Indeed, projectiles are very small, especially bullets. But don't underestimate this little bullet. It has a long history and unusual experience, and it also occupies an important position in the whole history of gun development.
Guns appeared in our country about 800 years ago. In the Song Dynasty, a man named Bian Tao made 20 muskets with long bamboo poles.
But there were no bullets at that time, only the fire stuffing produced by the fire-breathing medicine burned the enemy and war equipment. At that time, the composition of black powder was very complicated. In addition to saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal, arsenic, croton, dry pigment and asphalt are often carried.
Therefore, the combustion of gunpowder is very incomplete, and there is always a large amount of dregs ejected with the fire stuffing, which has certain lethality to the human body. Over time, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of military strategists.
L232 Jin people used gunpowder, iron slag and magnetic powder to fill the' flying muskets' when they resisted the Mongols in Beijing (now Kaifeng, Henan). These iron slag and magnetic powder are the germ of bullets.
Decades later, the world's earliest bullet was finally born in China. /kloc-in 0/29, the soldiers and civilians of Shouchun House (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province) in the Southern Song Dynasty created a musket with Zi Zhen in it.
Although there are still different opinions on the specific shape of' Zike', Chinese and foreign firearms historians unanimously affirm that' Zike' is the earliest gun and bullet in the world, and for a long time it was just some irregular round projectiles. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty (14~ 15 century), military guns (then called' spears') generally fired iron ore.
The musket that appeared in Europe at the end of R was also made of irregular solid pellets, iron and then lead. With the development of the war, the range and shooting accuracy of guns are increasingly demanding, and it is difficult for such projectiles of different sizes to shoulder this heavy responsibility.
As a result, guns and bullets have been improved. This improvement was first realized in Europe in the15th century, and then spread to Japan and China. It is called the "Bird's Nest" because it can be used to aim at and attack birds.
Bird spear is a front-loaded gun, and the projectile and propellant are packaged separately. Every time you fire, you must first load the propellant from the muzzle; Make powder with a stick, then put lead bullets and send them to the end with a stick; Then open the fire door on the barrel and install some gunpowder; When launching, pull the matchrope to ignite the gunpowder.
The whole process is very complicated, and it takes several minutes to complete a launch. On the battlefield, the firing rate of crossbows is three or four times faster than that of crossbows, so muskets often can't resist the attack of crossbows. Mastering high loading speed has become a prominent problem for improvement in the next few centuries.
Firearms used to be muskets. When the gap between the projectile and the chamber is too small, it is very laborious to fill them. If the gap is too large, more gunpowder gas will leak when launching, which will affect the shooting accuracy and range. Many people try their best to solve this contradiction. At the end of 15, the Prussians first made a breakthrough, carving a straight groove on the gun bore to reduce the friction with the gun bore when loading. The bullet is also wrapped in an oil-soaked wool fabric or linen, which is called an oil-soaked pill coat to fill the gap caused by the rifling and make the bullet slide smoothly.
This kind of gun has a fast loading speed. /kloc-In the 7th century, the Swedes made an outstanding invention, that is, putting the projectile and propellant in the same paper tube, tearing (biting) the paper tube when loading, and loading the propellant and the projectile into the gun chamber together, which not only simplified the loading process, but also ensured the quantitative loading of the propellant, indicating the emergence of a new type of fixed-loading bullet. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, science and technology developed rapidly.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, the British learned about the ignition method of striking mercuric chloride with a hammer, and then made a mercuric chloride fire cap for rifle ignition. 1825, French officer Delven designed a rifle with a medicine chamber at the end of the barrel. When loading, the soft lead bullet with a diameter smaller than the caliber of the gun can smoothly slide into the gun bore and stop at the front end of the charging chamber, and then hit the soft lead bullet with a through rod to flatten it and make it close to the bore wall.
Although this improves the loading speed, it has a fatal weakness, that is, the projectile flattens off the ball, which greatly affects the shooting accuracy. 1830, Delvin invented the long projectile, which is of epoch-making significance in the history of bullets.
Long projectiles are superior to spherical projectiles. First, under the same weight, the diameter of a long projectile is much smaller than that of a spherical projectile, and its head can be made into a sharp shape, which can reduce the air resistance during flight. Can greatly reduce the caliber of the gun, reduce the weight of the gun, and improve the robustness of the gun; Secondly, the contact area between the long projectile and the gun bore is much larger than that of the spherical projectile, which can be better embedded in the rifling, thus reducing the rifling depth.
Engels spoke highly of Delven's outstanding invention. He called Delven "the father of modern rifles" in the article History of Rifles. Later, the French Tuminan and Miner improved the Delven rifle.
Tu Wennan installed a steel mandrel in the center of the rifle bore, so that when the projectile is hit by a straight rod, it can expand regularly. Minnie hollowed out the bottom of the projectile into a cone, and then plugged it with a hollow bowl-shaped iron plug. When launching, the gunpowder gas pushes the iron plug to expand the projectile and embed it in the rifling. This kind of projectile does not need to be punched with a straight rod to improve the airtightness of the projectile.
Minerva rifles are widely used in European countries. However, the inventions of Delven, Tu Wennan and Miner did not break through the category of front loading guns.
The front loading bullet should be loaded from the muzzle, which is long and slow, and the human body moves greatly when loading the bullet, and the barrel needs to be vertical, which is easy to expose the target. 1805, an Englishman, Paulie, made a bold attempt to rob again. The ammunition itself has an ignition device, but it doesn't work.
1835, Dressel of Prussia invented a brand-new afterloading firing rifle and fixed ammunition. This kind of bullet takes a paper tube as the shell, which integrates the projectile, propellant and primer.
When loading, the bolt is used to push the bullet into the gun chamber from behind. After pulling the trigger, the striker on the bolt pierces the paper feed case and hits the primer. Ignite gunpowder and fire projectiles.
This greatly simplifies the whole process of loading and firing, and the firing rate is increased by 4~5 times, and the shooter can reload in any posture or movement. Dressel rifle showed great superiority, and the Prussian government immediately bought this invention which was not suitable for secret production.
Until.
2. The course of caliber change of military bullets in various countries. During World War II, the famous ones included the German 8mm Mao Se bullet.
Springfield, USA. 30-06 bomb
Japan has Sakamoto bombs.
7.7 In Britain
Soviet 7.62*54 flange bomb
Ammunition during World War II was generally full power, which was surplus by today's standards.
So later, there began to be medium-power bombs.
After the war, the 7.62 caliber used in rifles seems to have changed little, but the weight of warheads and the amount of propellant have decreased a lot.
Then there is the trend of small caliber.
5.45 in the Soviet Union and 5.56 in the United States.
Including China's late 5.8.
In recent years, the United States is exploring to expand its caliber again.
The famous ones are 6.5 and 6.8.
Because this caliber has a better sound stopping effect, it also has a good performance after adding a silencer.
But there is no urgent need now. ...
So there is basically no impact.
3. When did rifles change into bullets with casings in history? When was the earliest bullet without a casing in history? Young, was invented by French' Le Fu Xia' in 1836? Sting, angry. " This kind? Email is afraid of eyebrows? Only the bottom is metal. Pool pool? This kind? With a mule? в? Ling? , come out? Oil? Hit m? Cum @r，up？ ⑴⒌? Emitter effect. To 1860, English? "Colonel Burke?" Roll brass sheets into metal? Entertainment began to be used. To 1870, USA? Colonel Single Wave invented it? ⒔? ? Yong Yong? Become? Cool F generation custom metal? And can be produced on a large scale.
4. Who knows the model and origin of this bullet, M43, 7.62*39, domestic type 56, AK47,56 gun family, 8 1 type.
major element
The diameter of the warhead is 7.92 mm.
The diameter of the bottom edge of the cartridge case is11.35mm.
The shell casing is 38.7 mm long.
Propellant weight1.6g.
The bullet is 56 mm long.
5. What kind of coincidence is the marriage made by a bullet? There are many miracles in the world. It takes time for lovers to know each other and love each other, and it also needs some fate.
From the biological point of view, the ultimate goal of husband and wife is to reproduce, so having children is a problem that husband and wife must consider after marriage. In feudal times, whether a wife could have children was an important factor for her to stay in the man's house.
Many infertile women are abandoned by their husbands and can only watch their husbands remarry. Of course, modern civilized society has not allowed such divorce, but whether there are children is still an important factor to judge whether a family is complete or not.
There are also couples who get married because they have children first, and they don't know when the children are born. During World War II, such a strange thing happened to a young officer.
One day, a female doctor came to the military camp with a one-year-old baby, found an officer and told him that the baby was her own son. The police officer was surprised because he had never shared a room with a woman. How could he have children? Under the conditions of war, the life of soldiers can not be guaranteed, so those who don't get married before joining the army rarely get married after joining the army.
Especially in France, a country that was defeated at the beginning of the war, the status of soldiers is not very expensive, so many young soldiers are single. So, when someone told him about it, he didn't quite understand.
The female doctor immediately explained to the officer, who was greatly surprised. About a year ago, the officer took part in an extremely cruel battle.
The German attack was very fierce, and his legion was hit hard and suffered heavy losses. The officer was not spared. At that time, he ventured out of the trench to save a comrade-in-arms and was hit by a bullet.
The pain made him fall to the ground at once, but he didn't die because the bullet hit his testicles. Although it didn't kill him, it was enough to make him lose his fertility.
Somehow, the bullet passed through his testicles and then hit the abdomen of a female doctor who was trying to save lives on the battlefield next to him. Subsequently, both of them were taken to the hospital for rescue. Fortunately, neither of them was in danger. The next thing is even more mysterious. The female doctor gave birth to a child after more than 9 months of pregnancy, but she has never been in love before, let alone living with the opposite sex.
This incident damaged her reputation and she had to ask the doctor for an answer. After some research, the doctor came to the conclusion that nine months ago, when she was operated on, the doctor took out a bullet from her abdomen, and this bullet contained a man's * * *, and * * * shot at a woman's ovary, thus getting pregnant.
After some investigation, the doctor confirmed that a male officer was indeed injured in the testicle at the same place on the battlefield. The female doctor accepted this explanation, so there was the scene at the beginning of the story.
After hearing this, the male officer expressed his willingness to accept such a child, so the two quickly formed their own family. After the war, the officers retired and lived a happy life.
A small bullet makes a marriage, and the coincidence in the world is really unexpected. However, what a small probability this is. The bullet can accurately hit the officer's testicles, not stay inside, but pass through the human body and shoot into another person's body.
Coincidentally, none of them died, which is quite coincidental under the conditions of war.
6.7.62mm NATO rifle ammunition history 7.62*5 1mm NATO standard ammunition was originally American T65.30 inch rifle ammunition. The development of T65 is related to the improvement of M 1 Garland at the end of World War II. Many infantry hope that the M 1 rifle can hold more ammunition and has the function of repeating bursts. At the same time, they think that the firing speed is faster and the ammunition capacity is larger.
1September, 945, after preliminary testing, the American Ordnance Technical Committee planned to develop a new rifle bullet to replace the .30-06 rifle bullet. Originally, they planned to refer to the German short 7.92mm bullet or the former Soviet Union's 7.62*39mm medium power bullet. However, traditional thinkers in the US Army always feel that the effective range and power of medium-power bombs are limited and cannot meet the requirements of American infantry. The Ordnance Technical Committee finally came up with a compromise, that is, the cartridge case of the .30-06m2 rifle was slightly shortened.
The new caliber is 7.62*5 1mm T65 rifle bullet. Although it is half an inch shorter than the .30-06m2 bullet, the initial velocity is still 2800 fps(848m/s), which is basically the same as that of the .30-06m2 bullet. This is because the newly developed propellant can still produce the same pressure as the .30-06m2 bullet even with a small amount of charge.
When the United States defined the 7.62*5 1mm bomb as T65, it began to force NATO members to accept this new type of bomb as NATO's standard caliber. Although the British considered .280 caliber (7mm) as an ideal rifle bullet through experiments, in June of 1953 and 10, it was decided that the American T65 bullet was a NATO standard rifle bullet. 1957, the United States finalized the M 14 rifle with a NATO caliber of 7.62mm, while other NATO member countries also finalized the standard rifles with this caliber, such as G3 in Germany or FN FAL in Belgium. In addition to rifles, M60 machine guns in the United States and FN MAG in Belgium all adopted this caliber.
However, two years before T65 was determined as NATO standard bomb, Winchester Ammunition Company (a branch of Olin Company) introduced a rifle bullet similar to T65 civilian type in the market, which was officially named as 308 Winchester in 1952.
In fact, the specifications of military 7.62mm NATO ammunition are slightly different from those of .308 Winchester ammunition on the civilian market, but the two ammunition are completely universal. This interchangeability fully meets the safety standards of SAAMI (Sports Weapons and Ammunition Manufacturers Association) in the United States, and there will be no safety accidents when mixed. Generally speaking, the bore pressure of military ammunition is relatively high, and the shell wall thickness is also relatively large. The bore depth of military rifles is slightly deeper than that of civilian rifles (the difference is about 0.33mm). But even if the two kinds of ammunition are mixed, it will not cause safety accidents. It's just that people who play with reloading need to carefully calibrate the size of the whole cartridge case, not just deal with the bottleneck, so as to prevent the short cartridge case from being loaded into a deeper chamber and unable to fire. In the folk, military 7.62 mm ammunition is sometimes called .308 rifle ammunition.
7. Excuse me, who knows what kind of bullet this is? It says 53.2. 1. Hello, this is a type 53 rifle bullet.
7.62×54ммR
It is still used now, for example, this kind of bullet is used in the 85 sniper rifle!