Li Baiyou's Collection of Li Taibai has been handed down from generation to generation, and most of his poems were written when he was drunk. His representative works include Looking at Lushan Waterfall, it is hard to go, Difficult Road to Shu, Entering Wine, Yue Nv Ci, First Sending to Baidicheng, etc.
There were biographies of Li Bai's Ci and Fu in the Song Dynasty (such as Wen Ying's Xiang Ji). As far as its pioneering significance and artistic achievements are concerned, Li Bai's Ci Fu enjoys a high status.
Early genius
In the first year of Chang 'an (70 1), Li Gong. The words are too white. Its birthplace is still unknown. However, it is generally believed that Mian County Governor Long (Brazil County) and Tangnan Road (later shunned Xuanzong and changed to Changming) are their hometowns. His family background and family background are unknown. According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Li Bai is the ninth grandson of Gui Li, the King of Liang. According to this statement, Li Bai is the same clan as the kings of Li Tang, and is the same generation brother as Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin. Others say that his ancestors were Li or Li Yuanji; According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai's father, Li Ke, was appointed as the city guard. [ 1]
In November of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian died. Li Bai is five years old. Confusion and learning begin with. "Shang' an County Peichang History Book" says: "At the age of five, recite Liujia. "Liu Jia, a primary school literacy textbook in the Tang Dynasty, has a long history and is a national official.
In the third year of Kaiyuan (7 15), Li Bai was fifteen years old. He published many poems, won praises and awards from some celebrities, and began to engage in social activities. Also began to accept the influence of Taoism, good at fencing, like Ren Xia. It's Cen Can's birthday.
In the sixth year of Kaiyuan (7 18), Li Bai was eighteen. He lives in seclusion in Daitian Kuangshan (Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province) to study. Traveling to and from neighboring counties, I have been to Jiangyou, Jiange and Zizhou (the state is now in Sichuan Province), and I have gained a lot of experience and knowledge.
Farewell to relatives and travel far.
In the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai was twenty-four years old. Leave home and embark on a long journey. Then visit Chengdu and Mount Emei, and then sail eastward to Yuzhou (now Chongqing).
In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Li Bai went out to Shu, "leaving his sword to the countryside and his relatives to travel far away". [2]
In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), Li Bai was twenty-six. In spring, I went to Huiji (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province). In autumn, I was ill in Yangzhou. From Yangzhou to Ruzhou (now Linru County, Henan Province) and Anlu (now Anlu County, Hubei Province) in winter. I met Li Yong when I passed through Chenzhou. Get to know Meng Haoran.
In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (727), it was the imperial edict that "those who have high talents in civil and military affairs can recommend themselves to the court". Sixty-three states have floods, and seventeen states have frost and drought. Li Bai is twenty-seven years old. She lived in Shoushan, Anlu, married the granddaughter of the late Prime Minister Xu and returned to her hometown in Anlu. Wang Changling Jinshi concurrently.
In the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), Tufan invaded many times. Li Bai is twenty-eight years old. In early spring, I traveled to Jiangxia (now Wuhan City, Hubei Province) and met Meng Haoran in Sri Lanka.
In the 17th year of Kaiyuan (729), Xuanzong held a grand celebration for his 40th birthday on August 5th, and August 5th was the Millennium Festival every year. The imperial edict gave a banquet for the States in the world and had a three-day holiday. Yuwen Rong manages the national property tax and implements the tax law, which is widely collected by the imperial court and used for luxury. Li Bai is twenty-nine years old. In Anlu.
Wandering in frustration
In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), in December, Prime Minister Li Bai proclaimed himself emperor. Li Bai is thirty years old Spring is in Anlu. Li Bai, who has been holding up my cup until now, had an audience with Pei Changshi many times before I asked Mingyue. Because of being slandered, he recently wrote a confession, which was finally rejected. In early summer, I went to Chang 'an, thirsty for the words of the Prime Minister, and met his son Zhang Xiang. Princess Yu Zhen (Xuanzong Otome) living in Zhong Nanshan. I also met other princes and ministers, but nothing came of it. Xingzhou in late autumn (west of Chang 'an). Travel to Zhoufang in winter (north of Chang 'an). Du Fu was nineteen years old and traveled in Shanxi (now Shanxi).
In the 19th year of Kaiyuan (73 1), Xuanzong served as a eunuch for many times, especially Gao Lishi, and Gao Lishi decided to fight everywhere. In October, Xuanzong was lucky in Luoyang. Li Bai is thirty-one years old. Down and out in Chang 'an, giving up on himself, associating with the rogues in Chang 'an. In early summer, I left Chang 'an, passed through Kaifeng (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and went to Song Cheng (now Shangqiu County, Henan Province). In autumn, I went to Zhongyue (a famous mountain in Dengfeng County, Henan Province), one of the five mountains, and fell in love with my old friend Yuan Danqiu's mountain residence, which means seclusion. In late autumn, I stayed in Luoyang.
In October of the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), Xuanzong made an inspection tour to the north of Luoyang (now Shanxi Province), and the imperial edict was delivered. Local officials can directly recommend local talents to the court. In November, I went to Taiyuan, the capital of the North (the founding place of the Tang Dynasty), to worship the land (the land god) and grant Amnesty to the world. In December, it was returned to Luoyang. In that year, the number of families in China was 786 1236, and the population was 4543 1265, the highest in history. Li Bai is thirty years old Since the turn of spring and summer in Luoyang, I have met Yan Yuan and Cui Chengfu. In autumn, I returned to Anlu from Luoyang. Passing through Nanyang (now Nanyang City, Henan Province), I met Cui Zongzhi. In winter, Yan Yuan visited Anlu from Luoyang, and they traveled together to Suizhou (now Suixian County, Hubei Province). At the age of 30, I returned to my hometown and settled down.
In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), in the first month, Xuanzong personally wrote Laozi's Tao Te Ching. Let Shu Ren (servant and lowly Shu Ren) keep a copy at home, and try the "Lao Zi" strategy when paying tribute in May. In March, Han Xiu was appointed Prime Minister of Zhongshu. In May, Zhang Jiuling and Zhongshu agreed to draw a chapter. They are honest and honest, and dare to remonstrate. Zhang Jiuling is especially famous for his literary talent and moral articles. The world is divided into fifteen roads, and each road has its own reporter (responsible for monitoring and supervising the politics of the area under its jurisdiction, etc.). Because of the long-term rain, the capital is hungry, and the imperial edict aims to release two million mangokus in Taicang to help the people. Li Bai is thirty-three years old. Stone building is located in Taohua Rock, Baizhao Mountain, Anlu. Open up Shan Ye and earn a living by farming and reading every day.
In the first month of the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Xuanzong visited Luoyang. In February, the earthquake in Qin Zhou (now southwest of Tianshui County, Gansu Province) caused houses to collapse and collapsed, killing more than 4,000 people. Mr. Zhang Guo, a Taoist who claimed to be born in Shi Yao, was personally asked by Xuanzong about his skills in managing immortals. He was awarded Dr. Guanglu of Yin Qing (the silver seal was tied with a blue ribbon as a symbol of high taste. Assistant (an official who assisted the prime minister in drafting documents and other matters in the province during the Tang Dynasty).
Xi lai xian fu
In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (AD 735), Xuanzong hunted again. It happened that Li Bai was also going to the Western Ocean, and he took the opportunity to present the Great Hunting Fu, hoping to win the appreciation of Xuanzong. His "Great Levy" hopes to "show things widely", but "Sheng Chao gardens are remote and desolate, and the situation is very different from that of the previous generation", boasting that this dynasty is far superior to the Han Dynasty, and promoting the mysterious burial of Taoism at the end, in line with Xuanzong's state of mind of advocating Taoism at that time.
That year, after Li Bai entered Chang 'an, he met Zhang Qing, the general of Wei Dynasty, and dedicated a poem to Princess Yu Zhen through him. The last two sentences say, "When will the Queen Mother receive you?" They want her to be enlightened. Li Bai also said in his poem "Seeing Qing off" that his situation was very difficult and he hoped to introduce him to the imperial court. So he approached the upper class of the ruling class step by step. Li Bai also met He in Chang 'an this time. Li Bai went to the Purple Pole Palace, where he met He. He immediately went to visit and presented a poem in his sleeve. He Zhangzhi likes Shu Dao Nan and Wu Qin Opera. He was shocked by Li Bai's magnificent poems and elegant demeanor, and even said, "Did you come down to earth with a white Venus?" He called him a fallen fairy. Three years later, Li Bai sighed, "It's hard to go, come back" and left Chang 'an.
Dedicated to Hanlin
Li Bai pictures
In the first year of Tianbao (AD 742), Xuanzong read Li Bai's poems and admired them, so he called Li Bai into the palace. On the day when Li Bai entered the palace to appear before the court, Xuanzong came down to meet him and said, "Give the rice in front of the Qibao bed and scoop it yourself." Xuanzong asked some contemporary affairs, and Li Bai gave a thoughtful answer based on his half-life study and long-term observation of society. Xuanzong was greatly appreciated, and immediately made Li Bai worship the Hanlin, whose job was to write poems for the emperor and entertain him. Every time Xuanzong gave a banquet or outing, he ordered Li Bai's attendants to use his agile poetic talent to write poems on the spot. Although it is not a record of merit, it also spreads its words to future generations and arrogantly boasts to future generations. Li Bai was so prized by Xuanzong that his colleagues envied him, but some people were jealous of him.
In the second year of Tianbao (743), Li Bai was forty-three years old. Imperial college. In the early spring, Xuanzong enjoyed himself in the palace. Li Bai wrote a letter entitled "Happy Words in Guanzhong" and gave him a royal costume. In late spring, the peony in Xingqingchi was in full bloom, and Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan enjoyed the same. Li Bai was ordered to write Qingpingdiao. He was tired of the life of imperial literati and began to drink heavily. With what people knot "Brewmaster" trip, Xuanzong call not toward. Drunkenness drew up an imperial edict, which led Goliath to take off his boots. Palace people hate it, slander Xuanzong, Xuanzong ignored it.
Du Li met.
In the summer of the third year of Tianbao (AD 744), Li Bai arrived in Luoyang, the eastern capital. Here, he met Du Fu. The two greatest poets in the history of China literature met. At this time, Li Bai was famous all over the country, while Du Fu was in his prime, but he stayed in Los Angeles. Li Bai is eleven years older than Du Fu, but he is not arrogant in front of Du Fu with his talent. Du Fu, a "high-sex and heavy-drinking" and "old friend", did not bow his head to praise Li Bai. The two men established a profound friendship on an equal footing. When they were in Luoyang, they made an appointment to meet each other in Liang and Song Dynasties (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu) to visit Taoism and seek immortality. In the autumn of the same year, they arrived in Liang and Song Dynasties as promised. Here, two people express their feelings through the past and discuss the present. They also met the poet Gao Shi here, who has not yet taken office. However, each of them has the same ambition and ideal. The three of them had a good time swimming, commenting on literary criticism and poetry, and talking about the general trend of the world. They were all worried about the hidden dangers of the country. At this time, Du Li was in the prime of life, and this exchange of ideas in their creation had a positive impact on them in the future.
In the autumn and winter of this year, Du Li broke up again, found a Taoist teacher, created a true scripture (the secret text of Taoism), and taught a Taoist book. Li Bai came to the palace (now Jinan, Shandong Province) and asked the eminent monk to teach him Tao. Since then, he has officially performed Taoist rituals and become a Taoist priest. Later, Li Bai went to Anling County, Dezhou, and met Gailiao, who was good at writing runes in this area, and made a real rune for him. Li Bai got a satisfactory result in this immortal visit.
In the autumn of the fourth year of Tianbao (AD 745), Li Bai and Du Fu met for the third time at the east foot. In just over a year, the two met twice and three times, and their friendship deepened. Together, they visited the hermit master and Li Yong, a world-famous essayist and calligrapher at that time. Just this winter, Du Li broke up with her.
Anshi enters the curtain
In the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Li Bai took refuge in Lushan Mountain. Li Bai and the Anshi Rebellion have always had two contradictory thoughts of retiring and helping the world. Just then, Wang Yong Li Lin began his eastward tour, and Li Bai was invited to enter the curtain. He believes that the chaos of the world has been decided. At this time, the situation in Datang is very similar to that in Yongjia Du Nan, Jin Dong, which is a good opportunity for the separatist regime in the south of the Yangtze River. So, he urged Wang Yong to take Kuaiji directly, and after the rebellion in Wang Yong, he wrote eleven songs of Wang Yongdong, including "Wang Yongdong started in the first month, and the son of heaven looked across the dragon and tiger flag", "Three rivers in the north were chaotic, and the four seas ran south like Yongjia, but Xie Anshi in Dongshan laughed at Hu Sha for you", "The south wind swept Chen Hujing, and the west entered Chang 'an to face Japan" and other words. Wang Yong was soon defeated, and Li Bai was imprisoned in Xunyang. At this time, Cui Huan encouraged Jiangnan to recruit talents. Li Bai wrote poems for help, and his wife guru also cried for help. Song Ruosi stationed 3000 troops of Wu Bing in Xunyang. He rescued Li Bai from the prison and let him join the shogunate.
In the first month of the first year of Zhide (756), An Lushan claimed to be the Great Yan Emperor in Luoyang. In May, Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi defeated Shi Siming and recovered more than ten counties in Hebei. In June, An Lushan led the troops to break the fishing pass and captured Ge Shuhan alive. Li Bai is fifty-six years old. At the beginning of the year, he fled to the south with his wife. Spring is in dangtu. I heard that Luoyang fell and the Central Plains collapsed, so I returned to Xuancheng from Dangtu and took refuge in Huiji (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province). In Piaoyang (now Luanyang County, Jiangsu Province), I met Zhang Xu. The midsummer solstice is over. I heard that Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi won a great victory in Hebei and returned to Jinling. In autumn, I heard that Xuanzong had gone to Shu, so he went to Lushan Mountain to live in seclusion. Wang Yong issued several letters of appointment, and after several hesitations, I finally decided to go down the mountain and join his shogunate. Li Bai became Song Ruosi's staff, wrote several essays for Song, and followed him to Wuchang. Li Bai was highly valued under Song Ruosi, and was recommended to the court in the name of Song Dynasty, hoping to get the appointment of the court again, but was eventually demoted to the long-awaited Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou).
In the second year of Zhide (757), Li Bai was 57 years old. In the first month, now, he created a group of poems "Dong Youge". Wang Yong defeated Danyang, and Li Bai fled Danyang. Xuan was thrown into Xunyang prison. His wife, Zong, came to save him. Cui Huan, the messenger from the south of the Yangtze River, and Song Ruosi, the heir to the imperial history, tried their best to save him, but they were released. Song Ruosi turned Bai into a military staff officer, responsible for military document affairs. I went to Wuchang (now Sun Yicheng County, Hubei Province) with Song Ruosi. In September, he fell ill in Susong (now susong county). Zhang Gao, the prime minister of the poem, asked for help twice. Finally, he was sentenced to participate in the patrol of Dong. Du Fu is forty-six. In April, he escaped from the thief camp and lived in Fengxiang, where he was granted the right to take over.
In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), in April, Stone Attack. In May, Su Zong was appointed Prime Minister Zhang Gao and appointed as the secretariat of Jingzhou. In December, Shi Siming captured Weizhou (now southern Hebei Province). Li Bai is fifty-eight years old. Li Bai began his long life by looking for Yang. His wife and brother were too suspicious to send each other away. Late spring and early summer. Pass through Cisayi (now east of Wuchang County), go to Jiangxia, visit Li Yong's former residence, climb the Yellow Crane Tower and overlook Nautilus Island. Autumn to Jiangling, winter into the Three Gorges. Du Fu is 47 years old, and he joined the army as the Four Duke of Huazhou.
Fold suddenly died.
In the second year (759), due to the drought in Guanzhong, the court announced an Amnesty, stipulating that the deceased would completely forgive Li. After a long wandering, Li Bai was finally free. He immediately descended from the Yangtze River, and the famous song "Send Baidicheng Early" best reflected his mood at that time. In Jiangxia, Li Bai stayed for a while because his old friend Liang Zai was a local satrap. In the second year of Gan Yuan, at the invitation of a friend, Li Bai once again went boating with the demoted Jia Zhi to enjoy the moon in Dongting Lake, thinking about ancient love and expressing his feelings with poetry. Soon, I returned to Xuancheng and Huiji. For almost two years, he shuttled between the two places and still lived on people.
In the second year of Shangyuan (76 1), Li Bai, who was in his early sixties, returned to Zhenjiang due to illness. In Zhenjiang, his life is rather embarrassing, so he has to go to his uncle Li, who is the county magistrate of dangtu county.
In the third year of Shangyuan (762), Li Bai was seriously ill. He gave the manuscript to Li before he died, at the age of 62.
There have always been different opinions about the death of Li Bai. Generally speaking, there are three ways to die: one is drunk, the other is sick, and the third is drowning. The first way to die is found in Old Tang Shu, which says that Li Bai "died of drunkenness in Xuancheng because of excessive drinking"; The second way to die is also found in other official history or textual research by experts and scholars. It is said that when Li Guangbi Dongzhen was near the Huaihe River, Li Bai, regardless of the age of 6 1, heard the news and went to kill the enemy. He hoped to try his best to save the nation and survive in his twilight years, and returned home due to illness. He died of illness in Dangtu county magistrate and the most famous seal writer Li in the Tang Dynasty. The third law of death often appears in folklore, which is very romantic. Li Bai was drinking on the Dangtu River and drowned because he jumped into the water drunk to catch the moon, which is very in line with the poet's character. But no matter which way you die, it is directly related to your participation in the rebellion and uprising in Lilin, Wang Yong. It is an indisputable fact that Li Bai exiled Yelang shortly after he was pardoned, ending his legendary and bumpy life.
Major achievements
poetic sentiment
summary
Li Bai has the highest achievements in Yuefu, Gexing and Jueju. His songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, no one relied on them, and his brushwork was diverse, reaching the magical realm of unpredictability and swaying. Li Bai's quatrains are natural and lively, elegant and chic, and can express endless feelings in concise and lively language. Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at the Five Wonders, while Wang Changling and others wrote the Seven Wonders well. Li Bai is the only one who is good at both the Five Odds and the Seven Odds.
Li Bai's poems are magnificent and elegant, and his artistic achievements are extremely high. He eulogized the mountains, rivers and beautiful natural scenery of the motherland, with bold and unrestrained style, elegant and fresh, full of romantic spirit, and achieved the perfect unity of content and art, so he was called the "fallen fairy". His poems mainly described the mountains and rivers and expressed his inner feelings. Li Bai's poems have the artistic charm of "the pen is shaken by the wind and rain, and the poem makes the gods cry", which is also the most distinctive artistic feature in his poems. Li Bai's poems are full of self-expression and subjective lyricism, and the expression of feelings is overwhelming. He and Du Fu are called "Big Du Li" (Li Shangyin and Du Mu are called "Little Du Li").
In Li Bai's poems, imagination, exaggeration, metaphor and personification are often used comprehensively to produce magical brilliance and magnificent artistic conception, which is the reason why Li Bai's romantic poems give people heroic, unrestrained, elegant and immortal.
Li Bai's poems and songs had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu, Meng Jiao and Li He in the middle Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Lu You and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi, Yang Shen and Gong Zizhen in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were all greatly influenced by Li Bai's poems.
style
Bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant, rich in imagination, wonderful in artistic conception, wonderful in language, romantic and clear in artistic conception.
Li Bai lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He has a heroic personality and loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland. He traveled all over the country and wrote many magnificent poems praising famous mountains and rivers. His poems are bold, fresh and elegant, with rich imagination, wonderful artistic conception and light language. People call him "Poet Fairy".
Li Bai's poems and songs not only have typical romantic spirit, but also have typical romantic artistic characteristics from the aspects of image shaping, material intake, genre selection and the application of various artistic techniques.
Li Bai successfully shaped himself in his poems, expressed himself strongly, and highlighted the unique personality of the lyric hero, so his poems have distinct romantic characteristics. He likes to express himself in a magnificent image, expressing his feelings in his poems without disguise or restraint. For power, he "holds a chrysanthemum and stirs two thousand stones" (one of the two songs "Send Cui Shiyu after Drunk"); Seeing the hard work of the working people, he was "heartbroken like rain". When the country was destroyed and the people perished, he vowed to cross the river to clear the Central Plains. Draw a sword and hit the front column, and the sad song is hard to recover "("South Ben Shu Huai "), so impassioned; When drinking heartily with friends, "two people fall in love, one cup after another." I'm drunk and want to sleep. The Ming Dynasty intends to hold the piano ("Mountain Lovers"), which is so naive and straightforward. In a word, his poems vividly show his bold character and bold image.
Boldness is the main feature of Li Bai's poems. In addition to the factors of ideological character and talent, the artistic expression and genre structure used in Li Bai's poems are also important reasons for his bold and elegant style. Being good at relying on imagination and being subjective and objective are the important characteristics of romantic artistic techniques in Li Bai's poems. Almost every article has imagination, and some even use a variety of imagination throughout. Realistic things, natural landscapes, myths and legends, historical allusions and dreamland have all become the media of his imagination. With the help of imagination, we often transcend time and space, interweave reality with dreams and fairyland, and interweave nature with human society to reproduce objective reality. The images in his works are not the direct reflection of objective reality, but the externalization of his inner subjective world, which is the truth of art.
One of the artistic techniques of romanticism in Li Bai's poems is to skillfully combine personification with metaphor, empathize with things and compare things with people.
Another romantic artistic technique in Li Bai's poems is to grasp a certain feature of things and boldly imagine and exaggerate on the basis of real life. His exaggeration is not only strange in imagination, but also always combined with concrete things, so natural and unobtrusive; So bold, true and credible, it has played a role in highlighting the image and strengthening feelings. Sometimes he combines bold exaggeration with sharp contrast to enhance the artistic effect by increasing artistic contrast.
Li Bai's best genre is seven-character poems and quatrains. Li Bai's seven-character song also adopts the structure of opening, closing, jumping and swinging. The beginning of a poem is often abrupt, such as a sudden surge, while the middle image of the poem is abrupt, often omitting the transitional care, as if there is no trace to follow, and the end of the poem comes to an abrupt end at the emotional climax.
Li Bai's quatrains of five or seven words can better represent the fresh and lively style of his poems. For example, the beauty of "Come to Baidicheng early", "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou" and "Thinking of a Quiet Night" lies in "only looking at the prospect and spoken language, but there are overtones and foreign flavors that keep people away." (On)
The language of Li Bai's poetry, some fresh as spoken language, some bold, informal and close to prose, is unified in the natural beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, natural carving" This is related to his conscious pursuit of natural beauty. He inherited Chen Ziang's literary thought and took it as his duty to restore the tradition of poetry and Sao. He once said, "Since Liang Chen, Yan Bo has been extremely thin, and Shen Xiuwen still pays attention to temperament and must go back to the ancients, not me but who?" (Bai Meng's "Gao Yi") He advocates "halal" and satirizes the ugly girl who is "naive" and learns from Handan. The natural beauty of his poetic language is the result of his careful study of folk songs and his understanding of popular characteristics, which is clear as words, popular and vivid.
representative works
"Looking at Lushan Waterfall" will be filled with wine, and the road is difficult. In my dream, Tianmu Mountain will climb high, chivalrous, spring thinking and Qiu Ge.