One: Horizontal conception, that is, cross-sectional conception method. Using this method of conception, the argument structure is horizontally juxtaposed. There are mainly three forms:

1) Different sides are juxtaposed, which does not include juxtaposition. For example, environment, including natural environment and social environment. If "ink" is understood as a bad "environment", the topic of "black" or "not necessarily black" can be discussed from two aspects: the natural environment and the social environment. ?

There is a training question in the first volume of the high school Chinese textbook. The topic provides three materials and requires you to summarize a topic and write an argumentative text. The first one, "Those who are close to vermilion are red, and those who are close to ink are black" can be used as a point of view; the second one is "Oranges grown in Huainan are tangerines, and those born in northern Huaibei are tangerines... water and soil are different", focusing on the natural environment; third The idiom story of "One Fu and All the People" focuses on the social environment. It can be seen that this question is formulated from lateral thinking and lateral conception training is carried out. ?

The following is a passage from Anhui examinee's "Those who are close to the ink are black": ?

Modern scientific research also shows that acquired factors play a decisive role in the growth of talents. Among them, the influence of acquired environment is very important. Is Fang Zhongyong a typical example?

We know that people are products of the environment. Without an environment like the earth, there would be no human beings, let alone human subjective initiative. From this perspective, sometimes people are indeed powerless to deal with the environment. ?

Maybe some comrades will say, have you seen the green pines on the cliff? Don’t they still grow in such a harsh environment? Oh, yes, but after all, they can’t grow on the cliff. Towering trees cannot grow into lush forests. ?

……?

In the situation where our social environment has not been fundamentally improved today, instead of arbitrarily exaggerating the role of subjective initiative for those simple and naive middle school students who are new to life, It is better to give them some vaccinations to minimize the harm that society may do to their immature minds. ?

......

The above fragment is discussed from the perspective of environment - natural environment - social environment. ?

2) Points and surfaces are juxtaposed, which includes juxtaposition. For example, this excerpt from the Zhejiang candidate's answer sheet:

Since none of us have yet become "saints" and all of us still have shortcomings of one kind or another, I think we should stay away from "Moists" to avoid affected by it. We often see reports about how some people have fallen from outstanding young people, even party members and cadres, into sinners. Putting aside his personal thoughts, I believe that external material inducements, the pursuit of enjoyment and the solicitation of criminals are all important factors that make him fall into the trap. It can be seen that under the attack of various bad habits, it is easy to lead to a person's transformation. ?

……?

The minds of young people are not yet mature and are easily affected by various wrong trends of thought. Therefore, we must always warn everyone that "those who approach black are black" and pay attention to their surroundings. Environment, stay away from all kinds of bad habits. ?

——First, "everyone", listing "outstanding young people and even party members and cadres", and then emphasizing "youth": From face to point, it is demonstrated that "those who are close to Mo are black". ?

3) The front and back are juxtaposed. "The one close to vermilion is red, the one close to ink is black", which means the front and back are juxtaposed horizontally. The following is a snippet from a Shandong candidate's answer sheet: It is precisely because of the principle of "the person who is close to the black is the black", when we make friends, we are often willing to associate with people who are proactive and of good moral character, and stay away from those with low quality. Isn’t it just that Mencius’ mother moved to her home three times so that Mencius could have a good environment and associate with good people? I remember a classmate in primary school who was usually motivated, but after entering junior high school, he hung out with some hooligan-like classmates and spent all day long. Idle and do nothing. As a result, he was caught during a crime. Isn't this a typical example of being close to the ink and being black?

- This is a parallel argument from the good and bad aspects of making friends, that is, the positive and negative aspects. ?

Two: Combination of positive and negative, vertical and horizontal combination, dialectical thinking.

The combination of vertical and horizontal can often prove the argument more effectively.

The following is a passage from a first-class volume in Beijing:

In ancient my country, there was a story about "Meng Meng's mother moving three times". Mencius used to live next to the artist, but Mencius couldn't stop listening to it. When he moved to the butcher's side, Mencius often went to watch the slaughter of pigs. Mencius didn't concentrate on studying until he moved to the school in the third year. He became a great thinker. Although this story means to look down on the working people, it illustrates this truth - those who are close to Mo will be black. Confucius' "When you live, you must choose your neighbors, and when you travel, you must choose your friends", which also illustrates this truth. "Ink" is pervasive, and if you are close to ink, it will be dark. The arrest of four brothers and sisters in Guangzhou at the same time also illustrates this point. It is precisely because the brothers get along with each other day and night that this tragedy occurred. Just as Lu Xun said: "The children of farmers have long known how to plow, and the children of soldiers have wielded swords and guns. Scholars’ children learn to write and write. ?

This paragraph analysis is not very good, but the argument structure is clear. The overall layout is vertical, from ancient times to the present. But not entirely in chronological order: Mencius, Confucius, the four brothers in Guangzhou today, Lu Xun, the chronology is reversed. In fact, this is the vertical and horizontal style, ancient: examples, famous quotes; modern: examples, famous quotes. Vertical: ancient - present; horizontal: examples - famous quotes