(1) Plato’s origin Plato’s original name was Aristokles, but he was later renamed Plato because of his strong body and broad forehead (in Greek, the word Platus means “flat , broad” and other meanings). Plato was the nickname given to him by his physical education teacher. He was born in Athens into a Greek aristocratic family. His father held important positions in the government. His mother was a descendant of Solon, and he received a complete education since childhood. He loved literature in his early years, wrote poems and tragedies, and was interested in politics. After dating Socrates around the age of 20, he became obsessed with philosophical research. The death of Socrates made him completely disappointed with the existing political system, so he left Athens and traveled to Egypt, Sicily and other places for more than ten years. He returned to Athens 11 years later and founded Plato's Academy. The era in which Plato lived was the decline of Athenian democracy and the "post-democratic era". (2) The background of Plato’s thoughts. According to the assignment before class, the teacher introduces the Greek city-states and their decline to the students. The teacher adds information about the Athenian democracy: The Periclean era (about 495-429 BC) was the most prosperous period of the Athenian democracy. Pericles was known as the plebeian consul. During his reign, the aristocratic assembly lost its position in controlling national affairs, and civilian power became the master of state power. The citizens' assembly was the highest authority in the Athenian state, deciding internal affairs, diplomacy, war, and Equal national affairs; a 500-member council handles the daily affairs of the country; the Ten Commandants are the most important officials and are elected by a show of hands at the Citizens' Assembly; the Jury Court is the highest judicial organ, and the members of the Jury Court are drawn by lot according to tribes elected. However, the majority of slaves and foreigners in the city-state of Athens have no civil rights, so more than half of the people are excluded from citizenship; the majority of women are also in a powerless position; the officials of the city-state of Athens only have a small allowance, and the ten commanders are There is no allowance. In this way, it was difficult for ordinary citizens to be elected, and even if they were elected, they would not be able to hold their positions. The real power was still held by a small number of wealthy slave owners. Therefore, Athenian democracy was actually a means of the dictatorship of the Athenian slave-owning class. Plato's "Utopia" also paints us a picture of an ideal utopia. Plato believed that the country should be ruled by philosophers. The citizens in Plato's ideal state are divided into three classes: protectors, defenders and producers. The Protectors are a small group of elites who manage the country. They can be inherited, but outstanding children from other classes can also be trained to become protectors, and the descendants of the protectors may also be reduced to the class of ordinary people. The Protector's task is to oversee the development and implementation of the Code. Plato had a complete theory for this purpose. His ideal country requires everyone to have a special function in society to meet the overall needs of society. But in this country, women have the same rights as men, and there is complete gender equality. The government can lie when it is in the public interest. Everyone should do their own thing and not disturb others. From today's perspective, Plato's ideal nation is a terrifying totalitarian state. But "The Utopia is actually the perspective of scientists who manage the country in the right way." Plato met Achytaeus and the tyrants in Syracuse (tyrants refer to the third category of dictatorship "Plato's Academy" that obtains power without elections (1) Plato's Academy In 387 BC, the 40-year-old Plato returned to Athens , founded his own school in the northwest corner outside the city, near a garden and sports ground dedicated to the Greek hero Akademi, so it was also called Akademi Academy. This was the earliest institution of higher learning in the West. After establishing the Academy, he went to Sicily twice to realize his political ambitions, and he was busy with research, teaching, writing and leadership in the Academy in 347 BC. , Plato died at the age of 80. Related information about Plato's teaching thoughts: Plato's teaching thoughts involve almost all important methods in the field of teaching. In particular, he proposed the "comprehensive, harmonious, and developmental" educational concept.

His educational and teaching ideas are mainly reflected in: ① Divide the teaching stages according to factors such as students’ age, psychological characteristics and other factors, and establish a comprehensive and rich curriculum system. For example: children aged 3-6 years old engage in activities such as stories, games, singing, etc. in the playground. After the age of 6, children enter elementary schools and receive elementary courses, etc.; ② In terms of teaching content, Plato focuses on harmonious development and practical requirements. The main educational ideas are to use gymnastics and other sports to exercise students' bodies, and to use music to cultivate students' minds. Young people aged 17-20 are promoted to the national "Everby" to receive military education, and learn cultural subjects based on military needs. The main ones are Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music formed Plato’s “relatively complete pyramid-shaped teaching system”; ③ In terms of teaching methods, Plato opposed the use of coercive means to instill knowledge, and advocated asking questions in the form of questions and answers, and then analyzing them. , judge, summarize, summarize, and finally solve the problem. Heuristic teaching with question and answer as the main method is its most important teaching method; ④ In the teaching process, Plato always aimed to develop students' thinking ability as the ultimate goal; ⑤ He was the first to determine the basic divisions of psychology and made it It is closely related to teaching; ⑥ He attached great importance to developing students' thinking ability in teaching and emphasized exploring the essence of things, which gave great influence and inspiration to later generations of educators. Plato's main works: "The Apology of Socrates", "The Republic" and "Parmenides"