Su Shi (1037 ~11year), a famous writer and painter in the Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty), was named "Dongpo Jushi" and was born in Meishan, Meizhou, Sichuan. He, his father, Su Xun, and his younger brother, Su Zhe, are famous for their literature, and they are called "Su San" in the world. It is the same as "Cao San and his son" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi) at the end of Han Dynasty. In addition, Su Shi, Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty were called "the eight great masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" together with Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in the Song Dynasty. Together with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang, they are called "Song Sijia", the calligrapher who can best represent the achievements of calligraphy in Song Dynasty.

His father, Su Xun, was the "Sue" mentioned in The Amethyst at the age of 27. Su Xun got angry late, but he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood experience of studying with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard work, Su Shi would not have been able to get a good tutor since he was a child, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", let alone have a future literary master.

In the first year of Jiayou (1056), 21-year-old Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination in the imperial court. The following year, he took the examination of the Ministry of Rites, won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article on loyalty to punishment, and became a scholar in high school.

In the sixth year of Jiayou, Su Shi took the Chinese secondary school exam, which is usually called "three-year Beijing Examination", got the third grade, and signed a book for the judge in Dali. Later, his father died in Bianjing, and Ding returned to his hometown. In the second year of Xining (1069), he returned to the DPRK after his term of office, and he was still appointed.

Su Shi has been away from Beijing for several years, and great changes have taken place in North Korea. After Zongshen ascended the throne, he appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who admired him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new country Wang Anshi's implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded away, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful and prosperous times" he saw at the age of twenty.

On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the harm of the new law to ordinary people, so he disagreed with Prime Minister Wang Anshi and thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter of opposition. As a result, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for his release and was transferred to Hangzhou to serve as a general.

Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his term, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places.

This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, someone deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Su Shi arrived in Huzhou for less than three months, and was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law, which is known as Wutai Poetry Case.

Su Shi was in prison 103 days, almost on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the national policy of not killing ministers during Mao's reign in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi escaped.

After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to Yong Lian of Huangzhou Regiment (equivalent to the vice captain of modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time, Su Shi has been disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he leads his family to reclaim wasteland and farms to help make a living. The nickname "Dongpo lay man" was given to him at this moment.

In the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong, Su Shi left Huangzhou for Ruzhou. Due to the long distance and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is far away, and all the tolls have been used up. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was ready to return to Changzhou, Zongshen passed away.

Zhezong ascended the throne, the high queen mother listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as prime minister. So Su Shi was recalled to North Korea as a doctor by the Ministry of Rites in 1998. In the first half of the month, I was promoted to the residence of Sheren, and after three months, I was promoted to the position of Sheren in Zhongshu, so I was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Hanlin.

As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law. He thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again offered advice and suggestions to the emperor.

So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he once again asked for a transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he went to Hangzhou as a prefect again after a long absence of 16 years. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam beside the West Lake with dredged silt, which is the famous "Su Causeway".

Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou and compared himself to Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in his sixth year in Yuan You, he was recalled to North Korea. But he was soon released to Yingzhou because of political disagreement. In the eighth year of Yuan You (1093), the new party came to power again. He was demoted to Huizhou resettlement, and later he was demoted to another family in Danzhou (now Danxian County, Hainan Province) and Changhua Army resettlement on the charge of "ridiculing the first dynasty". Hui Zong acceded to the throne, transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, and served as deputy special envoy and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year (1 10 1), Fu Yuan was pardoned and restored to the classical style. On his way back to the North, he died in Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.

Su Shi's literary and artistic achievements

Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich body" ("Thank the teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's Postscript Dongpo (Left and Right Hands) Chi Ji said: "His prose is like water, and his waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu, both called "Ou Su", are one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties".

After Su Shi was promoted wholeheartedly, Huang Tingjian and Qin Guan went out of his door.

There are about 4,000 existing Su poems, which have a wide range of contents and diverse styles, but they are mainly bold and unconstrained, with changeable brushwork and romantic color, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Tiao's "The Original Poetry" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poetry has never existed in ancient and modern times, and everything in the world has been inspired by God." Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "It is a spectacular sight for a generation to take literature as poetry and go from Changli to Dongpo Yida. ..... Especially out of reach, born with a healthy pen, as cold as a sad pear. Cut together quickly, and there is a sense of secrecy that must be achieved. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, not as good as Li and Du Chu. "

There are more than 340 poems written by Su Shi, which break through the narrow theme of writing about love and parting between men and women and have a wide range of social contents. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of China Ci. He extended the spirit of the poetic innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of Ci, swept away the traditional style of Ci since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and created an unconstrained Ci school that kept pace with the graceful school, expanded the theme of Ci, enriched the artistic conception of Ci, broke through the boundary between poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovative development of Ci. His representative works include Nian Nujiao and Shuidiao Tou, which created the first example of unconstrained ci, and was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "The word reaches Dongpo, which is aboveboard, like poetry, prose and wonders of heaven and earth."

Su Shi is also good at regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. Zeng studied under the famous artists of Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and worshipped Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi, and became a family of his own. Ziyun: "I can't have published a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and don't practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said: "In his early years, his pen was refined, not as natural as his boss"; Another cloud said, "When I arrived in Huangzhou, my pen was very strong." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas storms. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge are outstanding everywhere, and his life has been ups and downs. His calligraphy style is rich and naive. You can imagine that he is a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respect each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews, You, Mai and Guo, as well as his friends and Zhao Lingzhi studied under him. Later, famous historical figures such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong also learned from him in the Qing Dynasty, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in Valley Collection: "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should take (Su) as the first."

Su Shi draws ink and bamboo in his paintings, drawing lessons from the same style of writing (that is, writing is capable), which is more concise than writing and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground to the top. I asked: Why not divide it into sections? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " He is also good at making ancient trees and strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "Use dead trees as branches and bend them for no reason;" The stone is hard and strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. " It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and he wants to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy is outstanding and his painting theory has far-reaching influence. For example, attaching importance to the likeness of spirit, advocating the feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, opposing the similarity of form and the limitation of procedure, advocating the unity of poetry and painting, artistry and freshness, and clearly putting forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The existing books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Cliff Ode, Thank the Teacher's Paper and several essays in Sacrifice to the Yellow Emperor. The surviving paintings are "Ancient Wood and Strange Stone"; The Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Scroll discovered in recent years is also his work.

In Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy and painting. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.

Su Shi's chronicle

The first year of Renzong's heyday in the Northern Song Dynasty-the eighth year of Jiayou (1023- 1064)

1036 Su Shi was born

1054 Marry Wang Fu

1057 Zhongshi Stone; Mother's funeral; Filial piety (1057.4- 1059.6)

1059 family to Kyoto

106 1 Judge Ren Fengxiang

The first year of Yingzong Zhiping-four years (1064- 1068)

1064 Museum of Professional History

1065 wife's funeral

1066 father's funeral; Filial piety (1066.4-2068.7)

The first year of Zongshen Xining-the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1068- 1086)

Marry Wang Runzhi.

1069 back to Beijing; Office history museum

107 1 any supervision; As an ordinary judge in Hangzhou

1074 ren mizhou satrap

1076 was appointed as Xuzhou satrap.

1079 as Huzhou satrap; Be put in prison

1080 Exile in Huangzhou

1084 to Changzhou

1085 to Dengzhou; Ren Dengzhou satrap; To Kyoto; Ren Zhongshu Scheeren

Zhezong (1086- 1 100) was in power during the reign of Yuan You (1085- 1093).

1086 imperial edict with the knowledge of Hanlin bachelor.

1089, Governor of Hangzhou and Commander of the West Zhejiang Military Region.

109 1 is the official minister; To Kyoto; Ren Yingzhou satrap

1092 as Yangzhou satrap; Department of War History; Minister of rites

1093 wife's funeral; The queen mother died; Adjust the county magistrate; Commander of Hebei Military Region

1094 to Huizhou; Exile Huizhou

1097 to Hainan; Exile in Danzhou, Hainan

Hui Zong (110/-kloc-0/126) was the empress dowager (1 100).

1 10 1 return to the north; Go to Changzhou; stop

1 126 The Northern Song Dynasty perished.

Su Shi's three wives

Su Shi's married wife, Wang Fu, is a young and beautiful woman from Qingshen, Meizhou, Sichuan. She knows books and is polite. She/kloc-married Su Shi at the age of 0/6. She can be called Su Shi's right-hand man and has a story of "listening behind the scenes". Su Shi is broad-minded and relatively negligent in dealing with others. Wang Fu listened behind the screen and told Su Shi his suggestions. Wang Fu and Su Shi lived for eleven years and then died. According to his father Su Xun's last words, Su Shi was buried next to your mother's grave, and personally planted 30,000 pine trees on the mountain where Wang Fu was buried. Ten years later, Su Shi wrote "Jiang Chengzi Remembers Dreams", which is the first eulogy for Wang Fu: ten years of life and death are boundless. Never think, never forget. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Care for each other without words, only a thousand lines of tears, it is expected that heartbroken every year, on the moonlit night, short pine hills.

Su Shi's second wife, Wang Runzhi, was Wang Fu's cousin and married Su Shi in the third year after Wang Fu's death. She is eleven years younger than Su Shi. She admired Su Shi since she was a child, with a gentle nature and always relied on Su Shi. Wang Runzhi spent the most important 25 years with Su Shi. After Wutai Poetry Case and Huangzhou's relegation, he shared joys and sorrows with Su Shi in the ups and downs of his official career. Twenty-five years later, Wang Runzhi also died before Su Shi. Su Shi was heartbroken and wrote a eulogy: "I'm going home, I'm going back to Yuan Qiu. Once a little, abandoned me first. Who welcomes our doors and feeds our fields? There is nothing we can do! Tears have dried up. Traveling abroad makes me less grateful. Just the same point, or repeat this statement. Hey! " One hundred days after his wife's death, his friend and great painter Li Longmian was asked to draw ten arhats. When the monk was asked to recite the scriptures for her and live in heaven, these ten statues were dedicated to the dead soul of his wife. After Su Shi's death, Su Zhe buried him with Wang Runzhi, realizing the wish of "sharing only a little" in the memorial hall.

Su Shi's third wife, Wang Chaoyun, is his concubine, twenty-six years younger than Su Shi. When Su Shi was in the most difficult time, Wang Chaoyun always accompanied him. Wang Chaoyun is Su Shi's confidante, and Su Shi wrote the most poems to Wang Chaoyun, calling her "Vimo Goddess". Unfortunately, Chao Yun died eleven years after he was rehabilitated, that is, before Su Shi. After Chao Yun's death, Su Shi was widowed and never married again. In accordance with Chaoyun's wishes, Su Shi buried his dead wife in the pine forest under the Great Sage Tower of Qi Temple at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain in Huizhou West Lake, and built six pavilions beside the tomb as a memorial. The couplet written is "out of date, only Chaoyun can know me; A person plays the old tune and misses you every time it rains. " There is a famous allusion in this couplet: "Dongpo retired from the DPRK for one day and ate." Gu walked slowly and said to his servant, "What is the way of your generation?" A maid suddenly said,' It's all articles', but Poe disagreed. Another person said,' full of knowledge'. Porter didn't expect when it would be. When he reached the clouds, he said, "The belly of a bachelor is out of date. Poe burst out laughing. Chaoyun Tomb has now become a scenic spot in Hainan.

Su Dongpo's Jueming Poem:

My heart is like ash, and my body is like not tying a boat.

I heard that you have achieved a lot in your life, Danzhou, Huizhou and Huangzhou.

The time to write poetry was two months before his death, when he saw Li's portrait for him.

Su Shi's anecdotes

1, Su Shi "bullied" the teacher.

Su Shi, a scholar, wrote a big article in the Spring and Autumn Period, called "Theory of Punishment Loyalty", including the following paragraphs:

When Yao was in office, he was a scholar and killed people without blinking an eye. Hao Tao said "kill the third" and Yao said "kill the third", so the world feared the strictness of law enforcement, while Le Yao used it as a light punishment. Siyue said "guns can be used", Yao said "no, guns can command clans", and then he said "try it". He Yaozhi didn't listen to Hao Tao's murder, but used four mountains. However, the sage's intentions can also be seen.

Examiner Mei Sheng marveled at Su Shi's article, but was not sure about the above. When Su Shi visited Mei, he asked about the origin of Yao and dialogue. Su Shi smiled and answered, "Of course."

In fact, the above allusion comes from the Book of Rites, which happened to the Duke of Zhou. Su Shi wrote on Yao during the exam, but he was fooled by teacher Bel Canto, which shows that his skill is extraordinary.

2. Dongpo Meat

When Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou, there was a famous jingle in Pork Fu: "Huangzhou is a good pork, but the price is worthless. The rich refuse to eat, and the poor don't know how to cook. Slow down the fire, less water, and it will look good when the fire is full. Get up and play a bowl every day, and you are too full to care. " Here, "slow fire, less water, good-looking after enough fire" is the famous Dongpo meat cooking method. Su Dongpo was later appointed as the governor of Hangzhou, building Su Causeway and building water conservancy projects, which was deeply loved by the people. And this "Dongpo Meat" followed closely, and became famous in Hangzhou, becoming a famous local dish.

3. Su Shi checked out

Su Shi lived in Changzhou in his later years. He spent his last savings and bought a house. He is preparing to move in another day. By chance, he heard an old woman crying very sadly. He asked the old woman why she was crying. The old woman said that she had a house that had been handed down for a hundred years and was sold by unscrupulous children. She cried very sadly. Looking carefully, it turns out that the house that Su Shi bought is the ancestral home that the old woman said. So Su Shi said to her, "I sold Yi's former residence, so there is no need to feel deeply distressed. Now it's time to return the house to Yi. " Su Shi immediately burned the deed and rented a house. In July this year, he died in a rental house. (See Zhou's "Liang Manzhi")

Anecdotes and interesting episodes

Sing a poem for dinner

When Su Shi was twenty years old, he went to Beijing for scientific research. Six conceited juren looked down on him and decided to invite Su Shi to dinner for the next dish, intending to Doby him. Su Shi went with pleasure after receiving the invitation. Before the chopsticks are moved, everyone puts forward a drinking order. The content of the drinking order must quote historical figures and events, so that you can eat a dish by yourself. The other five people cheered. "I'll go first." The elder said, "Jiang Ziya is fishing in Weishui!" Then I took a plate of fish. "Qin Chang 'an sells horses", the second proudly carried away the horse meat and To Tu Thanh herded sheep in Beihu Lake, "the third one showed no weakness.