Zhuge Liang enthusiastically advocated "set high aspirations" and "cultivate sentiment", emphasized "aim high" and "the spirit of people with lofty aspirations", and warned young people not to "rest on their laurels, cling to their feelings silently, and always stay dormant in the vulgar", playing with things and losing their ambition and doing nothing. He himself is practicing such a life requirement. He is loyal to his career and has no personal power ambition. In order to realize the great cause of reunification, he worked hard, worked hard, devoted himself to it, and died.

Unfortunately, he didn't die.

For historical figures, due to different standpoints and angles, the evaluation of later generations is high or low, good or bad, and good or evil. But for thousands of years, people's evaluation of Zhuge Liang has been positive, perhaps to some extent, but the basic position is the same praise, respect and thousand thoughts.

However, since the 20th century, this phenomenon has undergone great changes, especially in recent years, with the influence of the wind of historical certainty caused by post-modern deconstruction, the evaluation of historical figures has become increasingly diversified, and there has been a tendency to rewrite history. The evaluation of Zhuge Liang began to criticize and re-evaluate the reasons why he did not complete the great cause of reunification in the end. While pulling him off the altar, there are also some unfair evaluations called overcorrection. The appearance of this phenomenon is of course beneficial to the diversity of history and culture. However, the deviation from traditional ideas has made many people look at history with suspicion. People have begun to shake their long-term history education and doubt the brushwork of historians in the Spring and Autumn Period, which leads to the other extreme, that is, complete distrust of historical things, which is also harmful to the cultural accumulation of the whole Chinese nation. I want to say that the truth we need now should be the historical truth, not just the cultural truth. The truth of history is rational analysis, not the truth caused by emotion. We can judge a thing and a person by personal likes and dislikes. You can also joke, joke and brag about history, but this is just a cultural phenomenon, not real history.

I don't like to scrutinize words repeatedly in order to study historical classics. But now some people only quote a few words. For example, when you see that "everything is fine in politics, salt depends on light", you lie that he is monopolizing power and ambitious, and then you doubt his dedication (a sentence in a historical classic leads to a long subjective assumption). Zhuge created Lu Su's Wuzhong Dui to weaken Longzhong Dui. Among the three countries, there were more than ten who analyzed the situation at that time, but which one can compare with Longzhong, including Wuzhong!

The Biography of Zhuge Liang written by A Jin Minister Chen Shou (whose father was killed by Zhuge) is also a positive praise for Zhuge, but why do those self-proclaimed pedants throughout the ages repeatedly belittle people's idols?

Of course, history is pale. If we only look at history, the vigorous Three Kingdoms period may be as unfamiliar as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Fortunately, a Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which combines the annals of the Three Kingdoms, storytelling and legends, has been artistically treated. Otherwise, I wouldn't like the Three Kingdoms, let alone type these words to write this article.

In fact, Yi Zhongtian's evaluation of Zhuge Liang mainly followed the "conclusion" of many historians, that is, Zhuge Liang was a great politician, not an outstanding strategist. Of course, he totally denied the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the myth of Zhuge Liang circulated among the people, and even regarded the "trick up his sleeve" as a joke, denying Zhuge Liang's wisdom and thinking that it was a folk fabrication.

Is Zhuge Liang a strategist or a politician? This is indeed a debatable topic. Personally, I think Zhuge Liang is a great strategist and strategist first, and then an outstanding politician. The reasons are as follows: First, as a strategist in troubled times and a fruitful "strategist", we must have a unique, keen and abnormal strategic vision. This is enough for us to appreciate Zhuge Liang's unprecedented strategic vision from Longzhong Dui. Secondly, Liu Bei is a man who has suffered many defeats and wars. Although there are Liu, Guan, Zhang and Zhao, it still does not help. Until Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain and turned Gan Kun into the overlord, and then divided the world into three parts. Among them, Zhuge Liang's military ability is the most important factor of his success. Finally, Zhuge Liang's political talent is actually far less than his military talent. In the later governance of Shu, if Zhuge Liang didn't "do what he knows he can't do" and didn't want to continue the war, but enjoyed it with the people to adapt it to the times, then Shu could not have been consuming strength in the war and eventually failed. "Since ancient times, soldiers are not good at fighting, and those who govern Shu should think deeply."

So Zhuge Liang is a great strategist and strategist first, and a better politician second.

Then, why do the intellectuals in China always belittle Zhuge Liang's military talents? There are mainly the following reasons:

1. Throughout history, Zhuge Liang's romance and common people have been highly esteemed and even deified. This is an intellectual in China, and it is absolutely not allowed, because the intellectuals in China are the most conceited, and they usually have the problem of giving up others. What they can't do, let alone others. What Zhuge Liang can do is simply a miracle in mythology. Those so-called "intellectuals". So, are there super smart people in the world? The answer is certainly yes: in fact, according to the "28 Law" of Napoleon Hill, a successful American scholar, many so-called outstanding "intellectuals" really belong to the top 20%. However, if the 28-28 Law is divided into 28 points, and the 28-28 Law is further divided into 28 points, then there will be very few outstanding people who are truly outstanding, and how many people are truly fascinated in history? Why are you jealous of such a great man? Can you improve your value by denying those great people?

Second, since history, intellectuals in China like to go with the flow, join in the fun, like fame and fortune, and few people can really keep their true colors. Few people can really stand loneliness and really make unremitting efforts for learning and seeking knowledge. Therefore, there are very few intellectuals who have really made great achievements in China, and many of them stay on the surface. According to Einstein, "they all like to drill a hole in the thinnest part of the board." But indulging in the so-called "achievements" and enjoying the so-called "due treatment" is really the sorrow of China intellectuals. This is indeed the sorrow of intellectuals. Most intellectuals in reality belong to this category. Of course, there are real scholars, but there are too few, and Zhuge Liang's style of reading extensively and traveling around the world to understand the world is even more harmful to those scholars.

Third, Zhuge Liang's "ignorance of the times": In the eyes of many intellectuals, in that era, since Cao Cao had destroyed the North, it was up to Cao Cao to unify and transform the world. Zhuge Liang has too many things to do. Why should he work for a wandering Liu Bei? In the eyes of many intellectuals today, since the United States is the "most powerful" country in the world, it is both democratic and free. How good is it for the United States to unify the earth? Therefore, in the process of the United States launching wars of aggression again and again under the guise of "freedom and democracy", China has so many so-called elites "applauding", but thinks that those nations that resist the aggressors are too "stupid"; Therefore, they like to be worms that go with the flow;

Fourth, according to the idea of biological evolution, future generations should be smarter than their predecessors. Therefore, in the eyes of many intellectuals, Zhuge Liang should be less clever and more stupid than them. But many people will never understand that biological evolution is real. However, intelligence is not equal to wisdom, and true great wisdom is even more difficult to achieve. First, we must have the desire to keep learning, and second, we must really read a lot and understand all kinds of ideas in the world. Only then can we talk about creating new correct thinking and leading the world and the trend of the times. How many people can really do this for flashy, bloated and grandiose intellectuals?

Frankly speaking, I don't think Zhuge Liang is a perfect person who is deified. As the preface says, there are mistakes and mistakes, which are also the places that future generations should learn from. But on the whole, Zhuge Liang is indeed one of the most outstanding militarists, strategists and politicians in the history of China. There is no doubt about it. Future generations can comment on Zhuge Liang, but they should be objective and fair and learn the way to success.

Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are mentioned in The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Guan Macelo Wong Zhao Chuan: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are enemies of ten thousand people, and they are all tiger ministers in the world. Feathering Cao Gong, flying Yan Yan, has the wind of a national scholar. But the feather is just proud, flying violently without grace, and it is normal to defeat with short service. " He also said: "I am kind to the foot soldiers, arrogant to the scholar-officials, and fly to love the gentleman regardless of the villain." That's true.

In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Liu Bei took Ma Chao in the process of seizing Yizhou, and after taking charge of Yizhou animal husbandry, he worshipped Ma Chao as the general of Pingxi. Guan Yu wrote to Zhuge Liang, because Ma Chao was not an old friend. Hearing that Ma Chao was brave, he asked, "Who can compare with people with super powers?" Knowing what it meant, Zhuge Liang wrote back and said, "Meng Qi (Ma Chao's word Meng Qi) is a hero all his life. His disciples (Ying Bu) and Peng () are not as good as Yi De (Zhang Fei's word Yi De). Guan Yu has a good beard, so Zhuge Liang called him a beard. Guan Yu's letter, joy, show it to the guests.

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (2 19), in July, Huang Zhong array beheaded Xia, a famous soldier, and was promoted to general of the Western Expedition. In the same year, Liu Bei was promoted to King Hanzhong, and Guan Yu was appointed as a former general, Huang Zhong as a post-general, Zhang Fei as a right general and Ma Chao as a left general. Zhuge Liang said that Liu Bei said: "The reputation of loyalty and righteousness has nothing to do with Guan and Ma Zhilun, and it is listed together today. The horse and Zhang are close at hand, and seeing is believing, which is still a metaphor; Guan Yao will be unhappy when he hears this. Are you okay? " Liu Bei said, "I want to solve it myself" (biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Huang Zhong). He also sent Sima Feishi to Yizhou to send a letter to Guan Yu.

Guan Yu heard that Huang Zhong was tied with himself. He was furious and said, "People with courage are not listed with veterans after all?" Refuse to accept the appointment. Fei said to Guan Yu, "The matter of establishing a king is different. Yesterday, Xiao (act the role of), Cao (act the role of) and Gao-zu (act the role of Liu Bang) were young and strong and evenly matched, while Chen () and Han Xin (act the role of) were left behind. As far as their class is concerned, Han is the best, but Xiao and Cao don't think so. Today, I admire Hanson's temporary achievements, but what is the importance of my intentions? Moreover, kings and princes are one arm and equal to each other, which is a blessing or a curse. It is foolish to think that princes should not count the ranks and titles of their officials. Humble servant, title for life, especially Hou don't worship, so it is also, if not cherish this move, I'm afraid I will regret it (reflection Shu Shu Fei Shi Zhuan)? Guan Yu was impressed by this seal and admired it very much.

Guan Yu's arrogance and weakness led to the Battle of Fancheng. From the beginning, the correct command was a great shock to China, and finally he was deceived and completely annihilated, which eventually led to the collapse of the Sun-Liu Alliance. The lesson was painful. At the beginning, Cao Cao often warned Xia: "When you are timid, you should not rely on courage. Will be brave-oriented and act with wisdom; But the one who knows, one is the enemy's ear "("The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Xia Hou Yuan "), eventually people played with it, and Xia finally died heroically, as did Xia, Guan Yu and Xiang Yu.

Guan Yu also has an excellent personality.

Guan Yu kept his promise, kept his word, and was infinitely loyal to the interests of Liu Bei and his group. He shared weal and woe with Liu Bei for many years, kept his faith and never changed his mind. Even though Baima was captured and in Cao Ying, he still remembered his old love and finally returned to Liu Bei. His loyalty and integrity were the same for a while.

Guan Yu's bravery is extraordinary, which is the highest in the whole army. In later novels, he wrote that Hua Xiong, Lu Bu, Che Zhou, Yan Liang and Wen Chou rode thousands of miles alone, went to the meeting with one knife and drove the seven armies. Although some of them go against historical facts, they also highlight his military courage and charm. As for curettage, it is well known.

Guan Yu was shot by random arrows and hit the other left arm. Although my back hurts, my bones often hurt when it rains. The doctor said: "Sagittarius is poisonous, poisonous to the bones." Treat the broken arm as a wound, scrape the bone to remove poison, and then cut the ear. " Guan Yu stretched out his arm to let the doctor cut the wound. At that time, Guan Yu was entertaining the generals, saying that "the blood on the arm was off the plate, the feathers were cut and the wine was roasted, and the jokes were like cucumbers" ("Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Guan Yu").

When describing this passage in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is even more wonderful: "The knife cuts the meat to the bone, and the bone is blue; Scraping bones with a knife, hearing voices, and everything seen on the account was covered with shame. Drinking and eating meat, laughing and playing chess, there is no pain. "

In order to consolidate its ruling position, the feudal ruling class of past dynasties regarded Guan Yu as the embodiment of loyalty and righteousness, and Guan Yu's status was getting higher and higher, from "being crowned king" to "being proclaimed emperor" and finally being honored as "warrior sage". During the period of Chen Sui, the Buddha took the lead in building a temple in Dangyang under the guise of Guan Yu. In the third year of Tang Jianzhong (782), Guan Yu was listed as one of the 64 famous generals in ancient and modern times, and was put into the Wu Temple to enjoy Jiang Taigong. After the Song Dynasty, Guan Yu was crowned as a "warrior sage". Guan Yu, who has been unknown for 800 years, was promoted by Song Huizong to three levels: first, he was named "Zhong Gong", then "Zhong Ning Zhenjun", and then he was named "King Zhaolie Wu 'an" and "King Wu Yong 'an". Yuan Wenzong named Guan Yu as "Miao Zhuang Yi Wu 'an King, showing his spirit to help Britain", Ming Shenzong named him "The Great Demon of the Three Realms is far away in Megatronus Guan Sheng Di", and named Guandi Temple as "Wu Temple", juxtaposed with Confucian Temple. The Qing emperor flaunted Guan Yu as "the best in the world" and named him "loyal, benevolent, brave, protecting the country and benefiting the people, sincere appeasement, righteous praise, Xuande, Guan Sheng the Great" ("Rites and Music in Qing Dynasty"), and built Guandi Temple in Beijing, ordered the whole country to build Guandi Temple and offer sacrifices to incense on time. The number of Guan Gong temples in Vu Thang far exceeds that of Confucius temples in Wensheng. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 1 16 temples in Beijing alone. And some closed temples are much larger than Confucius temples. Some people say that Guan Yu is a culture; Some people say that Guan Gong is a kind of spirit. Otherwise, why are there so many temples for Guan Gong in China and overseas?

Of all the Guandi Temple buildings in China, five or six are best preserved so far: Guanlin in Luoyang, Henan, Guanling in Dangyang, Hubei, Guandi Temple in Jingzhou, Guandi Temple in Baling Bridge in Xuchang, Henan, Guandi Temple in Changping, Shanxi, Guan Yu's hometown, etc. One of the largest and most magnificent is Guandi Temple, located in Guan Yu's hometown, west of Jiezhou, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. The largest Guandi Temple in China is still preserved. There are more than 300 pavilions in the temple, which is one of the tourist attractions in Shanxi. It can be called the first temple in the world.

In the historical process of China's drama development, there has been an upsurge of "Three Kingdoms Drama", and there are quite a number of "Three Kingdoms Drama" and "Guan Gong Drama" in many famous dramas. Take Beijing Opera as an example. There are 148 "Three Kingdoms Plays", and there are only 20 about Guan Gong. Take Zhou Pu Bangzi, Guan Yu's hometown, as an example. There are 88 recorded "Three Kingdoms Dramas", of which "Guan Gong Dramas" is 18. On the stage, Guan Gong's image is a perfect hero, with thick eyebrows and big eyes, long beard and hale and hearty spirit. Even in Walking in Maicheng, his heroic qualities are still increasing.

For thousands of years, Guan Yu, a perfect image representing the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, has appeared in front of the world after being sealed by rulers of past dynasties and described in operas and literature. "Serve the country faithfully, be kind to others, act with wisdom, make friends with righteousness, and fight with courage." He rose from a "strange man through the ages" to a "god among gods" and became a god of war, a god of wealth, a god of literature and a god of agriculture. He is an all-powerful god, worshipped by rulers and people of past dynasties. China and Japan are overseas, at home and abroad.

Needless to say, the feudal rulers of past dynasties revered Guan Yu, and even Li Zicheng, Zhang, Hong Xiuquan and other peasant uprising leaders worshipped Guan Yu as a hero.

Moreover, in China, Japan, Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese, the worship of Guan Yu is still vivid.

In Taiwan Province Province, with a population of more than 20 million, there are as many as 8 million followers of Guan Gong, and almost every household has set up incense tables, set up memorial tablets and hung icons for Guan Gong. The annual sales volume of Guan Gong's portraits in Taiwan Province Province far exceeds their most revered god Mazu.

The American "Longgang General Association" is a non-governmental organization, whose ancestor is Guan Yu, and there are more than 140 branches all over the world where Chinese live.

Countries in South Asia are competing to build temples to worship Guan Gong, and Thailand is the most prosperous.

In Japan, there was Guandi Temple as early as the Qing Dynasty. A new Guandi Temple was built a few years ago, which is said to be the largest Guandi Temple overseas.

Mr. David Jordan, a professor of anthropology at the University of California, San Diego and a doctor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, once said a very interesting sentence. "I respect you the great god, he deserves the respect of everyone. His benevolence, righteousness, wisdom and courage are still meaningful until now. Benevolence is love, righteousness is credibility, wisdom is culture, and courage is not afraid of difficulties. If all God's people are like you Guan Gong, our world will be a better place. " The American scholar's words are quite insightful.

Faithfulness, faithfulness, wisdom and courage, condensed on Guan Yu and suppressed by eternal * * * *, contain the ethics and ideals of China traditional culture, permeate the essence of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period, and intersect with Buddhism and Taoism. Essentially, it is the soul of China people, which shines like the sun and the moon and has a noble atmosphere.