More than two thousand years ago, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chu was once the dividing line for feudal lords to compete for hegemony. Wu Chu competed with each other and attacked frequently. It belongs to wuyue first and then to Chu, so it is called "Wu Tou Chu Wei". In 559 BC, the State of Chu asked Yin Zibao to lead a fleet along the Chuhe River to Tang Tang (now Nanjing Liuhe) of the State of Wu. When he retreated to the place called "Gaozhou Pass" in Chuhe River (between Wang Ying in Nanqiao District and Chen Qian in Quanjiao County), the Wu people who were ambushed were defeated.
The Qin and Han Dynasties unified the whole country and enfeoffed counties, and Jianghuai belonged to Jiujiang County (once Huainan State). In this vicissitudes, many ancient sites, tombs and cultural relics in the Qin and Han Dynasties were found, which confirmed the bloody scenes of hunting with flags in places such as Che and Chu. The story of Chu and Han contending for farewell to my concubine is still circulating among the people. There is a site of Yuji's Tomb in Dingyuan, and the Han stone reliefs in its museum are unique in the south of Huaihe River. During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, the Chuhe River was called "soil (Chu) water", and now the area around Chuzhou City is called "soil". During the Three Kingdoms period, Jianghuai was the place where Wei and Wu fought, and many counties in the territory were abandoned because of the war. The struggle between Cao and Wei in the Jianghuai area posed a direct threat to Sun Wu's capital Jianye (now Nanjing). Wu Jun cut off water (Chuhe River) to build a "pond", and replaced soldiers with water to stop Wei Jun. In the 13th year of Wu Chiwu (AD 250), Sun Quan, the prince of Wu, sent 65,438+million troops to build a pond in Tangyi (now downstream of the Chuhe River in Liuhe, Nanjing) to flood the north road and prevent Wei Bing from invading the south. The so-called "pond paving" means turning the water in the Chuhe River into a pond.
During the Jin Dynasty, "in the soil" was the military stronghold of Jianghuai. In the fifth year of Xianning in the Western Jin Dynasty (279), Emperor Wudi of Jin sent six armies to attack Wu and General Langya to attack Tuzhong. In February of the following year, Sun Hao, the Lord of Wu, sent envoys to lay a seal in the soil, and "a stone fell out" and announced his surrender. Stone Town is Jianye (now Nanjing), the capital of Dongwu. The "Tuzhong" town at that time was the bridgehead of Nanjing.
During the "Eight Kings Rebellion" in the Western Jin Dynasty, Si Marui, the Yuan Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was the king of Langya, and when the general of Jiankang (Nanjing) town was recruited to the south, Du Yang, commander-in-chief of Ming Jiang, took refuge in the southwest mountainous area of Chuzhou, and planned to cross the river and establish the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Nanjing. Today's Langya Mountain in Chuzhou is named after the Jin and Yuan Emperor Si Marui once lived here.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties for more than 270 years, the political situation in the south was very unstable, and there were many wars and regime changes. The northern nationalities invaded the south continuously, and the separatist regime between the north and the south confronted each other. Generally speaking, the Huaihe River was the boundary, and Jianghuai bore the brunt. In the first year of Xian 'an (37 1), Fu Huan Wen broke the jade bridge built by Wang Jian and Zhang Haojun in Quanjiao City. In the fourth year of Taiyuan (379), Xie Xuan, the secretariat of Yanzhou, led 30,000 soldiers to Baimatang (northeast of Tianchang), defeated the former Qin army and settled in the north of the Yangtze River. In Song and Yuan Dynasties (473), Xinchang County was established to administer Tuzhong Town (Chuzhou City). In the second year of Datong (536), Qiao Zhou was established. In the seventh year of Chen Taijian (575), he moved Qiao Zhou in Xuyi North to Tuzhong Town and renamed it Nanqiao Prefecture. During the decades before and after the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, millions of people in the Central Plains flowed to the south, including gentry, landlords and a large number of laborers, and the advanced culture and technology of the Central Plains followed, which played a positive role in promoting the social and economic development of the south. The "soil in the middle", which is separated from the Jiankang River, the ruling center of the Southern Dynasties, plays an important role in politics, military affairs, economy and culture, and its evolution is getting worse. The rulers of the Eastern Jin Dynasty set up prefectures, counties, counties and administrative agencies with the same name as the native place of overseas Chinese in Du Nan, which also caused some confusion in the establishment of territory at that time. During this period, the construction of Tushui River basin became more frequent, counties merged, and overseas Chinese successively set up Dunqiu and Nanqiao counties. In 473 AD, Xinchang County was established in the first year of Liu Song and Hui Yuan, and Xinchang City (now Chuncheng) became the county seat. In the following 100 years, Qiao Zhou and Nanqiao Prefecture were established one after another.
In the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (AD 589), Chuzhou was formally established, and the state was ruled in the urban area of Chuzhou today, belonging to Jiangdu County of Yangzhou.
It has been nearly 1500 years since Chuzhou was built in the early Sui Dynasty. Although the establishment of Chuzhou has undergone changes in past dynasties, the name of Chuzhou has rarely changed in the unified dynasties of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing. The jurisdiction of Chuzhou is equivalent to today's urban areas, Lai 'an, Quanjiao and parts of Pukou District of Nanjing. Haozhou governs Fengyang, Dingyuan and Mingguang. Tianchang belongs to Sizhou. During the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into ten roads, and the city boundary belonged to Huainan Road. In the third year of Tang Wude (620), Chuzhou was re-established, and three counties (Liu Qing, Quanjiao and Yongyang) were established (the three counties were placed under Chuzhou, and now it is under the jurisdiction of Chuzhou City). Li Zhong, Dingyuan, Zhao Yi (three counties were placed under Haozhou, and Fengyang County was ruled today) and Tianchang (placed under Sizhou). Among them, Yongyang County was established in the third year of Jinglong (709) and changed to Lai 'an County in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Chuzhou was changed to Yongyang County, which belonged to Huainan Road and Yangzhou. In the seventh year of Tianbao (748), Qian Qiu County was renamed as Tianchang County because "Qian Qiu Festival" was changed to "Forever Festival".
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, land annexation became increasingly serious and social contradictions intensified. In the first year of Tianbao (1 1), Huaixi turned Zhan Liu against the Tang Dynasty and captured Chuzhou. In the ninth year of Xian Tong (AD 868), Pang Xun led the garrison uprising of peasant origin. Ding Congshi, a rebel general, led thousands of people to attack Chuzhou and killed Cishigao. In the first year of Guangming (A.D. 880), Huang Chao peasant army swept across Jianghuai and conquered Chuzhou.
After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, it experienced 50 years of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-960). Chuzhou was first ruled by the State of Wu, which was established by Yang Xingmi in Huainan at the end of Tang Dynasty, and then by the Southern "Ten States" Nantang regime. In 937, the Ministry of Yang Xingmi, with Xu Wen's adopted son, Xu Zhibao (formerly known as Doctor), seized the Wu regime, made Jinling its capital and established Nantang. Chuzhou has become an important town in Jiangbei guarding Jinling. In the first year of Tongguang in the Southern Tang Dynasty (923), the Liuguan Pass was built in the northwest pass of Chuzhou, which was grand and dangerous to curb the north-south traffic.
The later Zhou Dynasty led by Chai Shizong had a fierce competition with the Southern Tang Dynasty. In the third year of Xiande in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (956), Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, led an army to break Liu's customs clearance, defeated the Southern Tang military forces and captured Chuzhou City. Sejong led the army to make a personal expedition, captured more than a dozen counties in the southern Tang Dynasty in Jianghuai and made peace with the southern Tang Dynasty. The later Zhou Dynasty and the Southern Tang Dynasty formed a north-south confrontation across the Yangtze River, and Chuzhou became a frontier. Chai Shizong and Zhao Kuangyin, later Song Taizu, left many legends in Chu. For example, there is a copy of Chai Wang Jing in Quanjiao Shenshan Temple.
After the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was divided into one road, and there were roads, prefectures, governments, armies and prisons in the Song Dynasty. Prisons are located in mining and metallurgy, horse husbandry, coin-making and salt-making areas, and troops are located in key areas. Prisons and armies are mostly at the same level as governments and states, and governments are mostly located in large and important states. Officers at all levels are called to know about a government, an army, a county and so on. The road is above Fuzhou. The city belongs to Huainan East Road and Huainan West Road. In the first year of Stegosaurus (960), the three counties of Lingqingliu, Quanjiao and Laian in Chuzhou belonged to Huainan East Road (Huaidong); Haozhou leads Zhongli, Dingyuan and Zhao Yi counties, and belongs to Huainan West Road (Huaixi).
Nearly a hundred years after the reunification of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no war in the Jianghuai area, and people's lives were relatively stable. A group of wise ministers have served in Chuzhou successively. The first year of Taoism (995). Wang Yucheng was demoted to Chuzhou, and he was good at governing and loving the people, which won the admiration of later generations Ouyang Xiu. Angel is called "Two Saints" by Chuzhou people. Bao Zheng also worked as a magistrate in Dingyuan and Tianchang. In the fifth year of Li Qing (1045), Ouyang Xiu, a famous writer, historian and politician, was appointed as the magistrate of Chuzhou. During his reign, he was generous and simple, caring for mountains and rivers and enjoying the people. Ji Xian, a Buddhist monk, built a drunken pavilion for him. Ouyang Xiu wrote a famous essay "Preface to Drunk Pavilion" for this purpose. He also established a Fengle Pavilion and a Xingxin Pavilion on the edge of Fengshan, and wrote "Preface to Drunk Pavilion".
Ouyang Xiu's Book of Chu Zhi is a brilliant page in the history of Chuzhou. Zuiweng Pavilion made Chuzhou landscape famous all over the world. During his stay in Chuzhou, Ouyang Xiu attracted a large number of famous scholars to pay attention to Chuzhou, or visited Europe, or wrote poems, such as Mei, Han Qi, Fan Zhongyan, dissident Wang Anshi, and Su Shi. After Ouyang Xiu's death, Su Shi, at the request of Wang Zhao, the magistrate of Chuzhou, wrote the "Two Notes" as an inscription on a stone tablet, and the word "Owen Su" became a treasure handed down from generation to generation.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jianghuai area became the frontier of confrontation between Song and Jin. Chuzhou city was besieged by the golden army nine times, the people fled, the city walls were broken and the productivity was destroyed. At the same time, Chuzhou became a battlefield against gold. Main war generals, such as Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun, Li Gang, Yang Yizhong, etc. At one time, it dealt a heavy blow to the Jianghuai Jinbing, and there were fierce battles in Chuzhou, Tianchang, Dingyuan and Quanjiao. In the eighth year of the Avenue (1 172), Xin Qiji was appointed as the magistrate of Chuzhou, and he was allowed to be simple and comfortable. He took refuge in exile, renovated the market, developed production, organized people to train troops, and resisted nomadic people. The best policy for the DPRK was to "defend the river first" and then recover the Central Plains. Xin Qiji also built "Fan Xiongting" and "Dianchen Building" in Chuzhou, and wrote poems full of feelings of regaining lost ground, such as "Prosperity, Relaxation, Chuzhou Walking to the Building, and Li Yun".
In the third year of Jian Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 129), Jin Bing invaded the south on a large scale, and Li Cheng, a rebel in the Southern Song Dynasty, led an army to attack Chuzhou. In the face of Ji Zi's siege, it is well known that he would never surrender, and led the Chu army and people to build a village in Moduoling area of Langya Mountain to resist the strong enemy, and finally died heroically.
During the 600 years of Tang and Song Dynasties, the economic and social development and destruction of Chuzhou alternated.
In the early Tang Dynasty and the early Northern Song Dynasty, due to the new ruling policy and relative social stability, agriculture, water conservancy and handicrafts in Jianghuai area developed on the basis of the previous generation. With the expansion of farmland and the increase of household registration, cities and towns formed regulations. The pattern of Chuzhou City was formed in the early Tang Dynasty. According to Military Geography, in the third year of Tang Wude (620), Zicheng, Luocheng and Yuecheng were built on the city wall; During the period of Yonghui (650-655), it expanded to the northeast, reaching 7 miles, with 258 steps around the city, showing a "Shen"-shaped pattern, and all four gates had towers. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the city was restored and expanded several times. Since Ouyang Xiu ruled Chu, Chuzhou became a famous cultural city in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty because of celebrity effect and landscape. "New Tang Book Geography" records that "Chuzhou has copper pits". In the ancient mining pit of Langyashan copper mine, the remains of porcelain pieces in Sui and Tang Dynasties were found.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the economy and culture of the North and the South further blended, and in the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was difficult to get the word. After a period of time, the second population migration occurred in the history of China (the first time was in the Jin Dynasty). The focus of economy, politics and culture has been shifting southward. Chuzhou is located between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. The Chuhe waterway connects the Yangtze River, and the land transportation post road guards the north and south, guarding Jinling, becoming a springboard for crossing the river and wading into the Huaihe River.
The characteristics of geographical areas often make Chuzhou a battlefield of separatism and struggle. During the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" period, wars continued. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties led to frequent military disasters around Chuzhou, which often caused serious damage to the economy and people's livelihood.
The Yuan Dynasty established a provincial system, and the city boundaries successively belonged to Chuzhou, Yangzhou Road, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Chuzhou, Yangzhou Road, Jiangbei, Henan (covering the present urban area and Quanjiao and Lai 'an counties), Haozhou, Anfeng Road (covering Fengyang and Dingyuan counties) and Sizhou, Huai 'an Road (covering Jinmingguang and Tianchang counties). Zhu Yuanzhang laid the foundation for the establishment of the Ming Dynasty in Haozhou, and then Zhang led the army south to capture Chuzhou, a major town in Jianghuai, threatening Jinling. 14 year 10 month, Zhu Yuanzhang set an ambush in Chuzhou to defeat the prime minister Tuotuo of the Yuan Dynasty. The following year, Qiu Temple House was built in Chuzhou, and the army crossed the river to attack the Yuan Army. Then, he welcomed Wang Xiaoming and Han Liner into Chuzhou. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang designated Fengyang as Zhongdu. In the third year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang, posthumous title, and the late Guo Zixing became the King of Chu Yang, and built the Temple of Chu Yang as a sacrifice. In the sixth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of War set up Taibu Temple in Chuzhou, which was an institution for managing grazing and raising military horses. Make Chuzhou military and civilians breed cattle and horses.
Some important figures in the Ming Dynasty traveled between Zhongdu (now Fengyang) and Du Nan (now Nanjing). For example, Song Lian, the prince's entourage, visited Langya Mountain through Chuzhou and wrote famous poems. Wang Yangming, a philosopher and educator, once gave lectures in Chuzhou and accepted a number of disciples such as Qi Xian, which had a great influence. After Wang Yangming left Chuzhou, Chuzhou people built a "Yangming Temple" in the place where he gave lectures as a memorial. Wen Zhiming, a gifted scholar in the south of the Yangtze River, and his son have forged many predestinations with Chuzhou, leaving poems and songs in Chuzhou. Chen Lian and Hu Song are a generation of famous ministers. Feng Ruoyu, a young woman from South Taibu Temple, built a Baosongzhai in the drunken pavilion to protect Irving Perilla.
In the Ming Dynasty, Chuzhou was Zhili Prefecture in Nanjing, which was in Nanjing (governing Tianfu, now Nanjing) and led to Lai 'an and Quanjiao counties. Other counties are still under the jurisdiction of Fengyang government.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, in the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), a peasant army composed of Zhang and Li Zicheng invaded Jiangbei and attacked Chuzhou in the first month of the following year. Li Qingjie, the servant, and Liu Dagong, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, led the troops to defend the city, and Lu Xiangsheng led the troops to help Chuzhou, fighting in the east of the city and defeating the peasant army.
The Qing Dynasty implemented a four-level administrative system of province, province, state and scattered state, and the city was originally under the jurisdiction of jiangnan province Zuobuzhengsi. In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), it was placed in Anhui Province, and Fengyang and Dingyuan belonged to Fengyang House in the late Qing Dynasty. Mingguang and Tianchang belong to Zhili Prefecture of Sizhou (now the county seat of Sixian County); Lai 'an, Quanjiao and the urban area belong to Zhili Prefecture of Chuzhou. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, Fang Shaozhou, a revolutionary in eastern Anhui, followed Dr. Sun Yat-sen, fighting against the Qing Dynasty, begging for Yuan, and resuming the uprising. The revolutionary activities were frequent. 19 19 When the May 4th Movement broke out, young students in eastern Anhui responded positively. The new ideological trend spread rapidly in eastern Anhui. 1926, central party organizations were established in all parts of Chuzhou. 16 (1927), the National Revolutionary Army went north to Chuzhou. On the afternoon of May 28th, Chiang Kai-shek, Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Expedition Army, stopped at Chuzhou Railway Station by armored vehicle and visited Zuiweng Pavilion in Langya Mountain by sedan chair. In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), in February of 65438, the Japanese invaders occupied Chuzhou City, and all parts of eastern Anhui successively fell. The Japanese army committed atrocities in eastern Anhui. On the anti-Japanese battlefield, Kuomintang troops (the fifth war zone under the command of Li Zongren) fought fiercely in the southern section of the Jin-Pu Railway and the Huaihe River Basin. The people's anti-Japanese national salvation movement in eastern Anhui is surging, and people fight to the death with broadswords, spears, red tassels and earth guns. * * * The New Fourth Army and guerrillas led by the Producers' Party, with the support of the people, established anti-Japanese base areas on the east and west sides of Jinpu Road (hereinafter referred to as Huainan anti-Japanese base areas). Fang Yi, Zhang, Liu Shunyuan and others fought here. The Lotus Pond Martyrs Cemetery and the Half Tower Monument show the heroic achievements of the martyrs. 1August, 945, victory in the Anti-Japanese War. 1946, Kuomintang troops attacked the liberated areas, and the main force of the New Fourth Army retreated northward, insisting on guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, restoring the anti-"clean-up" in Huainan liberated areas, supporting the Huaihai Campaign and the River Crossing Campaign, and welcoming the national liberation. 1949 1 East Anhui was liberated.
In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Anhui abandoned roads, prefectures, prefectures and halls, and all prefectures and counties were directly under the provincial capital, and Chuzhou was changed to Chuxian, directly under Anhui Province. In 3-7 years of the Republic of China, the Beiyang government implemented a three-level administrative system at the provincial, provincial and county levels. All counties in the city belong to Huaisi Road, Anhui Province. In 2 1 year of the Republic of China, Jiashan county was established in Xuyi, Chuxian, Dingyuan and Laian counties. In the same year, Anhui province was divided into 10 inspection area of administrative office Commissioner, in which Fengyang and Dingyuan belonged to fourth area, and the rest counties belonged to the fifth district (with institutions located in Chuxian).