0 1, how to write at the beginning of the article?
The beginning of the article is how to "write" the article. The beginning should be novel and fascinating. Common methods are:
(1) overall style: the article starts with a clear meaning, points out the central idea of the full text, gives readers a general understanding of the central idea of the full text, and then narrates the full text around this center.
Grandpa Hu, a famous chess player, lives across the hall from my house. Chess expert
(2) Cut to the chase: The article first explains the time, place, reason and person of the incident, and then describes the main content. It is characterized by deduction, pointing and revealing the theme of the article. It is straightforward, which can not only describe the story clearly, but also save space. The full text goes with the flow, but the beginning of the language should be concise and clear.
This morning, we wanted to watch the sunrise, but the sun always refused to come out, so we had to watch the clouds. Sun and clouds
(3) Introduction: This way of opening is to give some general and simple introductions to people, events and environments. Describe, let the reader have a general impression, then introduce the text, and then make a specific introduction.
Electronic computer is a symbol of cutting-edge science, high technology and profound knowledge. Microcomputer is a member of the computer family. Once upon a time, I was strange to it, but this summer vacation, I made friends with it. Make friends with microcomputer
(4) Question type: The question at the beginning of the article arouses suspense, arouses the reader's urgent concern or interest, and urges the reader to read on. The answer to the question is the content to be described in the article.
Example: My hometown, which is not even as big as a fingernail on the map of China, has undergone earth-shaking changes in recent years. Don't you believe it? Listen-listen-I want to tell you something new.
(5) Descriptive style: This format starts with the description of the scene, grasps the characteristics of the scene, plays the role of rendering the environment and atmosphere, sets off the center of the article, and leads to the upcoming characters.
I remember one day in my summer vacation when I was a child, the sun scorched the earth like a fireball, and there was no wind at all. Although sitting at home with a fan, the sweat like soybeans keeps coming out. An unforgettable thing for me.
(6) Flashback: Flashback begins, which is just the opposite of "straight to the point". Write the result of things first, and then go back to write the cause and process of things. Its purpose is to create suspense and charm.
Although Mr. Liu has left us for three years, the feelings of worship and attachment often breed in my heart. How unforgettable! Handsome appearance, hearty laughter, and habitual scratching your head with your little finger ... "Love between Peach and Plum"
02. How to write at the end of the article?
At the end of the article, it is here to close the pen and end the full text. A good ending can deepen the theme, highlight the center or enhance the appeal of the article. The end of the article is the same as the beginning of the article, in many ways. Common methods are:
(1) Head-tail anaphora: that is, the tail refers to the beginning, with foreshadowing before and anaphora after, and the head and tail are smooth. It not only makes the structure of the article complete, but also leaves a aftertaste for readers. The characteristic of this ending is that in the opening paragraph, there are necessary hints about people and things that will appear in the future. Finally, make the necessary response to the foreshadowing left in the first paragraph.
At the beginning, whenever I saw the smiling "tumbler" on the table, the scene of a family laughing and laughing would emerge in my mind. ...
(End) Yes! The little "tumbler" brought laughter to my family, but it was even more enlightening ... "Laughter at home"
(2) Summary of the topic: Writing a narrative, especially an article with many levels and contents, often evaluates people or things at the end, that is, points out the center of the full text. Its function is to summarize the full text and point out the significance of the event.
This climb made me deeply understand that with determination and perseverance, I can overcome difficulties and win. Climbing pole
(3) Make the finishing point: This way of ending is to end with meaningful words after the main content is written, so as to deepen the reader's impression. It not only points out the significance of the problem, highlights the central idea, but also inspires and educates readers.
[Example] Ah! Coconut tree, I love you, I love your quality, I love your spirit, but I love your style more. I want to sing to you loudly! I like coconut trees.
(4) Argumentation and lyricism: At this end, the author directly expresses his views, comments and expresses his feelings, which makes readers think and have endless aftertaste.
There is no such thing as hope, just like there is no road on the ground. In fact, there is no road on the ground. If there are more people walking, it will become a road.
03. How to describe the characters?
Remember that a person's narrative is a general introduction to the person, plus one or several examples to illustrate what the person is doing or how he is doing it. So as to show people's quality and personality characteristics and form the basic way of "people+role models". The narrative of remembering people is mainly based on the description of characters. The most common methods are as follows:
(1) Portrait description: Portrait description is a concrete description of a person's appearance characteristics, that is, appearance, voice, smile, facial expression and posture, physiological characteristics, clothing and so on. The purpose is to show people's personality characteristics and mental outlook. Because "appearance is the key to understanding characters", we should be good at grasping the appearance characteristics that can best express the rich characteristics of characters when writing. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the age, experience, education, identity, living habits and other factors of the characters, and we should not be "one thousand people."
(2) Action description: Action description is the description of characters' actions and postures. It is the central link of character description, because human activities can not be separated from actions, and it is the most direct and concrete expression of people's thoughts, feelings and personality. Therefore, when writing, we should be good at expressing characters' personality characteristics and mental outlook through their movements and modal changes. When describing, we should use accurate and vivid actions to show how "he (she)" did it. Only in this way can the people on the paper be written alive.
(3) psychological description: psychological description is a description of people's activities in a specific environment, that is, the inner world, depicting what he or she is thinking or how to think. Through people's joy, anger, sadness and joy, the mental outlook of the characters is expressed. Psychological activities are the reflection of contradictions and conflicts in real life in people's minds. Only by revealing the inner secrets and spiritual conflicts of the characters can we successfully show their personality characteristics. Attention should be paid to the identity, occupation, age, temperament, hobbies and so on. It should also be used in combination with actions and language descriptions. Commonly used methods are: ① When using the third person, directly describe what he or she is thinking? (2) When using the first person, I tell myself or my inner monologue to reveal the inner world of the characters. ③ Express the special psychological activities of the characters through indirect means such as environmental contrast or dreams.
(4) Language description: Language is the clothes of thought and the direct revelation of people's inner activities. People's language is always dominated by their own thoughts. Whether you are talking to yourself or others, it is an expression of your thoughts. Language description refers to the description of the content, tone and intonation of the characters in the works. Including personal self-narration, monologues, dialogues between two people, and dialogues on various occasions and when people communicate with each other. Language description must describe the unique and personalized language of the character, in order to show this person's mental outlook and psychological activities.
04. How to describe the event?
Narrative narration is mainly about recalling things. Although it is also about people, it does not pay attention to the description and portrayal of characters. In order to describe one thing or several things, a scene or an activity clearly, it is necessary to write according to the six elements of narrative (namely, time, place, people, events, process and result). Pay attention to the following points when describing: (1) Examine the topic, whether to remember one thing or several things. (2) What are the key points to be recorded? (3) Carefully conceive, sort out the ideas of the article, and take notes in a certain order (chronological order, spatial order, chronological order or flashback). You must also write from beginning to end, so that the structure of the article is complete and orderly. (4) Carefully select materials. Select representative and innovative materials according to the needs of the article center.
05. How to draw a scene?
Things are concrete descriptions of animals, plants, utensils and scenery, just like sketches in painting. It mainly describes the shape, size, structure, color and environment of objects. However, it should be noted that some articles are named after things, in fact, mainly for remembering people and narrating; Or consignment-oriented items; Or borrow things to expand associations and express their thoughts and feelings.
(1) How to write animals: Animals are animals and birds (including insects, water masses, etc. ) can move and have sensory functions. When writing, we should pay attention to describing their living habits, biological characteristics and animal modality. Metaphor and personification can be used in writing.
(2) How to write objects: Objects generally refer to daily necessities, stationery, toys, handicrafts, etc. Describing an object is a concrete description of the object, indicating its size, shape, texture, structure, color, use and so on.
(3) How to write about plants: the range of plants is extremely wide, generally referring to flowers and trees, which is the object described in the article; To describe plants well, we must observe and be familiar with their main features, shapes, postures, growth characteristics, colors, smells, functions and uses. When describing, we must first look at what the whole looks like. Then look at which parts the parts are made of and what shape they are. That is to say, observe in the order of "one stem, one flower and one fruit", or vice versa. Describe according to your own observation angle (up and down, left and right, far and near pitch, etc.). ), just like taking pictures. However, we should pay attention to the growing season and environment of plants. Plants are restricted and influenced by climate, season and natural conditions. Plants have different characteristics in different environments and seasons. At the same time, personal thoughts and feelings also have a great effect on the object.
(4) How to write scenery: scenery description is to describe the environment, including storms, mountains, cities and villages in natural scenery; Customs, human feelings and social features in the social environment. There are three kinds of scenery descriptions in narrative, one is to write with scenery as the main object. The description method is to describe the scenery from far and near, from top to bottom, from inside to outside, or in the opposite order. The other is an article about people, which describes the scenery as the background of the story of the characters, that is to say, the natural environment in which the events occur and develop plays an important role in setting off the activities of the characters and enhancing the authenticity of the story.
06. How to write a picture composition?
To write a composition with pictures, we should first carefully observe and analyze the pictures. Attention should be paid to the order of observation, which can be ancestors before the environment, the whole first and then the part. Or from top to bottom, or from near to far. The method of observation should also vary from picture to picture. It is also necessary to analyze the relationship between the appearance and the heart of people, things and the environment. Picture composition can be divided into single composition and multiple compositions. The single picture is centered on the picture, and the situation of "before" and "after" is properly explained through imagination. Many pictures and the whole process of events have been drawn. Just pay attention to the relationship between the pictures, determine which one and which two are the key points, and handle the details well.
08. What should I pay attention to when abbreviating?
Abbreviation refers to shortening a long article into a short article without changing the center and genre, while retaining the original text. When you abbreviate, you should cut out minor people, minor events, explanations and explanations. Don't add your own feelings and opinions at will, otherwise it will become rewriting.
09. What should I pay attention to when expanding my writing?
When expanding writing, we should first pay attention to being faithful to the original text, and we should not change the central idea, main plot, characters and genre of the original text casually. We can only work hard on language, details and specific descriptions according to the original text. Secondly, according to the specific situation of the original text, if an article with main plot but less description and discussion is launched, some language of description and discussion can be added; If it is a story outline, you should add some plots or details. Again, be specific and appropriate. Write in detail what is closely related to the central idea, and vice versa.
10, what should I pay attention to when rewriting?
Rewriting is to write its content in a form different from the original text without changing the central premise. There are three forms of rewriting, the first is rewriting genre. That is, from one style to another. When rewriting, we should expand our imagination, supplement certain plots, enrich blank parts and make the plots complete. The second is to rewrite people. The most common thing is to rewrite the first person into the third person. When rewriting, you should jump out of the "I" circle to describe people and things. The third is to change the narrative mode. It is common to change the chronological order into flashback or flashback into chronological order. This kind of rewriting only needs to pay attention to the narrative order and consistency.
1 1. What should I pay attention to in the continuation?
When you continue to write, you first need to understand the materials provided, ponder the meaning of this part, and think about what to write next and how to write next. Then develop a reasonable imagination and write accordingly. Continue to write, either a fragment or an article.
12, what should I pay attention to in practical writing?
Practical writing refers to files with fixed format that are often used in daily life, study or work. Practical articles include leave notes, message notes, notices, diaries, letters, reading notes, blackboard drafts, meeting minutes, etc. Pay attention to the following points when writing: (1) The format should be correct. Every practical article has a fixed format, so you should write it according to the format requirements, and don't change it at will. (2) The language should be simple. The most important thing in practical writing is to make things clear so that others can know the meaning immediately after reading them. Therefore, practical writing should be concise, simple and easy to understand. (3) the content should be true. The content of practical writing cannot be fictional, so when writing, we should reflect the situation and explain the problem realistically.
Interpretation and practice of Chinese reading knowledge in primary schools
The basic task of reading teaching in primary schools is to "cultivate students' ability to read books and newspapers and the habit of reading carefully".
Reading ability of books and newspapers refers to being able to master the common vocabulary learned; Can read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally, read the text silently more skillfully, and can recite or repeat the specified text; Be able to segment and level the text, summarize the general idea of the paragraph and the center of the article; Can read books and newspapers suitable for children, understand the main content, and have preliminary analytical ability.
The habit of studying hard mainly refers to the habit of thinking while reading. The habit of consulting dictionaries and using other reference books, the habit of questioning and asking difficult questions.
I. Dividing paragraph levels
There are natural segments and meaningful segments. Natural paragraphs are also called short paragraphs or bars. When expressing the content, the author utters a sentence or several coherent words around a meaning, which is the smallest unit of a chapter. Meaning segment, also called logical segment, can be composed of one natural segment or several related natural segments. The natural paragraph focuses on the needs of literal expression, while the meaningful paragraph focuses on the division of ideological content.
First, we learn how to connect words sentence by sentence to express a main meaning; The second is to train thinking and cultivate generalization ability.
How do natural paragraphs summarize the meaning of paragraphs in layers?
The hierarchical division of natural paragraphs means that through the analysis of a paragraph, we can see that there is a meaning in this paragraph and how these meanings are written down layer by layer in an orderly manner.
Common combinations of natural segments are:
1, by type.
That is, in the order of things or actions.
For example, at 2 am on July 27th, Jiujiang Saicheng Lake levee collapsed. //More than 400 officers and men arrived at the news. The detachment leader gave an order: "Go!" Suddenly, a long dragon appeared under the collapsed dam. The officers and men carried heavy sandbags on their shoulders and shuttled back and forth in the mud. Some people just run barefoot to walk fast. They completely ignored the jagged stone that cut their toes, and there was only one thought in their hearts: "levee, hold the levee!" " //The strong wind rolled up the huge waves and tore at the bank violently. The soldiers shouted: "The wind cries for us! The storm cheered for us! The huge waves cheered for us! "One by one bravely jumped into the water and built a human wall with his own flesh and blood. //After several hours of fighting, the levee was saved, but the officers and men were scarred all over. " The sound of wind and rain is deafening; Rain, sweat, blood and water are integrated. "This is a true portrayal of the people's army in this thrilling Armageddon.
This natural paragraph has four meanings. Summarize four meanings to summarize the meaning of the paragraph:
Jiujiang Saicheng Lake Dam collapsed, and officers and men arrived at the news, carrying sandbags and building a human wall, and finally saved the dam.
2. Parallel.
In a paragraph, write several aspects of several things, and the relationship between them is juxtaposed.
For example, the fifth paragraph of intensive reading and extensive reading: If we are faced with a large number of reading materials, we can quickly read the content summary, preface and chapter catalogue of each book from beginning to end, so that we can roughly understand the outline, characteristics and scope of application of each book. //For a book, you can read it roughly by paragraph, or you can turn it page by page. You don't need to explore the meaning word by word or sentence by sentence. As the saying goes, "speed reading is clear at a glance" refers to this speed reading method.
The two parts before and after this paragraph introduce different reading methods when facing multiple books and one book respectively. The front and back are obviously tied together.
3. Total score.
General description and then sub-description, or general description and then specific description, also includes general description and then sub-description, and finally summary and sub-description and then summary.
Such as "Grandpa's Reed Flute", paragraph 1. In the strong image, grandpa's small gatehouse is a fun place: blue water steps on his feet. During the day, flocks of seabirds fly out of the window; At night, the stars in the sky are reflected on the sea, like thousands of fireflies flashing. More interestingly, there are large areas of reeds in the sea. An ordinary reed leaf was folded three times and rolled twice by grandpa, and it became a reed flute. Playing, the music is so melodious, with a strong smell of sea water. This paragraph first summarizes that Grandpa's small sluice house is a fun place, and then describes the beauty of the surrounding scenery and the beautiful flute tunes.
Another example is the third natural paragraph of oleander. First, we have the common flowers in our family, and then we describe the scene of flowers blooming in turn in spring, summer and autumn. Finally, the grand occasion of the three seasons in the garden is summarized.
4. Turn.
The whole paragraph is divided into two parts. The meaning of the two parts is turning, and they are often separated by turning words such as "but, but, and".
For example, the first paragraph of "Grey Starling". "I have long heard that there are many grey starlings in the forest farm. I think myna's pointed mouth and gray back are all black from a distance. What is there to see? But by chance, I watched the video about myna on TV, and I couldn't help it anymore. I decided to go and see for myself. "
This paragraph can be summarized as follows: I thought myna had nothing to watch, but I decided to watch it after watching the video about myna on TV. Sometimes, there is no turning word between the two parts, but the turning relationship is still obvious.
For example, in the first natural section of Yantai Sea, there are many coastal cities in the east or south of China, but few in the north. Yantai is just north of the sea. So it has a unique sea view.
Although there are no turning words in the first and second sentences of this paragraph, the turning relationship can be seen at a glance.
Natural turning paragraphs generally grasp the meaning of the paragraphs after turning. The last paragraph can be summarized as Yantai is one of the few cities facing the sea in northern China, so it has a unique marine landscape.
5. Causality.
A natural paragraph that expresses meaning according to the causal relationship of things is called a causal paragraph. Including causality and causality.
For example, the first paragraph in "Master Maupassant: Mo Bosang" is/kloc-a famous French writer in the 9th century. He loved writing since he was a child, and he wrote many works tirelessly, but these works are very ordinary and have no characteristics. //Mo Bosang was in a hurry, so he went to study with Flaubert, a master of French literature.
The meaning of this passage can be summarized as follows: Mo Bosang's early writing was mediocre, so he worshipped Flaubert as his teacher.
The above is cause and effect, and another example is cause and effect.
The last paragraph of "True Feelings Return" naturally "it's much faster to deliver newspapers on this brand-new bike. Of course, I never thought of learning the "unique skill" of throwing newspapers on the road. I still got off the bus and delivered newspapers door to door; On rainy and snowy days, newspapers are still delivered to the door. Because I will always remember that honest labor brings unforgettable care and love. "
This paragraph takes the result as the front and then explains the reasons, thus highlighting the reasons and pointing out the significance of the topic.
Second, divide the paragraphs of the article and summarize the meaning.
To divide the paragraphs of the article, you can refer to the above-mentioned layering method and summarize the general idea of the paragraphs. You can also take the following methods: find the central sentence (some at the beginning of the paragraph, that is, the total sentence; Some are at the end of the paragraph, that is, the summary sentence; Have a plenty of discussion in the middle part or character language). Grasp the main meaning of this paragraph and summarize it in your own words. Summarize with a subtitle.
They are listed as follows:
1, the third paragraph and the fourth paragraph of the article "Oleander" are merged to form a paragraph at the end: "Isn't this toughness more valuable than those flowers in the yard?" Another example is the central sentence at the beginning of the second paragraph of the article Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, which is the meaning of this paragraph.
2. There is no central sentence in the second paragraph of the article "Warm Current", which can be summarized as: "President Jiang came to the reading room of Nankai University to recite poems and talk about classical literature with young students."
3. Every paragraph of "Biluochun" can be summarized in the form of a subtitle. First, long-standing reputation; B. the origin of the name; C. mining and roasting; D, the taste of tea; Tea is spring.
Third, the main content of writing an article
Grasp the main content of the article, which is the main content of reading the article. Neither too simple nor too specific. It should grasp the main plot, main events or narrative points of the article and write it briefly.
The methods to master the main contents are:
1, connect the paragraphs and arrange them slightly; 2. Grasp the main content of the article according to the problems described; 3. according to the title of the article, add it.
For example, the article "Five Strong Men of Langya Mountain" can be divided into five paragraphs according to the sequence of events: the first paragraph says that the five strong men accept the task; The second paragraph is about luring the enemy up the mountain and hitting the enemy; The third paragraph writes about leading the enemy into a dead end; The fourth paragraph is about the number of peak body count; The fifth paragraph is about bravely jumping off a cliff. Connecting these five paragraphs and sorting them out a little is the main content of this paper: this paper describes the process of five brave men accepting the task of protecting the masses entrusted by their superiors, luring the enemy up the mountain in a planned way, beating the enemy hard, leading the enemy to a dead end, destroying the enemy at the top of the mountain and finally bravely jumping off the cliff.
Another example is the article "Yan Liming's Letter", which describes such a problem:
1, how should young people read; 2. Talking about seeing peach blossoms in Shanghai; Can you publish this letter? 4. Point out that it is a pseudonym.
Combined with these problems, the main content of this article can be summarized as follows: in his letter, Lu Xun talked about young people's learning from others, reading widely and having a wide range of interests, and also talked about the topic of seeing peach blossoms in Shanghai and agreeing to send letters. Finally, he pointed out that the author used a pseudonym.
My answer is the same as that downstairs, which means it is correct. You can use it safely.