Liu Xiu (6-57), Han nationality, was a foreigner from Nanyang (now southwest of Zaoyang, Hubei). The founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a famous politician and strategist in ancient China. At the end of the new dynasty, the sea fell apart and the world was in chaos. Liu Xiu, a descendant of the royal family in the Western Han Dynasty, and his brothers took advantage of the situation in their hometown tombs to compete with all heroes for the world. In AD 25, Liu Xiu ascended the throne in Hebei and proclaimed himself emperor, establishing the Eastern Han Dynasty. After 10 years of unification war, Liu Xiu successively wiped out many separatist forces such as Lvlin, Chimei, Xiao Wei, Gongsun Shu and millions of peasant rebels, thus reunifying the land of China, which had been in dispute and war for more than 20 years since the end of Xinmang. After the world was settled, Liu Xiu carried out the national policy of "restraining martial arts and cultivating literature", developed production and vigorously promoted Confucianism, which laid the foundation for the Eastern Han Dynasty in the next two hundred years.

Yan Wu made great efforts to govern the country.

In the next 20 years, the people here suffered heavy casualties, died in the battlefield, were hungry and cold, and countless people died. After Liu Xiu reunified the world again, the world population was already "10% and 2%". In order to restore and develop the war-torn Central Plains as soon as possible, Liu Xiuze "knows that the world is tired, thinking about music and resting his shoulders." For a long time, I was flat, not anxious, and never said anything. " At the same time, Liu Xiu issued six consecutive orders to release handmaiden, which greatly improved the problem that a large number of landless peasants became handmaiden since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and also solved the problem of a large number of barren land and insufficient population after the war. At the same time, Liu Xiu also vigorously abolished officials and merged the county. Emperor Guangwu issued a letter: "More than 400 counties will be saved, and the number of official posts will be reduced, so one of the ten will be set up", which greatly reduced the burden on the people. By the end of Liu Xiu's reign, the population had reached more than 20 million, more than doubled, and the economy had also developed greatly.

Concentrate on the bookstore

Guangwu, in the name of giving preferential treatment to the hero, named him a big official of Tian Zhai and removed his military and political power. Guangwu, in view of the importance of "three publics" in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, its authority moved down. Although the positions of "three public offices" were set up, all the administrative power was placed in the Shangshutai, which was directly commanded by the emperor in China and North Korea. Shangshutai has a Shangshuling, ranking 1,000 stone, a Shangshu servant and a Liucao Shangshu, all of which are 600 stone, and are in charge of all kinds of government affairs. There are Cheng, Lang, and other officials below. All government decrees are submitted directly to Emperor Chen by Shangshutai and ruled by the Emperor. Since then, "everything in the world is in history, and it is the next three (public) houses that participate in the decision-making with the owner"; "Although there are three places, it belongs to Taige" and "the three places are for staff only". However, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful ministers added the title of "Shangshushi", which made their power move down again, and Shangshutai became the tool of ministers' dictatorship.

Pay attention to people's livelihood and people's rest

First, release handmaiden and criminals. Since the late Western Han Dynasty, the number of peasants who became slaves and abusers has increased day by day, which has become an important issue in sharpening class contradictions in the late Western Han Dynasty. In the last years of Wang Mang, many handmaiden and criminals took part in the uprising. At the same time, there are also many handmaiden and torturers among some separatist forces. In the process of rebuilding Liu Han's feudal regime, Emperor Guangwu repeatedly issued imperial edicts to release handmaiden in order to disintegrate the enemy, strengthen his own strength, stabilize social order and ease class contradictions, and stipulated that anyone who abused or killed handmaiden was guilty. The imperial edict scope of exempting handmaiden Shu Ren mainly includes: when Wang Mang replaced the Han Dynasty, officials and people were illegally enslaved; Or get married because of poverty and sell it as a handmaiden; In the last years of Wang Mang, he was sold as a handmaiden because of famine or war. Was plundered as a wife in the war. In addition, it is also stipulated that handmaiden shall not be killed at will, and the law of "handmaiden shooting and wounding and abandoning the city" has been abolished, which shows that the status of handmaiden has improved compared with the past. At the same time, in the imperial edict of saving and reducing punishment, the prisoner was released many times, that is, "I am exempt from being Shu Ren." Second, rectify official management and advocate thrift. In view of the corruption of bureaucracy and extravagance of bureaucrats in the late Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu paid attention to rectifying bureaucracy, practicing thrift, rewarding incorruptibility and selecting talents as local officials after he ascended the throne. Moreover, it is strict with local officials and strict with rewards and punishments. Therefore, after the rectification, the official atmosphere has changed. Therefore, the biographies of officials in the later Han Dynasty have a good reputation of "internal and external bandits are slack and people are comfortable". Third, tax collection is sparse, criminal law is preserved, martial arts is suppressed, and interest is shared with the people. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in view of the post-war production depression and the sharp drop in population, Guangwu paid attention to the policy of recuperating with the people, and the first thing was to collect taxes. In the sixth year of Jianwu (AD 30), the imperial edict restored the tax system of thirty taxes and one tax in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Followed by the provincial criminal law. Secondly, Yanwu's writing, which has not been marginalized. Guangwu "knows the exhaustion of the world, thinks about music and rests on his shoulders. Since Longshuping, he has never said anything about the army." In the 21st year of Jianwu (AD 45), sixteen countries, such as Shanshan and Dongshi in the Western Regions, "all sent their sons to serve, and they are willing to ask them to protect them. ..... The emperor decided from the beginning that China did not care about foreign affairs, but also rewarded his servant with a generous reward. " In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu (AD 5 1 year), nirvana in fire hero Cang Gong and hero Ma Wu wrote: Please send troops to destroy the Xiongnu when the Xiongnu is divided and the northern Xiongnu is weak, so as to make "the power of carving stones immortal". Guangwu wrote: "Without good governance in this country, the disaster is endless. People don't protect themselves, and they are far from the point of desire! " ..... it is better to let the people rest. "Fourth, in order to contain powerful forces, we should implement cross-disciplinary policies. The Eastern Han regime was originally established with the support of powerful forces. However, the development of powerful forces and the gradual serious land annexation not only threatened the imperial power, but also affected people's lives. In order to strengthen the imperial court's control over the cultivated land and labor force in the whole country and average the burden of tax corvee, in the fifteenth year of Jianwu (AD 39), a decree was issued to "check the number of acres of cultivated land and the number of registered permanent residence, and check the unjust people for 2,000 stone officials. "It is to require counties to measure land and verify household registration as the basis for correcting land reclamation, population and taxation. After the imperial edict, I met with strong resistance. Guangwudi ordered the execution, Henan Yin, prefect of other counties in other places, etc. 10, and said that it would be strictly investigated. As a result, local strongmen rebelled, and armed rebellion even broke out in some areas, "especially in the four States of Qing, Xu, You and Ji". Guangwu had to drop it. Therefore, the land reclamation ended in failure because various policies and measures were implemented to varying degrees, which created favorable conditions for the recovery and development of social production and greatly increased the cultivated land and population, thus laying a material foundation for the country's prosperity in the early 80 years of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Simplify the organization and reduce redundant employees.

In the sixth year of Jianwu (A.D. 30), the imperial edict transferred all the ministries of state animal husbandry, with the number of provincial officials and county and state governors, to Dasitu and Dasikong. So "in more than 400 counties, the number of official positions has decreased, and one in ten has been released." At the same time, the local military system in the Western Han Dynasty was abolished, and the soldiers in the inland counties and counties were abolished, and the post of chief was abolished. The annual conscription training in the county was also cancelled, and the local defense was replaced by the recruited professional army. However, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the history of state animal husbandry gradually gained weight, with both military, political and financial power, and local forces gradually rose.

Advocate Confucianism and honesty.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, imperial academy was established in Luoyang, and doctors of the Five Classics were established, which restored the study of fourteen doctors in the Western Han Dynasty. I often go to Imperial College London to talk with students. Under his advocacy, many counties have set up schools, and many private schools have emerged among the people. Guangwudi inherited the tradition of exclusive respect for Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, imperial academy and doctors were established, and all kinds of classics were taught in their own ways. When Emperor Guangwu visited Lu, he sent a general to offer sacrifices to Confucius. Later, he named Confucius' descendant, Kong Zhi, as a tribute to Confucius. In particular, it worships the divination superstition created by Confucianism in modern literature. At the same time, Guangwu praised the integrity of some bureaucratic celebrities who were greedy for money and attached to Wang Mang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, praised and appointed those bureaucratic celebrities who lived in seclusion in the Han Dynasty, and praised them for being loyal to the Han Dynasty and not being an official.