List of unequal treaties

Treaty of nanking 1842 UK

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1. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain

2. Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars.

3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports.

4. The tariff rate levied by China Customs on goods imported and exported by British businessmen should be agreed with the British side.

affect

1. China has become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

2. The main contradiction is the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class.

It has become a contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the people.

3. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has become the main contradiction.

4. Since then, the people of China have shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule.

5. China entered the period of old democratic revolution.

Five-port Trade Charter and Humen Treaty 1844 Britain

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Consular jurisdiction, unilateral MFN treatment and the detention of leased land and houses in trading ports were all taken from it.

Wang Xia Huangpu Treaty 1844 US-France

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Get more positive rights and interests

Treaty of Tianjin 1858 Russia, the United States, Britain and France

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1. Foreign Minister accredited to Beijing

2. There are 10 commercial ports along the coast.

3. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.

Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in Chinese mainland.

5. The Qing government compensated Britain and France for 2 million taels of silver each, and British businessmen for 2 million taels of silver.

Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia

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1. The Qing government recognized the validity of the Tianjin Treaty.

2. Tianjin is open for trade.

3. Allocate part of Kowloon Division to Britain.

4. The reparations to Britain and France increased to 8 million taels each.

Tianjin Article and Beijing Treaty have the same influence.

The Qing government began to be controlled by foreign forces, and Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded to suppress the resistance of China people.

The semi-colonial and semi-feudal degree of China has deepened.

Beijing Treaty 1860 Russia

By 19 in the 1980s, it occupied more than10.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest of China.

Treaty of shimonoseki1April 895.

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1. Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan.

2. Compensation for Japanese military expenditure of 200 million taels of silver.

3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers.

4. Japanese can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports, and the products are sold in the mainland of China without domestic tax.

affect

1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered heavy losses again.

2. From then on, imperialism scrambled to carve up its sphere of influence in China and set off a frenzy to carve up China.

3. Forcing the Qing government to borrow heavily from the big powers.

4. After the opening of the port, foreign aggression forces further infiltrated into the mainland of China.

Allowing Japan to invest and set up factories in China has expanded the channels for Japan to export capital to China and seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.

6. The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.

Treaty of Love and Ugliness1901September Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria

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1. The Qing government compensated 450 million taels of silver from various countries and paid it off in 39 years, with 980 million taels of principal and interest.

2. The compensation is guaranteed by China's customs duties and salt taxes, and China's tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent.

3. Establish an "embassy circle" in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing. During his term of office, China people are not allowed to live, and troops are stationed in various places for protection.

4. Dismantle the battery from Beijing to Dagu, and allow countries to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan.

5. Severely punish officials who "opposed" foreign powers in the Boxer Rebellion, and forever prohibit China people from establishing and joining various anti-imperialist organizations.

6. Change the Prime Minister's yamen to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking above the six ministries.

affect

Such an embassy circle became the occupied land of the great powers in the capital of China.

The Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China and suppress the people.

The powers can strengthen their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels.

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The following is a list of treaties that the China government or most people in China consider unequal.

China-Russia-Mongolia Treaty (signed on June 7, 2005 (19 15) by China, Russia and outer Mongolia).

People's Republic of China (PRC) Article 4 Treaty (Article 21) (signed by China, Japan and Beijing on May 25, 2004 (19 15)).

Manzhouli Border Agreement (19 1 1 year (3 years in Xuan Tong) 65438+February 20th, China and Russia, signed in Manzhouli).

China and Britain renewed the Tibet-India Treaty (1906 (thirty-two years of Guangxu), April 27th, signed in Beijing).

The meeting between China and Japan in the three northeastern provinces is about (1905 (Guangxu 3 1 year) 65438+February 22nd, and the signing place is Beijing).

The Treaty of Love and Ugliness (190 1 year (the 27th year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing).

Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty (time: 1899 (25th year of Guangxu) 165438+ 10/6); Signing place: Guangzhou Bay; China and French)

Make an appointment for ahava (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year) July1; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

Special article on expanding Hong Kong's borders (time: 1898 (Guangxu 24th year), June 9th; Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)

The Sino-Russian Land Lease Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu)) was signed in Beijing on March 27th. 1On May 7th, 898, the land renewal treaty of the brigade was signed in Petersburg, Russia).

Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (1898 (the 24th year of Guangxu reign), March 6th, Beijing; China and German)

Sino-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896 (22nd year of Guangxu), signed in Beijing on July 26th, 2 1).

Sino-Russian Secret Treaty (1June 3, 896 (Guangxu 22nd year), Moscow)

Treaty of shimonoseki (1895 (Guangxu 2 1) April 17, Shimonoseki and Japan)

Sino-British Conference (1890 (Guangxu16) March 17, Kolkata, India; Supplementary revision:1893 65438+February 5, Darjeeling)

Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2 years) Yantai; China and the United Kingdom)

Special performance between China and Japan in Beijing (1874 (Tongzhi 13)65438+ 10/)

On the Northwest Border between China and Russia (1864 (Tongzhi 3 years) 65438+1October 7, Talbahatai)

Sino-German Trade Treaty (Tianjin September 2 186 1 (Xianfeng, 1 1))

the treaty of beijing

Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng10)165438+10/4, Beijing)

Beijing Sino-French Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)

Sino-British Beijing Treaty (1860 (Xianfeng 10) 10, Beijing)

Tianjin treaty

Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 27th, Xianfeng 8th year))

Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), June 26th)

Sino-American Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))

Sino-Russian Treaty of Tianjin (Tianjin, 1858 (June 8, Xianfeng))

Sino-Russian treaty of infatuation (Aihui, 1858 (eighth year of Xianfeng), May 28th)

Lease of British-French-American Concession in Shanghai (Shanghai, 1854 (July 5th, Xianfeng, 4th year))

Ili Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (Ili, 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng), August 6th)

Huangpu Treaty (1844 (24 th year of Daoguang) 65438+24 October, with Huangpu, France)

Wang Xia Treaty (1844 (24th year of Daoguang), signed with the United States and Wang Xia on July 3rd).

Treaty of Humen (1843 (23 years of Daoguang) 10/0/8 October, with Britain, Humen)

Treaty of nanking (1842 (twenty-two years of Daoguang), August 29th, and Nanjing, England).

19 17 years, Germany and Austria-Hungary became hostile countries of China in World War I, and the unequal treaties were abolished. 19 17 The Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (it was not fully realized afterwards, nor did it return the territory acquired in the treaty). 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status because they became enemies of China in World War II. 1946, the French gave up their privileges in China.

1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), it did not recognize all the unequal treaties signed before.

What are the manifestations of China's growing prosperity?

Fasten a "safety belt" for life

Safety in production is one of the key areas of supervision by the party and the government. The promulgation of the Law on Work Safety, the reform of the national safety supervision system and the severe punishment of violations of laws and regulations have aroused widespread concern. However, the situation of safe production in China is still grim, and accidents in high-risk industries such as coal mines occur frequently. According to the long-term goal of safe production, by 2007, a relatively perfect safety supervision system will be established in China, the situation of safe production in the whole country will improve steadily, the accident-prone situation in key industries and fields will be reversed, and the number of accident deaths in industrial and mining enterprises, the death rate of one million tons in coal mines and the death rate of 10,000 vehicles in road traffic will decrease.

Children can afford to go to school

In 2004, the average years of education of the population over 0/5 years old in China/KLOC was 8.3 years, which exceeded the world average of 0/year old. However, only 7.2% of the education practitioners have received higher education, and the investment in education is still seriously insufficient. In 2006, popularizing and consolidating rural compulsory education will become the top priority of education. The growth of fiscal expenditure on education will be higher than that of fiscal expenditure, teachers' salaries and public funds per student will gradually increase, and problems related to the vital interests of the people, such as poor school conditions, difficult operation and unreasonable education fees, will be gradually solved. By 20 10, the population coverage rate of nine-year compulsory education will be close to 100%.

See a doctor with peace of mind

In the past five years, China's medical and health undertakings have broken through the single development mode of the government, which is the fastest development period since the founding of New China. However, there are still many obstacles in the medical system and mechanism. The tendency of public medical institutions to pursue economic interests unilaterally is serious, and it is difficult and expensive to see a doctor for minor illnesses. In 2006, the pilot area of the new rural cooperative medical system was expanded to 40%, and the phenomenon of poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty was further curbed; The state implements the necessary funds, supports the construction of township hospitals and county hospitals, and provides farmers with safe and cheap basic medical services; The development of community health services will provide basic medical services for urban low-income people.

Rest assured to drink water and eat meat.

In 2005, in order to strengthen pollution control and ecological protection, promote pollution prevention and control in key river basins, and focus on solving environmental pollution that seriously endangers people's health and safety, especially water pollution and air pollution, the state closed 15 small enterprises that wasted resources and polluted the environment, and implemented the discharge of industrial pollution sources within a time limit. In 2006, it has become one of the important goals of governments at all levels to let people drink clean water and breathe fresh air. The country has made it clear that by the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the energy consumption per unit of GDP in China will be reduced by about 20% compared with that at the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and building an environment-friendly society has increasingly become the consensus of the whole society.

Set up an umbrella

In the first 65,438 months of 2005, 8.8 million urban jobs were created in China, achieving the goal of 40 million urban jobs during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period ahead of schedule. However, China has entered the peak period of working-age population growth, and the gap between labor supply and demand will still reach130,000 ~140,000 in the next few years. In the future, enterprises should not focus on pushing surplus personnel to the society, and the state will also establish an employment-oriented index system for vocational education and training institutions. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, 45 million new jobs will be created. Some discriminatory employment agreements will be banned. Optimizing the employment environment has become one of the important tasks of the government.

House ownership

In 2005, under the unified deployment of the State Council, many departments jointly managed the real estate market, and the market order improved. But for ordinary people, the price of commercial housing is still "high above". With the continuous implementation of the central government's policy of stabilizing housing prices, the real estate market will develop in the expected direction of restraining investment, controlling investment, guiding rational consumption and stabilizing housing prices, speculative purchases will be curbed, housing problems of low-and middle-income groups will receive more attention, and housing prices will be in line with the people in a wider range.

The elderly will get proper care.

Statistics show that in 2009, the social insurance premium of retirees nationwide increased by 19 times. However, at present, the coverage of public pension in China only accounts for 15% of the total population, and some retirees live in distress, and the rural elderly basically do not enjoy social security. With the continuous improvement of the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees, the coverage of basic old-age insurance will gradually expand, focusing on non-public enterprises, urban individual industrial and commercial households and flexible employees. The state will gradually implement individual accounts for old-age insurance, and more and more people will live a life of old age and medical care.

* * * Enjoy the fruits of development.

In general, people's life in China has achieved a historic leap from subsistence to well-off, but the income or consumption share of the poorest population, which accounts for 20% of the total population, is only 4.7%, while that of the richest population, which accounts for 20% of the total population, is as high as 50%. In 2006, the government will start with adjusting the national income distribution system and the national fiscal expenditure structure, and establish a support and protection system for agriculture, so that public services can benefit farmers; In the future, new financial resources will focus on rural areas, agriculture and farmers, and the growth rate will be much higher than the growth rate of recurrent fiscal revenue; Strategic measures such as developing the western region, revitalizing the old industrial base in Northeast China and promoting the rise of central China will also accelerate the pace of prosperity.

Migrant workers get their wages in time.

With the great attention of the party and the government, various localities have set off wage-seeking actions. By the end of September, 2005, the arrears of projects completed before 2003 had been paid off 1, 4 1 billion yuan, accounting for 75.82% of the total arrears. However, the phenomenon of ignoring and infringing on the interests of migrant workers still occurs from time to time, and the working environment still needs to be fundamentally improved. In 2006, it became the unshirkable responsibility of governments at all levels to let migrant workers get their wages on time and in full. With the effective supervision of enterprises by the state, the behavior of owners will be further standardized, and the phenomenon of wage arrears in projects under construction and new construction will be curbed; The environment for farmers to work in cities will be more relaxed.

Life is more quality.

Statistics show that at present, the average travel rate of urban and rural residents in China reaches 84.8%, and cultural products are also greatly enriched. However, compared with the rising spiritual and cultural needs of the people, cultural service outlets are still far from perfect, and the high ticket prices in some scenic spots still make the people "flinch". In 2006, ordinary people were allowed to enjoy the scenery and enjoy a better quality of life, leaving more room for the government to think and work hard. With the advancement of cultural system reform, people will enjoy increasingly perfect cultural services; In rural areas, the popularity of cinemas, cultural centers, libraries and other facilities will greatly expand farmers' traditional concept of daily life.