Shixian

Li Bai (701-762), also known as Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi. Li Bai is a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty and one of the most famous poets in my country. He is another great romantic poet after Qu Yuan in the history of Chinese literature. He is known as the "Immortal of Poetry". Li Bai and Du Fu are collectively called "Li Du".

His ancestral home was Chengji in Longxi (now southwest of Jingning, Gansu Province). At the end of the Sui Dynasty, his ancestors lived in Suiye (near today's Tokmak in northern Kyrgyzstan). When he was young, he moved with his father to Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). At the age of 25, he "said farewell to relatives and traveled far away" and left Shu with a sword. Tianbao initially served in the Imperial Academy, but was slandered by the powerful and left Chang'an in just over a year. During the Anshi Rebellion, he served as an aide to King Yong Lin. Because Lin was defeated in Xunyang Prison, he was banished to Yelang, but he was pardoned and returned to the east. In his later years, he went to his uncle, Li Yangbing, who ordered him to Dangtu. He later died in Dangtu and was buried in Longshan. In the twelfth year of Tang Yuanhe (817), Fan Chuanzheng, the observer of Xuanshechi, moved his tomb to Qingshan according to Li Bai's last wish of "aiming at Qingshan" during his lifetime. There are thirty volumes of "Collected Works of Li Taibai" in circulation.

There are more than 990 poems by Li Bai in existence. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully express the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion, and heroic spirit. They also represent the typical tone of high-spirited poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai had a strong self-awareness and compared himself with the Dapeng many times. "The Dapeng rises with the wind in one day, and its fortunes rise ninety thousand miles" in "Li Yong". However, Li Bai returned frustrated after three years in Chang'an. When his passionate political enthusiasm was collided with reality, he turned into a sad and angry song of unrecognized talent. He burst out from his chest: "The road is like the blue sky. I can't reach it alone. I am ashamed." "In the middle of Chang'an society, the red chickens and white dogs play for pears and chestnuts, they play the swords and sing songs and make bitter sounds, and they drag their trains to the royal family, which is not suitable for them." Li Bai also wrote joyful drinking poems to relieve the sorrow of not being able to realize his talent. "About to Enter the Wine": "If you are happy in life, you must have all the fun. Don't let the gold bottle stand empty against the moon. I am born with talents that will be useful. I will come back after all the gold is spent. I have fun cooking sheep and slaughtering cattle. I will drink three hundred cups at a time." In line with this bold and unrestrained emotional momentum, the distinctive characteristics of Li Bai's poetry in terms of artistic techniques are: magical imagination, unprovoked changes, vertical and horizontal jumps in structure, and scattered sentence lengths, forming a majestic and elegant poem. style. "Dreamwalking Tianmu chants and leaves behind":

"Tianmu reaches the sky and stretches across the sky, stretching out the five mountains to cover Chicheng. The rooftop is 48,000 feet long, and it wants to fall to the southeast. I want to dream of Wu and Yue because of it, Flying across the Jinghu Lake all night, the moon shines on me and sends me to the Yan River. The place where Xie Gong stayed is still there, and the clear apes are singing in the water. There are chickens in the air. The road is uncertain in the thousands of rocks, and the rocks are suddenly dim. The roaring bears and dragons sing in the Yinyan Spring, the clouds are green and green, and the water is full of thunder. , Qiu Luan collapsed, the stone fan of the cave suddenly opened, the blue sky was vast and bottomless, the sun and the moon shone on the gold and silver platform, the clouds came and fell one after another, and the tigers and drums played. Luan returns to the car. Immortals are lined up like hemp." When I first woke up from the dream, the illusion disappeared, which led to my feelings about life and the world: "The same is true for happiness in the world. Everything flows in the east." It makes me unhappy to bow down and serve the powerful.” Li Bai's characteristic of thinking beyond the world greatly developed Zhuangzi's fables. Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques also integrated Taoist immortal imagery, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetry immortals". praise.

The themes of Li Bai's poems are diverse. His seven-character ancient poems ("The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Dream Wandering Tianmu's Song of Farewell", "About to Enter the Wine", "Yin of Liang Fu", etc.); five-character ancient poems (59 poems in "Ancient Style"); there are Yuefu folk songs of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties The unique "Changganxing", "Midnight Wu Ge", etc., and the seven-character quatrains ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall", "Wangtianmen Mountain", "Early Departure from Baidi City", etc.) have become famous works in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poems "are not collected in a fixed volume, but every family has them." He is the first person in the Chinese poetry circle.

Poetry

Du Fu (712-770), also known as Zimei, also known as Shaoling Yelao, was a great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and was known as the "Poetry Saint". Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei, born in Gong County, Henan. The grandson of Du Shenyi, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, official Zuo collected the artifacts. After he entered Shu, his friend Yan Wu recommended him to be a staff officer of Jiannan Jiedu Mansion and a member of the school's Ministry of Industry. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.

Du Fu and Li Bai are equally famous, and are known as "Li Du" in the world. The core of his thoughts is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He had the grand ambition to "serve the emperors Yao and Shun, and then make customs pure".

He loves life, loves the people, and loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hates evil and criticizes and exposes corruption in the court and dark phenomena in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized about being willing to make self-sacrifice to relieve their suffering.

Overall, Du Fu’s thoughts throughout his life were “worrying about Li Yuan in his poor years” and “dedicated to the emperors Yao and Shun”. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people. This shows Du Fu’s greatness. . His poems have rich social content, strong color of the times and distinct political tendencies. They truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and the broad picture of social life in a historical era before and after the Anshi Rebellion. Therefore, they are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du's poetry is basically "contemplative and melancholy", the language and chapter structure are full of changes, and it pays attention to the precise words and sentences. At the same time, his poems are in various styles. In addition to Wu Gu, Qi Gu, Wu Lv and Qi Lv, he also wrote a lot of arranged rhymes and oblique styles. There are also various artistic techniques, and it is the master of Tang poetry thought and art. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Han and Wei Yuefu's "feeling of sorrow and music, and inspired by events". He got rid of the constraints of the ancient Yuefu inscriptions and created many new Yuefu inscriptions that are "famous pieces for immediate events and will never be relied upon again", such as the famous "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", etc. After his death, he was highly praised by Fan Huang, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others. Du's poems had a profound influence on the literary and artistic thought of Yuan Bai's "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical poems about current events. But it was after the Song Dynasty that Du's poetry received widespread attention. Wang Yu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu. Wen Tianxiang even regarded Du Fu's poems as the spiritual force to uphold national integrity. The influence of Du Shi, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Volume 190 of "Old Tang Book". There is "Du Gongbu Collection".

In 1962, the 1,250th anniversary of Du Fu’s birth, the World Peace Council listed Du Fu as one of the world’s cultural celebrities.

Poetry Demon

Bai Juyi, whose courtesy name was Letian and whose name was Xiangshan Jushi. His ancestral home is Taiyuan [now part of Shanxi]. , and when his great-grandfather arrived, he moved to Xiaye (now north of Weinan, Shaanxi). Bai Juyi's grandfather Bai Huang once served as the county magistrate of Gong County [Gongyi, Henan] and was a good friend of the then magistrate of Xinzheng [part of Henan]. Seeing the beautiful mountains and rivers of Xinzheng and the simple folk customs, Bai Huang liked it very much, so he moved his family to Dongguozhai Village (today's Dongguo Temple) in the west of Xinzheng City. Bai Juyi was born on the 20th day of the first lunar month in the seventh year of Dali (AD 772) of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty in Dongguo House. Wuzong died in Luoyang [belonging to Henan] in August of the sixth year of Huichang (846) at the age of 75. In his later years, when he became the Crown Prince Shaofu, he was given the posthumous title "Wen" and was known as Bai Fu and Bai Wengong in the world. In literature, he actively advocated the New Yuefu Movement, advocating that articles should be written according to the times and poems should be written according to the events. He wrote many poems that lamented the current times and reflected the people's sufferings, which had a great influence on later generations. He is a very important poet in the history of Chinese literature.

His life can be divided into two periods, beginning with his being demoted to Sima Jiangzhou at the age of 44. The early period was a period of benefiting the world, and the later period was a period of taking care of oneself. Bai Juyi became a Jinshi at the age of 29 in the 26th year of Zhenyuan (800). He successively served as Secretary of the Provincial School, Shuzhiwei, and Hanlin Bachelor. During the Yuanhe period, he served as Zuo Shiyi and wrote a large number of allegorical poems. His representative work is "Qin Zhongyin" Ten The first poem and fifty poems of "New Yuefu", these poems made the powerful gnash their teeth, sigh, and change their color. In the sixth year of Yuanhe, Bai Juyi's mother died of mental disorder in Chang'an. According to the rules at that time, Bai Juyi returned to his hometown to observe mourning for three years. After completing his mourning, he returned to Chang'an. The emperor arranged for him to become Dr. Zuo Zanshan. In June of the tenth year of Yuanhe, when Bai Juyi was 44 years old, Prime Minister Wu Yuanheng and Yushi Zhongcheng Pei Du were assassinated. Wu Yuanheng died on the spot and Pei Du was seriously injured. For such a major event, the eunuch group and the old bureaucracy group that were in power at the time actually remained calm and were not in a hurry to deal with it. Bai Juyi was very angry, so he went to Shu to advocate for the murderer to be severely punished and to enforce law and order. However, instead of praising him for his enthusiasm for state affairs, those in power said that he was an official of the Eastern Palace and it was an act of trespass to talk about government affairs before admonishing officials. They also said that his mother fell into a well and died while looking at flowers. He wrote "Appreciating Flowers" His poems and poems about wells are harmful to filial piety. Such people are not worthy of being Dr. Zuo Zanshan and accompanying the prince to study, and should be expelled from the capital. So he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima. In fact, the reason for his offense was those satirical poems.

Being demoted to Jiangzhou was a heavy blow to Bai Juyi. He said that he "eliminates all worries and joys on his face, and all the thoughts of right and wrong in his chest", and his Buddhist and Taoist thoughts grew in his early years. Three years later he was promoted to governor of Chungju. In the 15th year of Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong died violently in Chang'an, and Tang Mu Zong succeeded to the throne. Mu Zong loved his talents and recalled him to Chang'an, where he successively served as the secretary's member, Wai Lang, the host and guest, Zhong Zhi Gao, Zhong Shu Sheren, etc.

However, the court was in chaos at that time, with ministers vying for power and fighting openly and secretly. Mu Zong was politically idle and did not listen to advice. So he strongly requested to be transferred to other places. In the second year of Emperor Changqing's reign, Mu Zong was appointed as the governor of Hangzhou. After completing his term in Hangzhou, he was appointed the governor of Suzhou. In his later years, he was appointed as the guest of the prince to the Eastern Capital. He became an official at the age of seventy. Compared with the earlier period, he was much more negative, but after all, he was a poet who had made a difference and actively petitioned for the people. Some of his poems at this time still revealed his concern for the country and the people. He was still diligent in political affairs and did many good deeds, such as dredging the six wells dug by Li Mi to solve the people's drinking water problem; he built a long embankment on the West Lake to store water for irrigation, and wrote a popular article The easy-to-understand "Qiantang Lake Stone Record", carved on the stone, tells people how to store and release water. It is believed that as long as "the embankments are in accordance with the law and the water is stored and released in a timely manner," they will not suffer from drought. This is the famous "White Causeway".

Bai Juyi's grandfather Bai Huang, father Bai Jigeng and maternal grandfather are all poets. Under this family background, Bai Juyi studied very hard and eventually became a poet. But Bai Juyi, like Li Bai and Du Fu, was also addicted to alcohol. Zhang Wenqian said in "Tiaoxi Yuyincong Hua": Although Tao Yuanming likes to drink, due to his poor family, he cannot drink fine wine often. The people who drink with him are country people who collect firewood, catch fish, and farm fields, and the location is also in the woods. In the fields, Bai Juyi's family brewed fine wine. Every time he drank, there would be silk and bamboo accompaniment, and child prostitutes would serve him. Those who drank with him were all celebrities in society, such as Pei Du, Liu Yuxi, etc.

When he was 67 years old, he wrote "The Biography of Mr. Zuiyin". This Mr. Zuiyin is himself. In his "Biography", he said that there was a man named Mr. Zuiyin. He did not know his name, place of origin, or official position. He only knew that he had been an official for 30 years and retired to Luo City. His residence has a pond, bamboo poles, trees, terraces, bridges, etc. He likes drinking, reciting poetry, playing the piano, and having fun with drunkards, poets, and piano lovers. This is also true. Bai Juyi visited all the temples, hills, and springs inside and outside Luoyang City.

Poetic Buddha

Wang Wei (701～761), a poet and painter in the Tang Dynasty. The word Mojie. His ancestral home is Taiyuan Qi (now Qi County, Shanxi). His father moved to Puzhou (now Yongji, Shanxi), and he became a Pu native. At the end of his official career, he was the Minister of Science and Technology, Youcheng, and was known as "Wang Youcheng" in the world.

Wang Wei was rich in literary talent when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (721), he was awarded the rank of Jinshi and became Lecheng. For some reason, he was relegated to Sicang, Jeju to join the army. Later he returned to Chang'an. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Jiuling was appointed Zhongshu Ling. Wang Wei was promoted to the position of Youshiyi. At that time, he wrote the poem "Xian Shi Xing Gong", which praised Zhang Jiuling's political ideas of opposing party establishment for personal gain and indiscriminate use of honorary rewards, which reflected his mood at that time demanding something to be done. In the twenty-fourth year (736), Zhang Jiuling resigned as prime minister. The following year he was demoted to the governor of Jing. Li Linfu was appointed Zhongshu Ling, which was a turning point in the Xuanzong period from a relatively clear political period to an increasingly dark one. Wang Wei was very frustrated by Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he did not withdraw from officialdom. In the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, he was sent to Hexi Province to serve as deputy ambassador Cui Xiyi. Later, he was appointed as the imperial censor Zhi Nanxuan. In Tianbaozhong, Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, when officials were in trouble, he was tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, but on the other hand, he was still attached to his family and could not leave decisively. So he followed the customs and lived a semi-official and semi-hidden life for a long time.

He originally believed in Buddhism, but as his thoughts became increasingly negative, his Buddhist beliefs also developed. When he was young, he lived in the mountains and forests. After his middle age, he once lived in Zhongnan Mountain. Later, he got a job in Lantian and Wangchuan in Song Dynasty, so he and his friend Pei Diyou traveled there and had fun writing poems for each other. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), Anshi's rebel army fell into Chang'an, Xuanzong entered Shu, and Wang Wei was captured by the rebels. After taking medicine and pretending to be ill, he was still sent to Luoyang and assigned to a pseudo-official position. After the two capitals were recovered, those who received false posts were sentenced in equal measure. He was praised by Suzong for his poem "Ningbi Pond" in memory of the Tang Dynasty, and his younger brother Wang Jin had already reached a high official position. He asked to be demoted to atone for his sins, so he was only demoted. He was appointed Prince Zhongyun, and later moved to Gishizhong after Fu Lei, and eventually became Minister Youcheng.

There are less than 400 poems by Wang Wei in existence. Among them, the most representative of his creative features are poems depicting natural scenery such as mountains, rivers and pastoral areas, and singing about hermit life. Wang Wei's high achievements in depicting natural scenery made him unique in the poetry world of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and became a representative figure of the landscape pastoral poetry school. He inherited and developed the tradition of writing landscape poetry initiated by Xie Lingyun, and also absorbed the freshness and nature of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry, which brought the achievement of landscape pastoral poetry to a peak and thus occupied an important position in the history of Chinese poetry. "Old Book of Tang·Biography of Wang Wei" says that during the reign of Emperor Daizong, Wang Jin compiled more than 400 poems by Wang Wei. Wang Jin's "Jin Wang Youcheng Ji Biao" also compiled 10 volumes of Wang Wei's poetry and prose.

Shugutang originally had 10 volumes of the Southern Song Dynasty's Ma Sha version of "Collected Works of Wang Youcheng", which were later returned to Lu Xinyuan's Songlou. The Beijing Library has 10 volumes of the Song and Shu editions of "Collected Works of Wang Mojie", which were photocopied and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1982. In the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Xuxi commented on "The Collection of Wang Youcheng" (Collected Poems) in 6 volumes, and the "Sibu Congkan" was copied based on it, which included works by Qian Qi, Lu Xiang, Cui Xingzong and others. Gu Qijing of the Ming Dynasty has 10 volumes of "Collected Poems of Tang Dynasty King Youcheng" with 10 volumes and 4 volumes of attached essays. This is the earliest existing annotated version of Wang Wei's poems. "Wang Youcheng's Collection of Notes" by Zhao Diancheng of the Qing Dynasty is by far the better annotated version. In addition to explanatory notes on all the poems, it also includes comments, explanations of the poems whose authors are doubtful, and occasional textual research. It also collects information about Wang Wei's life and poetry and painting criticism as an appendix. In 1961, the Shanghai Editorial Office of Zhonghua Book Company revised and revised Zhao's annotated version, typed and published it. In addition, Zheng Zhenduo once used the "Sibu Congkan" as the base, revised it with Zhao Diancheng's annotated version and other four editions, and included it in the "World Library". Deeds can be seen in the new and old "Tang Shu" biography. Both the Gu Qijing annotated version and the Zhao Diancheng annotated version are accompanied by Wang Wei's chronology written by the annotator. Today's Chen Yi has an article "A Preliminary Study of Wang Wei's Life and Deeds", followed by a "Brief Chronology of Wang Wei" (contained in "Tang Poetry Series").

Poetry Ghost

Li He (790～816)

Poet of Tang Dynasty in China. The word is long and lucky. His ancestral home is Longxi, and he was born in Changgu, Fuchang (now Yiyang, Henan), later known as Li Changgu. He is a descendant of Li Liang, Prince Zheng of the Tang Dynasty, but his family has declined. When he was a teenager, he was very talented and famous in the capital. His father's name was Jin Su, but because he avoided his father's taboo (Jin and Jin are the same pronunciation), he was not able to ascend the throne. He was depressed, frail and sick all his life. He only worked as a courtier for three years and died at the age of 27. Li He devoted his life to poetry, and his poems can be divided into four categories. ①Satire on dark politics and bad social phenomena. Some of these poems directly state current events, and some use the past to satirize the present. Famous works include "Yanmen Taishou's Journey", "Old Man's Song of Picking Jade", etc. Among this type of poems, there are fewer Wugu and Qigu poems, and most of them are Yuefu poems. Some questions are borrowed from old ones, or some are innovative ones, most of them are concise and brilliant. Some have obscure meanings, such as "The Golden Bronze Immortal's Ci Han Song". ② Personal expression of anger. This type of poem contains personal frustration, illness-ridden depression, and the lamentation of the fleeting time and short life. It also contains the injustice of "the world is old and there is no one to recognize it" and the heroic ambition of "there are no heroes in the world" and "collecting the fifty states from Guanshan". . ③The theme of gods and ghosts. This kind of poem expresses his disgust and denial of reality through twists and turns. Later generations called him a ghost. ④Other themes such as chanting objects. This type of poetry generally reflects the breadth of Li He's poetry themes and the depth of his thoughts. Li He's poems are rich in imagination, deep and strange, with refined sentences, magnificent colors and full of romance. But there are also a few poems that are clear and easy to understand. He is good at short stories. "Ballad of Heaven", "Dream Sky", "Song of the Emperor's Son", "Fei Xiang", etc. are his representative works, which are called Changji style. He wrote mostly ancient poems and Yuefu, but very few modern style poems and no seven-rhythm poems. His poems drew on the style of Qi Liang palace poetry, but were also tainted with some unhealthy things. Because they pay too much attention to carving, some poems often have obscure meanings and are piled with words. Li He once compiled his own collection. There is "Collected Notes on Li He's Poems". For his biography, see Li Shangyin's "Li He's Short Biography", the new and old "Tang Shu" biographies, "Xuan Shi Zhi", "Youxian Advocacy", and "Taoyan".