exceeds the prescribed emission standards after maintenance, the competent administrative department of environmental protection shall order it to stop the illegal act, give it a warning and impose a fine of not less than 3,000 yuan but not more than 5,000 yuan.
Article 31 Where the competent administrative department of environmental protection, the competent administrative department of construction, the competent administrative department of city appearance, and the traffic administrative department of public security refuse to accept the matters that should be accepted, or fail to investigate and deal with the illegal acts that should be investigated and dealt with, thus causing great damage to the public interests, or abuse their powers or engage in malpractices for selfish ends, the unit to which they belong or the competent department at a higher level shall give administrative sanctions to the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel according to law; If a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.
Article 32 These Measures shall come into force as of May 6, 2002.