1. characteristics: discussion is the main expression, and other expressions can be used simultaneously; Express opinions or opinions with a clear attitude; Prove their views or opinions with sufficient materials.

2. Elements: Argument-attitude towards the issues discussed; Argument-the material basis for proving the argument; Argumentation-the process and method of proving an argument with arguments.

3. classification: make an argument, expound its viewpoint from the front, refute the negative argument, and establish its correct viewpoint.

4. structure: basic structure, introduction, this theory, conclusion, argument structure, juxtaposition, contrast, total score,

5. methods: example method, citation method, metaphor method, analogy method and contrast method. Extension method.

example method: use typical examples to prove the argument.

citation: citing classics, famous sayings and proverbs to prove arguments.

Metaphor: Illustrate the argument with the help of figurative metaphor.

analogy: compare another similar thing or example to illustrate an argument.

contrast method: illustrate an argument with a reverse example or a logical comparison.

Second, the common modes of argumentative writing

The first type: total score (or total score)

The overall structure of the full text of argumentative writing is generally this structural mode. Generally, under the command of the central argument, the argumentation method should establish several sub-arguments that are subordinate to the central argument, that is, serve to explain the central argument, and then through the elaboration of the sub-arguments, the central argument can be profoundly and powerfully proved. Therefore, the structure of the full text of the essay is often "total-sub-total". Almost all argumentative essays are of this structural model.

the second type, juxtaposition (also called plate combination type)

the characteristic of juxtaposition structure is that the level of argumentation is horizontally expanded, and the relationship between sub-arguments is listed, that is, sub-arguments demonstrate the central argument or the central issue discussed from different angles and different sides, which makes the article present a multi-pronged and hand-in-hand pattern. The order of each sub-argument of the coordinate form can sometimes be interchanged; They seem to be independent, but in fact they are closely related and inseparable as a whole.

Example:

The charm of details

There is a popular saying that history depends on the general trend, the situation depends on the mainstream, and people depend on the big festival. This is naturally true. However, small things and details are more vivid and attractive because of their vivid, intuitive and true characteristics, which are loved and talked about by people, and can also be seen from small to large.

the details can determine the outcome. Before the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japanese spies disguised themselves as Japanese warships for reconnaissance. At that time, China's warships were superior to Japan in tonnage, quantity and firepower, and the whole country was intoxicated, thinking that China would surely win the Sino-Japanese naval battle. However, the China warship turrets were littered with shorts and socks, so the Japanese spy wrote this detail in the information and analyzed: This is an army with lax discipline and chaotic management, and people will have strong fighting capacity. Sure enough, as soon as the naval battle started, the Chinese side suffered a crushing defeat, almost all the troops were wiped out, and advanced warships also became trophies of the Japanese army.

details can tell the rise and fall. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Chen Jiageng, an overseas Chinese leader, led a delegation to visit China. He went to the Kuomintang-controlled area first, and the Kuomintang entertained him with a feast of 8 yuan. He later went to Yan 'an, and Mao Zedong got a dinner for him with a few yuan of potluck. A luxury and a simplicity made him see the irreversible corruption of the Kuomintang, and saw the vitality of the * * * production party, which is United as one enemy and fought hard against Japan. From then on, he decided that China's future depended on China's * * * production party, so he stood firmly on the side of China's * * * production party, became a friend of China's * * * production party and witnessed the victory of China's revolution.

the details show the spirit. When Lei Feng is mentioned, people will think of his mended socks. A moon cake he sent to the nursing home; When you mention Kong Fansen, you will think of the only eight yuan and sixty cents in his pocket after his death; When you mention Zhu De, you will think of his grain-carrying pole on Jinggangshan; When He Long is mentioned, people will think of the golden fishhook on the Long March ... The great events and famous sayings of these heroes and great men may be forgotten, but some details of their lives will never be forgotten by future generations, and their great spirit will remain in people's hearts forever through these humble details.

Detail is a note of a magnificent movement, a word in a masterpiece, a spray in a boundless sea, and a stone on a high mountain in Wan Ren. "A drop of water can reflect the brilliance of the sun." Appreciate the details and play with them, and you will find that the little details have endless charm.

Comment: The relationship between the three sub-arguments in this article is parallel. They explain the reasons for the central argument "details are attractive" from different angles and different sides-why?

the third type: progressive type

The structural feature of progressive type is that the relationship between arguments is progressive. The level of argumentation is developed in depth, and the connotation of the topic is prompted in depth from layer to layer, so that the central argument is deeply expounded, and its function is to analyze thoroughly and reason deeply. Their order is generally not interchangeable. It means one layer after another.

living poetically

Hunan college entrance examination candidates in p>7

The sun rises and sets every day, pedestrians pass by in a hurry every day, and we all struggle hard in a seemingly calm life. If we live poetically, it seems to me that it is not the romance when Hemingway looks up at Kilimanjaro's snow, nor the loneliness when Thoreau lives alone by Walden Lake. But in the midst of the complexity of this world, leave a pure land to plant ideals, and then keep fighting until you harvest a golden wheat field in your life.

ideal. It is the first level; "If you go up a tall building alone, you will see the end of the world." It is the ideal that ignites the spark, it is the ideal that washes away the vast dust, and it is the ideal that allows us to see the horizon at a glance and start a journey of pursuit. Tagore once said, "The paradise in my poems is the ideal in my heart." It is the ideal in the heart that will strive to pursue the poetic paradise. To live poetically, we must first have an ideal, whether it is dim or brilliant, whether it is small or great. Without an ideal, how can the flowers in spring bloom brilliantly, how can the stars in summer twinkle in Yin Hui, and how can we set sail on the road of life and be full of poetry?

struggle. It is the second level of realm: "I will never regret the gradual widening of my belt, and I will be haggard because of Iraq." In The Wind, Liu Yong tells his thoughts about Iraqis and the poetry of life, waiting to struggle to realize his ideal. Living poetically is to pick up the axe of struggle, split the ideal stone and roll up a thousand waves to compare with lofty sentiments. Yesterday, Qin Shihuang set the ideal of unifying the whole country, so he made every step slowly and steadily, attacking Xiongnu in the north step by step, recovering Hetao, making Baiyue in the south and collecting it as Xiangjun. The pace of struggle never stopped for a moment, and finally it was a spectacular scene that wiped out the six countries and swept the Central Plains. Struggle makes the ideal shine, makes the road of life wider and wider, bears the unbearable weight of life, is chic and free, is full of ambition, and holds up a sunny day in life. Who dares to say that such a life is not poetic?

harvest. It is the third level: "suddenly looking back, that person is in the dim light." When the fountain of struggle fills the ideal field, autumn is the harvest season. This golden wheat field reflects a shining road of life. Regardless of whether the "wheat field" is big or small, it doesn't matter whether the harvest is worth paying. As long as it is a harvest, it is already a result. If it succeeds, it will harvest flowers and applause. If it fails, it will harvest a period of experience and learn many lessons, and then start all over again. Just as Ji Xianlin, a master of Chinese studies, once said, "To live a lifetime is like writing a poem. Your success and failure are all pieces of poetry, a little bit of poetry." Harvest is the harvest of ideals, the harvest of struggle, the harvest of a poetic life.

Our life is not as heroic as Li Bai's "oh, let a man of spirit venture where he pleases, spin a thousand pieces of silver, all of them come back!", but the ideal makes it bright, the struggle makes it real, and the harvest makes it have a golden poetic style.

break the lock of fate with persistence, make life poetic, plant ideals and make unremitting efforts. I believe that there will be a harvest of "the geese attract the autumn heart and the mountains hold the good moon".

comment: this paper uses the step-by-step formula. The middle three levels of ideal, struggle and harvest are in-depth layer by layer, and the successive levels are not interchangeable. In addition, this article is brilliant in literary talent and full of poetry, and the metaphors such as "picking up the axe of struggle and opening up the ideal stone" are novel and appropriate. Third, the materials are fresh and rich, and there are no fewer than 1 materials used in the article, both at home and abroad.

the fourth contrast (argument structure)

contrast argument refers to the drawing and argument of the article from the front and the back, that is, "how to do it" and "how not to do it"-all levels are independent and mutually supportive, and discuss the problem in an all-round way.

Example:

Forgiving others is liberating yourself

When one foot is on the petals of a violet, it leaves the fragrance on that foot. This is forgiveness.

A mental patient broke into a doctor's house and shot and killed his three daughters in the mood for love. He still cured the mental patient. This is also forgiveness.

one more forgiveness and one more friend. One more hatred, one more enemy.

to forgive others is to be kind to yourself, and to hate others is to hate yourself.

to forgive others is to liberate yourself, and your mind is pure.

Comment: The author didn't discuss the necessity and importance of forgiveness, but focused on "choice" and repeatedly talked about the benefits of "choosing forgiveness" and the evil consequences of "choosing hatred". Through comparative argumentation again and again, people accept the spiritual choice of "forgiveness" and abandon the mentality of "hatred".

fifth, enlightenment (argument structure)

enlightenment is enlightenment, and feeling is feeling. * * * The same feature is that the materials are presented first, and the feelings are later. Feelings can also be read while feeling, such as literary criticism. The basic way to write an argumentative essay according to the material is to describe the material first and then send your feelings. This writing method consists of four steps: "quoting", "proving", "linking" and "closing". Example:

It can bridge the gap.

A senior two student in a school wants to contract a freezer in the summer vacation, which can not only taste the knowledge outside the textbook, but also reduce the financial burden at home. However, his good ideas and enthusiasm can not be understood by his parents, so he is extremely sad and leaves home. From this incident, we can clearly see that there has been an ideological gap between parents and children. Therefore, we have to call for mutual understanding between the two generations.

With the deepening of reform and opening up, people's ideas are constantly updated. The younger generation is easy to accept new things and new ideas. Their ideas and practices are different from those of the previous generation. At this time, parents should not totally deny them or even scold them. Times are different, how can we ask our children to stay the same? As parents, they should have more contact and understanding with their children, and don't let the distance between them grow farther and farther, forming a truly insurmountable gap. Similarly, as a child, you should put yourself in the shoes of your parents. Maybe they are a little old-fashioned and can't accept all new things, but they are out of concern. I remember reporting that a female student in a junior high school had poor grades and was often beaten by her parents, and eventually committed suicide because she was tired of the world. After her death, her parents cried their eyes out. If her parents really don't care about her, how can they be so sad? Therefore, communicate with parents more and tell them more about their own ideas, and the thoughts of the two generations will naturally merge together.

There is an ideological gap between parents and children, which is not a rare phenomenon. Children who run away from home for this reason and commit suicide after leaving the world are often heard. The only way to do this is for parents to be less severe in criticism and abuse and more sincere in care, while children should be more considerate of their parents and understand their feelings, and must not be pessimistic and world-weary.

From a middle school student's running away from home, we should be vigilant and stop letting that "ditch" go on understanding, understanding and enthusiasm, which is the only way to fill it. The gap can be bridged, but it needs the concerted efforts of two generations.

this paper is a typical structure of "introduction-discussion-association-knot". Quote materials, concise and to the point; Clear point of view, don't be bored with words; Make a comment, and the reason is born; Be realistic and targeted; Draw conclusions and be good at taking care of them. Clear-cut point of view, rigorous structure, vivid title and accurate language.

the sixth type: figurative (argument structure)

figurative authentication is an argument method that uses concrete, vivid and vivid things as metaphors to prove more abstract truth.

Example:

Chess philosophy

Chess is indeed an intelligent invention. A chess game is a small standardized society, and each chess piece has its own code of conduct; Car lines, horse racing days, flying fields, and guns hitting the hills are gone forever ... It is precisely because each has its own code of conduct and everyone acts according to the rules that this small society is organized and interesting, and the chess players are never tired of it.

A chess player must play by the rules of the game, which is the premise of gaining the interest in the game. If someone doesn't pay attention to the rules and does whatever he wants, the game will be out of order and the fun will vanish.

Rules are the foundation of chess. Within the rules, chess players can use their wisdom, flexibly deploy troops and dispatch troops, and each move and pattern shows their own strategies and thinking. Therefore, on the basis of rules, they can be imagined and played by anyone, which is unpredictable and extremely interesting.

chess is based on rules, and rules are based on fairness. Including veterans, there are strict codes of conduct and they are implemented to the letter.

There are no idle players in the chess game. Each chess piece has its own clear responsibilities, either attacking, guarding or cooperating. They always do their own jobs, and none of them just fill in the blanks. The chess pieces are United with each other, sharing common enemy, never engaging in "infighting", and never doing stupid things like intrigue and fighting in the same room. In order to win the overall situation, every piece is ready to make sacrifices. ......

The philosophy in this chess game has gone beyond the original competitive category, which implies that it is the way to make a living and be an official. For a society that keeps flaunting its love for the rule of law, the rules of the game are equality, that is, there is no right outside the law and power. This rule is suitable for ordinary people and for the first place in the country.

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