Africa

There are not many coastal islands in Africa, most of which are very small, accounting for only 2% of the whole continent. The mainland is wide in the north and narrow in the south, like an equilateral triangle, with a straight coast and few bays and peninsulas. The whole territory is a high prototype continent with an average elevation of 75m. Roughly bounded by the mouth of Congo River (Zaire is called Zaire River) and the northern edge of Ethiopian Plateau, the plateau with an altitude of more than 1 meters in the southeast half is called High Africa; Most of the northwest half is below 5 meters above sea level, which is called low Africa. Most of Africa's tall mountains stand in the coastal areas of the plateau: Atlas Mountains in the northwest, Mount Kenya and Mount Kilimanjaro in the east, and Drakens Mountains in the south. Kilimanjaro is an active volcano with an altitude of 5,895 meters, the highest peak in Africa. The Great Rift Valley in eastern Africa is the longest rift zone in the world, starting from the Xilei estuary in the south and reaching the northern part of the Dead Sea in western Asia in the north, with a length of about 6,4 kilometers. There are many long and narrow lakes in the rift valley, and the water depth is steep. The Assal Lake on the east side of the Ethiopian Plateau is 153m below sea level, which is the lowest point of the African continent. Influenced by geological structures and other natural factors, the major rivers in Africa have complex water systems, with many rapids and waterfalls, which are < P > in order of length, Nile (6,671km, the longest river in the world), Congo River (Zaire is called Zaire River), Niger River and Niger River. Lakes are mostly distributed in the rift zone of East Africa. According to the size of the area, it is Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi and Lake Chad.

Most parts of Africa are located between the Tropic of Cancer, with a vast area of high temperature all year round, so it is called "tropical continent". There is little precipitation in China. Only the Congo Basin and the Gulf of Guinea coast have an average annual precipitation of more than 1,5 mm, and the area with an average annual precipitation of less than 5 mm accounts for 5 % of the whole continent. The Congo Basin and the Gulf of Guinea coastal area belong to the tropical rainforest climate. The Mediterranean coast is hot and dry in summer and warm and rainy in winter, which belongs to subtropical Mediterranean climate. The Sahara desert in North Africa and the western part of the South African Plateau have a tropical desert climate with little rainfall. Other vast areas are rainy in summer and dry in winter, and most of them belong to tropical grassland climate. Madagascar has a tropical rain forest climate in the east and a savanna climate in the west. Please choose any continent and write a brief commentary

Africa

Africa

Africa is the second largest continent in the world, slightly smaller than Asia, accounting for about 1/5 of the total land area of the earth. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the Mediterranean Sea in the north, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean in the east, and the confluence waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean in the south.

is the abbreviation of "Africa" and its English name is Africa.

There are many interesting legends about the origin of the word Africa.

One legend is that in ancient times, there was also a chief named Africus who invaded North Africa in 2 BC and established a city called Afrikyah there. Later, people called this large area africa.

Another legend is that "africa" is the name of a goddess worshipped by Berbers living in North Africa. This goddess is a patron saint. It is said that as early as the 1st century BC, Berbers found a statue of this goddess in a temple. She is a young woman wearing elephant skin. Since then, people have taken the name of the goddess "africa" as the name of the African continent.

There is also a saying that the word africa comes from the Latin word aprica, which means "sunny place". Compared with Greece and Rome on the northern shore of the Mediterranean, the sunshine in North Africa is really much hotter.

Another way of saying this is that the word africa comes from the Arabic word afar, which means "dust", and is named after the dry climate and windy sand in the continent.

In addition, it is said that Scipion, the Roman conqueror who invaded Carthage (present-day Tunisia), was nicknamed "Scipion Afrikan". In order to commemorate this conqueror, the Roman rulers called this area "africa". Later, the Romans continued to expand and established the new africa Province. At that time, the name was limited to the northern part of the African continent. By the 2nd century A.D., the Roman Empire's territory in Africa had expanded to a vast area from the Strait of Gibraltar to the whole northeast of Egypt. People called all the Romans or natives living here Africa, which means africa. This place is also called "africa", and later it refers to the African continent.

Africa has a total land area of nearly 3,365,7 square kilometers (11,724,3 square miles), which is about 8, kilometers (5, miles) from north to south and 7,43 kilometers (4,6 miles) from east to west. In many places in Africa, you don't need tables and chairs, knives and forks, let alone chopsticks, but you grab food with your hands.

when eating, everyone sits around, with a lunch box and a vegetable box in the middle. Everyone holds the edge of a lunch box or a vegetable box with his left hand, grabs the rice and vegetables in front of him with the fingers of his right hand and sends them to his mouth. At this point, you will be at a loss, and even grab your hands full of food, while Africans grab their own food and eat neatly. What guests should pay attention to when eating is not to spill the food on the ground, which is taboo for the host. After the meal, the younger generation should sit still and wait while the elders are still present. When children leave, they must salute their parents to thank them; Guests should leave together after the host has finished eating.

See: 3. Choose a continent you like and describe its natural and human geographical features.

The general name of Europe is Europa, or Europe for short.

location: located in the northwest of the eastern hemisphere and the west of Asia. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Africa across the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Urals Mountains, ural river, the Great Caucasus Mountains, the Bosporus Strait and the Da Daniil Strait in the east, and North America across the Greenland Sea and the Danish Strait in the northwest.

range: the mainland reaches the polar Urals in the east (66 1 ′ east longitude and 67 46 ′ north latitude), Marocchi Point in the south (5 36 ′ west longitude and 36 ′ north latitude), Rocca Point in the west (9 31 ′ west longitude and 38 47 ′ north latitude), and Noerchen Point in the north (. Area: 1.16 million square kilometers, accounting for 6.8% of the world's total land area, only bigger than Oceania, making it the sixth continent in the world.

geographical area: there are 44 countries and regions in Europe. Geographically, it is used to be divided into five regions: southern Europe, western Europe, central Europe, northern Europe and eastern Europe.

Southern Europe refers to the Balkan Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula and nearby islands south of the Alps, including Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Italy, Vatican, San Marino, Malta, Spain, Portugal and Andorra. In a narrow sense, Western Europe refers to the Atlantic Ocean and nearby islands in western Europe, including Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and Monaco.

Central Europe refers to the central part of Europe south of the Baltic Sea and north of the Alps. Including Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein.

Northern Europe refers to jutland and Scandinavia in northern Europe. Include Iceland, Faroe Islands (Denmark), Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland.

Eastern Europe refers to the eastern part of Europe, and geographically refers to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and western Russia. With a population of 728 million, accounting for 12.5% of the world's total population, it is the continent with the highest population density.

the population distribution is relatively uniform. The population density of most countries is 5 people per square kilometer, and only Northern Europe is relatively sparse.

ethnic group: most of the residents in Europe are white (Europa), and the ethnic composition is relatively simple in all continents. There are about 7 ethnic groups in the whole continent, and the population of most ethnic groups has reached a certain number, and small ethnic groups and tribes are relatively rare.

the ethnic composition of most countries is relatively simple. Countries with complex ethnic composition include Russia and Switzerland.

Language: There are many languages in European countries, and the main languages are English, Russian, French, German, Italian and Spanish. Religion: Most residents believe in Catholicism and Christianity.

The coastline of natural environment is 379 million kilometers long, which is the most tortuous continent in the world. Many peninsulas, islands and harbors.

The total area of peninsulas and islands accounts for about 1/3 of the whole continent (including peninsulas with an area of about 2.4 million square kilometers, accounting for about 24% of the whole continent; The island covers an area of about 75, square kilometers, accounting for about 7% of the total area of the whole continent). In addition, there are many inland seas and bays that go deep into the mainland.

Topography: The general feature of Europe's topography is that it is dominated by plains, with a wide distribution of glacial landforms. The mountains and mountains converge in the south. The plateaus, hills and mountains above 2 meters above sea level account for about 4% of the whole continent, of which the altitude is 5? Only 15% of them are over 1, meters, and only about 2% of them are high mountains above 2, meters. The plains below 2 meters above sea level account for about 6% of the whole continent. The average elevation of the whole continent is 3 meters, which is the lowest.

The European plain stretches for thousands of miles from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Urals in the east, forming a great plain across Europe. The Alps, stretching across the south, are the largest mountains in Europe.

Mount Elbrus, the main peak of the Great Caucasus Mountains in the southeast, is 5642 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Europe. Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe are relatively flat, and the coast goes deep into the inland and steep fjords on both sides.

The lowlands along the northern Caspian Sea are 28 meters below sea level, which is the lowest point in the whole continent. Climate: The climate in most parts of Europe is mild and humid.

The north-south latitude of the mainland is 35, including the affiliated islands, which are only 47. Except the islands in the northern coast and the Arctic Ocean belong to the cold zone and the coastal areas in southern Europe belong to the subtropical zone, almost all of them are in the temperate zone. It is the continent with the widest distribution area of temperate maritime climate in the world.

the distance from the ocean in western Europe is no more than 7 kilometers, while the farthest place from the ocean in the east can reach 1,6 kilometers, so Europe has a transition from maritime climate to continental climate from west to east. Because of the vast plain, the humid westerly wind blowing from the vast Atlantic Ocean can penetrate inland unimpeded, the humid air regulates the temperature, and the warm current of the North Atlantic makes the whole coastal areas of western Europe and northern Europe warmer.

what is the largest area in Leng Yue? Between 16℃; The average temperature in the hottest month is mostly 8? Between 4℃. The amount and distribution of precipitation are different due to the distance from the Atlantic Ocean and the prevailing wind direction.

You are near the windward slope of the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual precipitation is over 1 mm, and the average annual precipitation in the vast low mountains, hills, plateaus and plains is 5? mm, the southern part of the three peninsulas in southern Europe belongs to the subtropical Mediterranean winter precipitation area, and the winter precipitation accounts for about 3? %。 Water system: The river network in Europe is relatively dense, short and abundant, and many rivers are connected by canals.

The outflow area accounts for about 8.5%, of which the basin area of rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean (including the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea) accounts for about 68% of the whole continent; About 12.5% flows into the Arctic Ocean; The inflow area accounts for about 19.5%, and most of them are injected into the Caspian Sea. The main rivers are Volga, Danube, ural river, Dnieper, Don, Rhine, Rhone and Thames.

The biggest waterfall in Europe is Olmery Falls in Norway, with a drop of 563 meters. There are many lakes in Europe, and it is a continent with many small lakes, but the distribution is very uneven, mainly in the north and Alps.

most lakes in Europe are formed by glaciation. There are many large moraine lakes and tectonic lakes in the foothills of Alps, and most mountain rivers flow through them.

the geological exploration of natural resources and minerals in Europe was carried out earlier, and most areas have been explored. At present, the proven reserves of oil are about 12.4 billion tons; The proven reserves of natural gas are about 37 trillion cubic meters (mostly concentrated in the former Soviet Union, followed by. 4. Write a composition with a navigator you like

Zheng He is an outstanding figure in the history of China's foreign exchanges. Zheng He's voyage to the West is an important event in the history of navigation in China and the world, which embodies the spirit of our great Chinese nation's openness, enterprising, peace, friendship, exchanges and cooperation, navigating the ocean and being the first in the world.

The era of Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean was from 145 to 1433, with a total of seven times.

Zheng He's fleet of voyages to the Western Ocean was very large, and there was a need for communication between ships. At that time, there was no telecommunications, so how could they communicate? The fleet has boats, audio signals, flags and other equipment. The fleet adopts the method of "recognizing flags by day and lanterns by night, and keeping things in sequence, arm in arm from left to right, so as not to worry". Sometimes in poor visibility weather, gongs, horns and horns are also used as communication tools. This shows that the ancient China people's wisdom in command is great.

Zheng He's brilliant voyage to the West reflects the unique scientific and technological achievements of the Chinese nation in the history of world civilization.

China has been able to determine the direction and position of ships by observing the sun, moon and stars for a long time. Zheng He's fleet has combined navigation astronomical positioning with navigation compass to improve the accuracy of determining the position and direction of the ship, which is called "star-holding". This technology showed the world advanced level of astronomical navigation in China at that time.

Zheng He's geo-navigation technology in his voyages to the West was based on marine scientific knowledge and nautical charts, and used navigational instruments such as log and bathymeter to ensure the navigation route of the ship according to nautical charts and needle track bookkeeping.

The brilliance of China's advanced navigation technology reflected by Zheng He's voyage to the West shows the great wisdom of ancient China people, thus creating Zheng He's great voyage to the West.

Zheng He made a historic breakthrough in his seven voyages to the Western Ocean, reaching the Atlantic Ocean and crossing the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. At that time, it was great to sail by wooden boat and only by natural wind to overcome all kinds of difficulties. Not only did you have to master all kinds of technology and knowledge, but you also needed courage and adventure spirit.

Zheng He made many contributions to his seven voyages to the West. Zheng He's achievements are brilliant, belonging to China and the world. He began in his thirties, devoted himself to the ocean for 28 years, and went to the West for the last time. He was 6 years old. But this time he didn't come back and died in Guri, India, at the age of 62.

Zheng He represents a value trend that China people are not afraid of difficulties and conquer nature, and a determination to open the country to the world for cultural exchange.

Zheng He's spirit of dedication and dedication to serving the country is eternal and worthy of future generations.