Du Mu's poem Qingming, because of its high wine culture value, has caused many disputes about the time and place of its creation, especially about the exact location of Xinghua Village. Based on the basic theory of historical geography, according to the clues provided by several lyric poems such as Du Mu's Xihe Poem, and combined with the climate characteristics of Taiyuan Basin in the late Tang Dynasty, this paper concludes that the writing time of Qingming poem is about 23-26 years old. The place of creation is on the author's way to Fenzhou (Fenzhou), that is, Xinghua Village, Fenyang, Taiyuan Basin, Shanxi Province. It is a work of the same period as Bingzhou Daozhong.

Du Mu (803 ~ 852) was born in Wannian County (now Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province). He is a unique and outstanding poet in China's late Tang Dynasty. Du Mu is witty and free. In his early years, he was quite conceited about his ability to help the world through his country. Du Mu loved traveling and wrote poems all his life, leaving many well-known poems for later generations. Among them, the poem Qingming has a great influence:

During the Qingming Festival, there are many rains, and pedestrians on the road want to die.

Ask local people where to buy wine? The shepherd boy just laughed and didn't answer Xingshan Village.

A poem "Qingming Festival" appeals to both refined and popular tastes, and also reflects the natural and humanistic features of Xinghua Village in the Tang Dynasty during the Qingming Festival. As we all know, this poem also has a high value of wine culture. However, there is great controversy about where the "Xinghua Village" in the poem refers. There are several apricot blossom villages all over the country, and the so-called "ground-looking" competition began at the end of the Ming Dynasty. "North Fen Theory", "South Pool Theory", "Jiangsu Nanjing Theory" and "Hubei Macheng Theory" appeared one after another. So some people have to think that "Xinghua Village" is a general term, and it is impossible to figure out where it refers. Since liberation, some scholars have considered the modern climate and Du Mu's appearance as an official in Chizhou, and many people agree that "Xinghua Village" is in Chizhou. In May, 2003, China Local Records magazine published a long article "An Analysis of the Horizon Dispute in Xinghua Village" with more than 65,438+3,000 words. According to the local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty and the modern climate, Chizhou's theory has been affirmed, and Chizhou seems to be the final conclusion. CCTV 2。 However, those who criticized Mr. Chizhou Helang's textual research ignored an important fact, that is, it is unconvincing to equate the current climate with the ancient climate of the Tang Dynasty, infer the historical facts of the Tang Dynasty from the records of the Qing Dynasty, and affirm Du Mu's life in Chizhou for two years. Du Mu lived 1200- 1 150 years ago. According to historical geography, the climate characteristics of Taiyuan Basin were different at that time. Du Mu has never been to Shanxi. Reading the Collected Works of Fan Chuan, we will find that Du Mu traveled to Fenzhou (now Taiyuan) when he was young, and the poem Qingming should have been written by Du Mu when he traveled to Fenzhou.

First, a strong tour that Du Mu traveled with Fenyang when he was young.

Li Tang Dynasty raised soldiers in Jinyang (Bingzhou) and made Jinyang the capital. Traveling with Fen on the ancient road of Tang Dynasty is almost a compulsory course for literati. Many famous people such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Li Shangyin have traveled and written poems. In all the Tang poems, poems about traveling along Fen can be seen everywhere, as Bai Juyi said, "The old road with Fen is brilliant."

Du Mu was conceited and impassioned in his early years, talking about military affairs. Stand tall, dare to discuss major issues and point out the disadvantages of the past. Politically, he is a progressive with insight and courage. At the age of 23, he wrote a famous article Gong Fangfu. At the age of 26, he was admitted to Jinshi. During this period, I swam across the riverside fen, which is trustworthy, as evidenced by the poem "Bing Zhou Dao Zhong". Some people think that the poem "Bing Zhou Dao Zhong" comes from another collection and may be mixed with other people's works. In fact, there are other poems that prove that he swam in the riverside, such as Tian Guo House and Outside the South Gate of Anyi, the house was built high. In Fengcheng Garden, Artemisia is lacking on the wall. Anyi here is the only place where the Tang Dynasty went north to Taiyuan. The route to the north in the Tang Dynasty was Zhou Pu (now Yongji)-Jinzhou (now Linfen)-Fenzhou (now Fenyang)-Bingzhou (now Jinyuan area), and Anyi (now Yuncheng North) was between Pujin and Pujin.

2 The exact location of "Xinghua Village" in Du Mu's poem Qingming

The purpose of Du Mu's visit to Fen is not only to take the ancient road, but also to inspect the former site of Fenyang King's fief. Du Mu liked to talk about the art of war and military affairs before becoming an official, and praised Guo Ziyi for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. This can be confirmed by his poems. In his later years, Du Mu went to the south to be an official, but he never forgot King Fenyang in his heart. In a quatrain called Yunmengze, he wrote:

The sun, the moon and the dragon flag are flying, and the king of Chu is skilled in binding.

Straight is detached from all corners of the country, not Guo Fenyang as always.

In Du Mu's mind, Guo Ziyi was even greater than Fan Li, who helped the King of Yue succeed. Mourning for the Past is an echo of Du Mu's early poems about the Xihe River in Fenzhou.

Nine golden gods ding heavy hills, five jade princes miscellaneous rings.

Constellations hunt dark all night, guard the building and play the flute.

Zi Long was buried in prison, and Emperor Lu Hong threw a face into the sky.

If you miss an old friend of Xihe, Father Fish promised to send a letter.

There is a preface before the poem: "Yin Dacun Bachelor, Bachelor, Bachelor, Bachelor, Bachelor, Youth." From this preface, we can know that this poem was written by Du Mu when he was young or when he recalled his youth. The poem Xihe was called Fenyang in the Tang Dynasty. In the poem, "Zi Long is buried in prison" and "guarding the building and playing the flute." It is a description of the ancient city of Xihe. Xihe River is now Fenyang City. What about "an old friend of Xihe"? On the power of "nine golden gods rushing to the autumn mountain" and the wealth of "five jade princes and princes" On fame, "the stars in the Xihe River brighten the sky, and the famous wolf-catching mat is eclipsed", on talent and achievement, "Heaven covers his face." It means that it is a godsend to be tried and tested, just like being tried in the old man's fire. Who is such a great old friend of Xihe in Fenyang besides the Wangs? So that our poet couldn't sit still and asked, "Father Fish promised to leave a letter." Vowed to join the army! This poem expresses Du Mu's great ambition when he was young.

There are many poets who visit Xihe River, and there is an image of "Xihe River is like a dragon" in Tang poetry. It doesn't matter who the "old friend of Xihe" in the poem refers to. What is important is that this sentence not only shows that Du Mu traveled to Fenyang City and Xinghua Village, but also stayed for a while, thus making new friends in Xihe.

Another evidence that the poem Qingming was written in Fenyang, Shanxi Province is another poem Fable written by Du Mu when he was an official in the south in his later years:

The warm wind came late, and the willows began to bud. Gu Ying looked ashamed.

Why did the Ming Dynasty dominate? The apricot blossom season is in Jiangnan.

The main idea of the poem is: on a sunny spring morning, facing the bright spring scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, the poet sitting in the official residence is in a bad mood. If he lost something, why? Because it will be the apricot blossom season in the north, I am in Jiangnan. The fable confirmed that the poem Qingming was indeed written in the north.

The poem Qingming is Du Mu's famous work, and it is his confession of worrying about the country and the people when he was young. The wonderful work "The Shepherd Directs the Xinghua Village" is a lifetime memory. However, "Poems of the Tang Dynasty" was not included. As we know, Du Mu wrote poems for his nephew after becoming an official, and Fan was compiled by his nephew. If it is written in Chizhou, it should include Fan, which shows that Qingming is his early work.

2. "March Rain in Fenchuan" in Tang Dynasty-the climate change in historical period.

Although there is frequent precipitation in the Qingming period in Shanxi, some people still think uneasily: Spring in Shanxi should be "windy and dusty", can it be "rainy in the Qingming period"? Yes, the spring in Shanxi in the Tang Dynasty was "clear and rainy". Here are some poems describing Shanxi and northern spring in the Tang Dynasty. Yu, a famous talented woman in the Tang Dynasty, said in the poem "To Liu Shangshu": "It rains in March in Fenchuan, and flowers bloom in the water." Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said in the Qingming Banquet Tour: "It's raining, but it's late." In the Tang Dynasty, sheep men enjoyed apricots and watched the snow, and there was a poem saying, "Flowers fall over the place, and drizzle clears it up." When Wei described the scenery of Chang 'an, there was a poem saying: "It is forbidden to have fine spring rain, and the palace trees and wild smoke are in harmony." Chang 'an is also in the north.

3 The exact location of "Xinghua Village" in Du Mu's poem Qingming

In the Tang Dynasty, Shanxi was not only full of spring rain, but also overflowing with spring water. For example, Yao He, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem: "A generation of Malones is mixed, and the Fenhe River is dark." "At the beginning of the golden leaf rain, the Weihe River is clear." Xue Neng, a poet in Fenzhou, Tang Dynasty, said, "Su Fen and my family have always remembered that yamen wanted to wash yarn for thousands of years." In the Tang Dynasty, the Fenhe River was really stagnant, unlike today. Let's call it the "flower rain" in the northern Qingming period of the Tang Dynasty. "Flower rain" is different from "spring rain" and "plum rain" in the Yangtze River valley today. Today's plum rain appeared around June, which is still a long way from Qingming.

Why did the "Flower Rain" in the Tang Dynasty disappear today? Zhu Kezhen, the founder of meteorology in China, and many geographers found through a lot of research that the climate in China's historical period experienced four cold periods and three warm periods, during which the precipitation in the north increased. Sui and Tang Dynasties (589-907) happened to be the third warm period (7th-9th century). According to historical records, there was no ice and snow in Chang 'an at that time, and plums and oranges could grow in Guanzhong area. Zhu Kezhen also found that the anomaly of precipitation index in China in the 9th century was +0.08, which is a very large value. I think there will be "flower rain" during the warm period when the rain belt moves northward to the Wei Fen Valley.

From the change of Fenhe river flow, we can also prove the change of climate. According to historical documents, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, attention should be paid to grain transportation in order to supply the grain of Chang 'an, the capital city, and Fenhe River Basin was the supply place. In the Sui Dynasty, grain transportation was set up in Zhou Pu, Ding Yu (near Yongji today), and it was carried out as usual in the early Tang Dynasty. In other words, Fenshui was navigable during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, as far away as Fenzhou and Jinzhou, which is today's Fenyang County and Linfen City.

With the arrival of the fourth cold period, Shanxi became a bit "barren and cold", and the cultural center of China began to move south. Shanxi, once a storm in the Tang Dynasty, was gradually suspected, and the history of Chang 'an, Shaanxi, the capital of the world, is gone forever. In the face of sunny March, we have to sigh:

The spring breeze reached Fenhe Bay again, but no geese flew across the sky.

Wei Fen is full of Han and Tang ruins, and how many towers blame the west wind.

Environmental changes have natural causes, but human factors are the main factors, among which deforestation is the main reason. The change of the environment naturally makes people feel distressed, especially the unfamiliarity of the Finnish people's humanistic quality.

Three. Apricot Blossom Poetry Club —— Chorus of Poets and Du Mu in Late Tang Dynasty

The customs of Tomb-Sweeping Day in the Tang Dynasty may be quite different from those of today. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu said in the Qingming Banquet Tour: "The drizzle warbler flies heavy and gets old." In the Tang Dynasty, sheep men enjoyed apricots and watched the snow, and there was a poem saying, "Flowers fall over the place, and drizzle clears it up." It shows that in the Tang Dynasty, Tomb-Sweeping Day's main activity may not be to visit graves to worship ancestors as it is today, but to have a spring outing. Of course, this requires further study of folklore, which means that we can't apply today's customs to appreciate Tang poetry.

The poem Qingming is Zhuang You's eternal swan song! This swan song attracted drinkers and poets, followed by poets Du Mu and Zhao Wei in the late Tang Dynasty. A poem "Farewell in Farewell" described the picture of a spring banquet in Xinglin:

What is the cloud like hometown, mountains and rivers know different roads.

I haven't been home for years. It's time for spring.

A bottle of flowers drank wine, and the water in the sun disappeared.

Don't wait until the end of the string, shake the whip and spend it.

Tu Mu came on foot and quietly left, while Zhao Wei came on horseback and drifted away. They came hard and walked hard, without taking away a cloud. Zhao Wei is a good friend of Du Mu, who once wrote the poem "Three Rhymes of Snow and Sunny Visit Zhao Wei Street West". I think Zhao Shi may have been influenced by the poem Qingming. Zhao Shi also shows that the apricot flowers in Fenshang (Fenzhou) were very famous in the Tang Dynasty. In addition, Cen Can's poem "Only I am always in Jinshan, worrying about Fenyang flowers" is also an example. Later, it aroused the poetic interest of another Shanxi poet Si Kongtu in the late Tang Dynasty and wrote a poem "Apricot Flowers in My Hometown":

Send flowers and wine to celebrate the new opening, with flowers on the left and cups on the right.

Want to know the difference between cuttlefish and a glass of wine, how do old friends do it?

At first glance, this poem seems a bit dull, but it is not. This poem is actually the work of Du Fu. In addition, the late Tang poet Sun Ziwen of Xihe County (now Fenyang) is also familiar with Xinghua Village. He got the moon first by being close to the water, and simply wrote a poem "Apricot Flowers": there are thousands of poems about human love, and the meaning of drunkenness is a bottle of wine in his hometown.

In the spring afternoon, where is Zhumen?

The poems of several poets in the late Tang Dynasty prove from another aspect that Du Mu's poem Qingming may have attracted people's attention in the Tang Dynasty, and it is also another evidence of his creation in Shanxi.

To sum up, the exact location of the "Xinghua Village" in Du Mu's poem Qingming should be Xinghua Village in Fenyang, Shanxi, rather than other places.

reference data

1 Complete Poems of Tang Dynasty, Zhonghua Book Company 1983.

2 Lin, Zhang Jiacheng, Climate in China, Shaanxi People's Publishing House 1985.

3 Liu Jixian and Wen Jingming, Wine in Xinghua Village is Like Spring, Shaanxi People's Publishing House 1978.

4. Shi Nianhai, Historical Geography of Loess Plateau, yellow river water conservancy press, 2002.

5 A Preliminary Study on Climate Change in Zhu Kezhen and China in the Last Five Thousand Years, Journal of Archaeology, No.2, 1972.