China has a long history and splendid culture, and many ethnic groups distributed all over the country have brewed rich and colorful folk wine customs. Some wine customs have been passed down to this day. A Traditional Foundation of Drinking Culture —— Wine Morality and Wine Ceremony In history, Confucianism was regarded as the orthodox view of governing the country and keeping the country safe, and the customs of wine were also influenced by the Confucian view of wine culture. Confucianism pays attention to the word "wine virtue". The word "wine virtue" first appeared in Shangshu and Shijing, meaning that drinkers should have virtue, instead of "subverting virtue and being desolate in wine" like Wang. Shangshu Wine Patent embodies the Confucian wine morality, that is, "drinking only during sacrifice" (drinking only during sacrifice); "No Yi wine" (drink from time to time, drink less at ordinary times to save food, and only drink when you are sick); "drinking in groups" (people are forbidden to drink in groups); "No indulgence" (no drinking). Confucianism is not opposed to drinking, and it is a virtue to worship the gods and provide for the elderly. As a food culture, drinking has formed a etiquette that everyone must abide by in ancient times. Sometimes this etiquette is very complicated. But if you don't comply on some important occasions, you will be suspected of insurrection. Because I drink too much, I can't control myself and get into trouble easily. It is important to make drinking etiquette. Yuan Hongdao in Ming Dynasty, seeing that drinkers don't keep the wine ceremony when drinking, deeply felt the responsibility of their elders, so he collected a lot of information from ancient books and wrote an article "Zheng Zheng". Although this is written for drinkers, it also has certain significance for ordinary drinkers. In ancient China, drinking had the following etiquette: When drinking together, the host and guests should bow to each other. When the younger generation drinks in front of their elders, they usually bow first and then sit in the second seat. The elders ordered the younger generation to drink, and the younger generation could raise a glass; The elder hasn't finished the wine in the cup, so the younger generation can't drink it first. There are about four steps in ancient drinking etiquette: worship, sacrifice, vomiting and death. Is to make a gesture of worship to show respect, and then pour a little wine on the ground to thank the earth for its richness; Then taste wine and praise it to make the host happy; Finally, I raised my glass and drank it. At the banquet, the host will propose a toast to the guests (called reward), and the guests will reciprocate to the host (called Qiang), and there will be several toasts when making a toast. Guests can also toast each other (called travel rewards). Sometimes you have to toast people in turn (order wine). When toasting, both the toaster and the toasted should "avoid the table" and stand up. The usual toast is three cups. Among the 56 ethnic groups in the big family of the Chinese nation, except the Hui people who believe in Islam, all other ethnic groups drink alcohol. The custom of drinking has its own unique style. Primitive Religion, Sacrifice, Funeral and Wine Since ancient times, wine has been one of the essential items for sacrifice. Primitive religion originated from witchcraft. In ancient China, wizards used the so-called "supernatural power" for various activities, and they all used alcohol. There is no difference between ancient wizards and doctors. As a medicine, wine is one of the standing medicines of witch doctors. The ancient rulers thought: "The great event of a country lies in worshipping the army." . In sacrificial activities, wine, as a beautiful thing, should first be given to heaven, gods and ancestors. War determines the life and death of a tribe or country. Warriors who go out to war should use wine to stimulate their fighting spirit before leaving. This shows the relationship between wine and state affairs. Zhou Li reflects the system of the Zhou Dynasty and the Warring States Period, and there are clear regulations on sacrificial wine. For example, when offering sacrifices, eight kinds of wine are used, "five spirits" and "three wines". In ancient times, people who presided over sacrificial activities had great power. In primitive society, wizards were mainly responsible for worshipping ghosts and gods and praying for others. Later, there was a "wine festival", which hosted a toast to the gods at the banquet. All ethnic groups in our country generally use wine to worship their ancestors, and funerals also hold some ceremonies with wine. After death, relatives and friends will come to mourn the dead. The custom of the Han nationality is "vegetarian", which is called "tofu rice" in some places, and it is a banquet held at the funeral. Although they are all vegetarians, wine is still essential. Some ethnic minorities use wine and meat in mourning. For example, when Miao people hear the funeral letter, people in the same village usually send a few kilograms of wine, rice, incense sticks and other things, and relatives send more wine, such as a son-in-law sending 20 kilograms of white wine and a pig. When you lose your family, you must hold a banquet to entertain the mourners. In Nujiang area of Yunnan, if someone dies in the village, all families bring wine to mourn. The wizard pours the wine into the mouth of the deceased and everyone drinks a glass of wine, which is called "farewell wine". After the dead are buried, it is an ancient custom to put wine in the tomb, so that the dead can enjoy drinking in the underworld. Han people bring wine and meat to the graves of the dead in Tomb-Sweeping Day. In some important festivals, when holding family dinners, seats should be reserved for the deceased ancestors. At this time, the head of the family can only sit in a secondary position, put food and wine for the ancestors, and signal the ancestors to drink or eat, before the family can start drinking and eating. Candles, a glass of wine and some dishes should be inserted in front of the statues of ancestors to express their frustration and respect for the dead.