1) Proverbs about understanding nature and summing up production experience, such as \ "Long worm corridor, heavy rain is coming \" and \ "There are three treasures in Northeast China: ginseng, mink and wurass \". (2) Proverbs about understanding the society and summing up the experience of social activities, such as "People respect the rich, dogs bite them" and "If you let the tiger go back to the mountain, there will be future trouble". (3) Proverbs that sum up general life experience, such as "cold starts from the feet, and illness enters from the mouth" and "getting up early in the morning is never too old". China proverbs encyclopedia ◆ First-class, second-class, second-class, third-class, second-class, third-class, third-class success. ◆ If you don't practice your hands and feet for one day, you will lose half if you don't practice for two days, a layman for three days, and a stare for four days. ◆ Ten years' practice makes a good scholar, but ten years' practice makes a poor scholar. ◆ People practice in the world, and knives grind on stones. Walking a thousand miles is better than reading for ten years. ◆ People's hearts are separated by their bellies, and people look at their behavior. ◆ Force is great, but courage is great. ◆ Don't read the mouth for three days, and don't do it for three years. ◆ Words are unsubstantiated, but facts prove it. ◆ The big carp swimming in the lake is not as good as the small carp on the table. It is better to speak than to see. ◆ Children in the mountains are not afraid of wolves, and children in the city are not afraid of officials. ◆ Ten thousand words are not enough to eat, and a handful of running water can quench your thirst. ◆ The mountain is climbed step by step, and the ship is rolled out one by one. ◆ A thousand studies are not as good as a look, and a thousand studies are not as good as a practice. ◆ It is not too steep to live on a slope for a long time. A horse looks at his teeth, but a man looks at his words and deeds. ◆ I don't know if it is warm in spring without cold in winter. ◆ Don't take the burden, don't know the weight, don't walk a long way, don't know the distance. ◆ I don't sleep in the quilt, I don't know how wide the quilt is. ◆ If you don't go into the water, you won't swim for a lifetime; If you don't sail, you won't punt all your life. ◆ Don't be a master, I don't know how expensive the rice is; If you don't have children, you don't know your parents. ◆ Hands that don't touch the bottom of the pot are not black, and hands that don't take oil bottles are not greasy. ◆ Water falls and stones appear, and people will see people for a long time. ◆ Those who strike while the iron is hot should put their own pliers, and those who farm should go to the fields themselves. ◆ Ask the woodcutter for firewood, and ask the ferryman for sailing. I'd rather do it than miss it. ◆ The first time you fall for it, the second time you come back. ◆ Send back water and deposit mud; By doing we learn. ◆ Hearing is false, seeing is believing. ◆ An old horse knows the way, but an old man knows the world. ◆ Old people don't talk about the past, and later generations will lose their music. ◆ Old beef has a chewing head, and the old man has a listening head. ◆ Ginger is spicy and the elderly have much experience. Seeing is better than seeing, and seeing is better than doing it. ◆ Eat once, learn once. ◆ When you are in charge, you know that salt and rice are expensive, and when you go out, you know that the road is difficult. ◆ Just talk and don't practice the fake style, just practice and don't talk about the real style, even talk and practice the whole style. ◆ File more fast saws and learn more. ◆ There are many old roots in the tree, and many old people know. ◆ Chop firewood up the mountain and catch birds up the tree. ◆ Chop firewood and chop off a small head, and ask the old man for directions. ◆ The casserole does not leak, and the wood does not cut. Grass can't cover the eagle eye, and water can't cover the fish eye. ◆ Drug farmers go to the mountains to see herbs, and hunters go to the mountains to see animals. ◆ The snake is cold, but the wolf is fishy. ◆ Fragrant flowers are not necessarily good-looking, but they may say that they are not necessarily capable. ◆ After some setbacks, gain some insight. ◆ I have learned a lot and know a lot. To know what is going on in the mountains, ask the old farmer in the countryside. ◆ Know your parents' kindness and hold your children and grandchildren in your arms.

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A, the big fish eat small fish, the small fish eat shrimp B, the weak meat eats the armor, and the old crooked tree for many years, which can't stand up straight, and it's hard to get back to the armor, and the horns that grow later are longer than the ears that grow first, and then come to the top, pick up sesame seeds, lose watermelon B, lose big armor because of small, and you go your Yangguan Road; I've seen my single-plank bridge B, parting ways, being afraid of wolves before, being afraid of tigers after, being timid, getting to the bottom of the casserole, getting to the bottom of it, looking at mung beans by the tortoise, falling in love at first sight. The above examples have the same meaning, with A as a proverb and B as an idiom. Common sayings take image as the main body; Idioms are characterized by conciseness. Idioms are mostly complete sentences with different lengths, which can be flexible when used; Idioms are mostly four-word stable structures with neat forms. Common sayings are popular among the people orally, and their characters remain popular. Idioms are mostly used in written language, which tends to be elegant in words. From this comparison, it can be defined from the main aspects: proverbs are popular spoken language with images as the main body, and its structural form is relatively stable, but it can be flexible in practical application. This is the main connotation of the proverb, and as far as its extension is concerned, it inevitably overlaps with idioms. Although the image is the main body of proverbs, it does not rule out refinement; Although idioms are characterized by conciseness, they do not exclude images. Although most idioms are four-character structures, some of them are composed of more than four characters; Although the sentence patterns of common sayings vary in length, a few of them are composed of four words. Although colloquialism is mostly spoken, it has been widely used in literary works, even in philosophy and science and technology books. With the improvement of people's educational level, idioms are often used in spoken English. In this way, proverbs and idioms may penetrate each other and there is a cross phenomenon. Such as: ① the fire at the city gate, which harms the fish in the pool (image, eight words, idiom → idiom); ② fishing for three days, drying the net for two days (image, eight words, idiom → idiom); ③ adding insult to injury (image, four words, idiom → idiom); ④ Habit becomes nature (concise, five words, idiom → idiom); ⑤ Dare to cross the line () These idioms have some characteristics of common sayings and idioms. It seems that both dictionaries of common sayings and idioms can be included. Fortunately, this situation is not too many. Common sayings and idioms may sometimes be transformed into each other and coexist. For example: ① The bench is not too hot → the seats are not warm → I'm afraid I'll break the jade bottle when I hit the mouse → I'm afraid I'll hit the mouse → I'm afraid I'll burn my eyebrows → I'm in urgent need → I'll hit the stone with eggs → I'll beat the chicken with eggs → I'll beat the chicken with eggs → I'll finish grinding and kill the donkey. Medicine → the right medicine ① Catch all the fish in one net→ Catch all the proverbs in one net → If the sentence structure tends to be neat, it may be transformed into idioms; Idioms may be transformed into proverbs if they add visual elements. When a proverb is transformed into an idiom, it can still maintain its image; Idioms are transformed into proverbs, and if they lack images, they should be supplemented, and they are often transformed into two-part allegorical sayings. (See the following two-part allegorical sayings) There are both connections and differences between proverbs and idioms. Proverbs have the advantages of proverbs; Idioms have the advantages of idioms. Common sayings make descriptions lively, and idioms make arguments forceful, which are worth learning well. Proverbs and aphorisms Some books refer to common sayings and proverbs as common sayings and compile them together. Compiling together is understandable, but the two are not equal. Proverbs are just a part of proverbs, which sum up knowledge and experience and have ideological significance. Such as: ① white wine is a red face, and gold is a black heart; ② people don't listen to the old man's words, and they suffer in front of them; ③ no matter how small the national affairs are, they are also small; ④ The train runs fast, because it depends on the headstock; ⑤ A leopard cannot change its spots; ⑤ The broken weight of gold falls on the back of a mountain; ⑧ it depends on water and water to stay in the green hills; it is not afraid that a man can be sharpened without firewood; ⑨ A rich man will go bad. If a woman goes bad, she will have money; if she goes bad, she will have people's heart; if a dog bites, it will show no teeth; if she works hard, iron ruler's motto of grinding into a needle will also sum up knowledge and experience, which is meaningful. But careful distinction is still slightly different. The knowledge and experience summarized by aphorisms are mainly social, mostly logical thinking, philosophical statements, often from famous works; The knowledge and experience summed up by proverbs is not limited to social aspects, but also includes natural science and production practice (such as agricultural proverbs). It comes from the mouth of the people, mostly belongs to image thinking and is a literary language. In this distinction, proverbs should be classified as written language and proverbs as spoken language. However, it is inevitable that there will be overlapping situations. A, full of losses, modest benefits (written language) B, modesty makes people progress, pride makes people lag behind (spoken language) A, where there is a will, there is a way (written language) B, nothing is difficult in the world, I am afraid that if you set your mind on it (spoken language) A, you will worry about the world first, and then you will be happy in the world (written language) B, you will suffer hardships first and enjoy yourself later (written language) However, due to the improvement of people's educational level, these proverbs with classical Chinese colors have also entered the spoken language. We can only distinguish them as much as possible, but we have to admit that there are actually some overlapping phenomena. Some of the proverbs are proverbs and the other are descriptive sentences. They do not summarize knowledge and experience, but only express a modality. I don't know which end of the kang is hot, cicadas are dragging over other branches, I pick my nose horizontally, I pick my eyes vertically, I grab my eyebrows and beard, I get up early, I catch up late, I beg my grandfather, I tell my grandmother that the moon in a foreign country is better than the circle in China, and shaking my head is not a nod. I don't like eating, I turn a blind eye, I wear red, and I wear green. This part of the statement is a description. Some books call it "idioms", but the language phenomena involved are "slang", such as back-to-back, burning the midnight oil, talking nonsense, dawdling, suckers and so on. In the preface of Five Thousand Proverbs, the author used \ "idioms \" to refer to descriptive proverbs. The definition of idiom is not very clear, and some dictionaries use it as a term higher than common sayings and idioms, and its pronunciation is similar to that of "common sayings", and some dialect areas are even homophones. As a term, it has its own shortcomings. On second thought, I think it is better to use \ "slang \" instead. Slang, this term is sometimes mixed with slang, and slang is also called slang. This \ "slang \" is related to the \ "Li \" of \ "village \", which means "Li people". Slang often refers to a dialect with dialect color. Since it is sometimes mixed with common sayings, and "idioms" actually refer to slang, it is better to borrow the word "slang" to refer to these descriptive common sayings. Four, two-part allegorical sayings, one-liners and one-liners are basically synonyms. Two-part allegorical saying is a linguistic term, and one-liners are verbal terms. Two-part allegorical saying is a half-sentence in form (the first half is an image or an example, and the second half is an explanation and explanation). In fact, it is to make the words more vivid and specific. Therefore, two-part allegorical sayings should be included in common sayings. However, the images in the two-part allegorical sayings are often comic, with the color of banter. It uses various rhetorical devices to modify words, words, languages and sentences (including proverbs themselves) to make them lively. Therefore, it is somewhat different from proverbs and descriptive slang. Such as: ① daffodils don't bloom, pretending to be garlic (modifier), crying cats and mice, crocodile tears (modifier), ③ floods washed the Longwang Temple, and our own people didn't recognize our own people (modifier), ④ Carpenters wore cangue, and suffered from it (modifier), and ⑤ Zhang Fei pierced the needle and stared at each other with wide eyes (modifier). In order to enhance the image, some idioms are often converted into two-part allegorical sayings. (1) a rolling pin blows fire, and you don't know anything about it; (2) a golden marble hits a bird, and the loss outweighs the gain; (3) a peony is embroidered on green satin, and the icing on the cake; (4) a crab walks in the mill, without a head or tail; (5) a crab crosses the river; (6) too many cooks draws water from fifteen buckets; (7) dung beetles becomes aware of it; (8) a scallion is mixed with tofu; (9) the prince of hell gives a notice; ( Some commonly used two-part allegorical sayings have good images and are closely combined, which are similar to proverbs and descriptive slang. For example: ① Weasel looks at chicken, the more it looks, the thinner it becomes (image before, explanation after, experience talk → proverb); ② Bamboo basket draws water, but it is empty (image before, explanation after, descriptive slang); ③ Sesame blossoms, and it is getting higher and higher (image before, explanation after, descriptive slang → slang). Common sayings are spoken sentences, which are different from written idioms and aphorisms. They are two systems of spoken and written Chinese. Proverbs are fixed sentences widely circulated among the people, and they are the crystallization of experiences and lessons summed up by the people in their long-term life practice. Proverbs are simple and popular, but they reflect profound truth. Two-part allegorical sayings, which are unique wisdom and interesting language of China people, are also a kind of grammar that people love to use. Two-part allegorical saying is a special language form created by people in their life practice. It generally consists of two parts, the first half is an image metaphor, like a riddle, and the second half is an explanation and explanation, like a riddle, which is very natural and appropriate. For example, it takes two hands to fight-<; It's hard to sing with one hand > ; The foot-binding of a lazy woman-<; Long and smelly > . In general language. Usually, as long as you say the first half and "rest" the second half, you can understand and guess its original intention, so it is called a two-part allegorical saying. The name "Xiehou" first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Old Tang book. It has been mentioned in the Biography of Zheng Gui that there is a so-called "Zheng Wu Xie Hou Ti" (a kind of "Xie Hou" style poem). However, as a language form and expression, it appeared as far back as the pre-Qin period. Such as the Warring States Policy. Chu Ce IV: "It's never too late to mend." It means that it is not too late to mend the sheepfold after losing the sheep. This is the earliest two-part allegorical saying that we have seen today. We have reason to believe that this is a popular saying among the people at that time, which is based on the life experience of ordinary people. Although this kind of ancient two-part allegorical sayings is rare in written records, it is believed that there are quite a few among the people. For example, Qian Daxin's "Heng Yan Lu" said: "Sending goose feathers a thousand miles away is light and heavy, and it is also a proverb in the Song Dynasty." This kind of two-part allegorical saying continues to be used by people today. When studying the origin of two-part allegorical sayings, some linguists and linguistic monographs also mention other related names. For example, in The Origin of Rhetoric, Chen Wangdao introduced two-part allegorical sayings in the section of "Tibetan words"; In the study of proverbs, Guo Shaoyu pointed out that two-part allegorical sayings originated from "echo" (a form similar to guessing); Other books list names such as "argot", "riddle", "proverb", "foot-shrinking" and "one-liners". By comparison, most of them reveal some similarities and differences. Regarding the classification of two-part allegorical sayings, Xiang Wuding said. Besides, there are many two-part allegorical sayings, all of which have several properties, so it is difficult to divide them scientifically. For the convenience of reference, we classify all the entries with homophonic words into one category, and the rest are divided into three categories according to the nature of figurative parts. First, homophones. Such as: empty coffin burial-<; There is no one in the eye (wood) > Onion mixed with tofu-<; Clear (green) and white > This kind of two-part allegorical saying is to use homophones or near-homophones to harmonize, and to derive another meaning from the original meaning. This kind of two-part allegorical saying often takes several turns to understand its meaning. And therefore more interesting. Second, metaphor. Such as: moving wood in the alley-<; Go straight > Cold water dough-<; Not much strength > This kind of two-part allegorical saying is an analogy of real or imaginary things. If the contrast ratio