[Edit this paragraph] 1. Connectives that lead to noun clauses
Connectives that lead to noun clauses can be divided into three categories:
Conjunction: that (without any meaning)
When, if (both mean "whether" means uncertainty of clause content)
Like, like (both meaning "like" and "like")
None of the above is an integral part of this clause.
Connective pronouns: what, what, who, who, who,
whosoever
Connective adverbs: when, where, how and why
An unsolvable conjunction:
The conjunction after 1. preposition
2. The conjunctions leading the subject clause and appositive clause cannot be omitted.
She was chosen to make us very happy.
We heard the news that our team won.
Comparison:
Both "where" and "if" mean "whether". However, when cannot be replaced by if in the following cases:
1. Whether to guide the subject clause and start the sentence.
2. Guide predicative clauses
3.Where clause as prepositional object
There is "or not" after the clause.
It is not clear whether he will come.
Most subject clauses guided by conjunctions can be placed at the end of the sentence, with it as the formal subject.
It doesn't matter who goes.
It is not known which team will win the game.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. subject clause
A clause that is the subject of a sentence is called a subject clause. Subject clauses are usually guided by subordinate conjunctions that, where, if, connecting pronouns what, who, which, what, who and connecting adverbs how, when, where and why. It has no meaning in the sentence, but only plays a connecting role; Connective pronouns and adverbs not only retain their interrogative meanings in sentences, but also play a connecting role and act as components of clauses. For example:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. What he wants to tell us is not clear.
Who will win the game is still unknown. Who can win the game is still unknown.
We all know how he became a writer. We all know how he became a writer.
Where the English evening will be held has not been announced. Where the English evening will be held has not been announced.
Sometimes in order to avoid top-heavy sentences, the formal subject it is often used instead of the subject clause as the formal subject at the beginning of the sentence and the subject clause at the end of the sentence. The predicate verb after the subject clause is generally singular. Common sentence patterns are as follows:
It+be+ noun +that clause
It+be+ adjective +that clause
Past participle of It+be+ verb +that clause
(4)It+ intransitive verb +that clause
Also note that the subjunctive mood "(should) +do" is used in the subject clause to express surprise, disbelief, regret and so on. Commonly used sentence patterns are:
This is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.). ) That ...
What a pity (pity, no surprise, etc.) ) That ...
Someone suggested (request, proposal, expectation, etc.). ) That ...
[Edit this paragraph] Third, the object clause
A clause with a noun phrase as the object is called an object clause. The related words of leading object clauses are almost the same as those of leading subject clauses and predicative clauses, and can be used as the objects of predicate verbs or prepositions and non-predicate verbs in sentences.
1. Object clauses guided by conjunctions
When the object clause is guided by the conjunction that, that plays no role in the sentence and is often omitted in spoken or informal style. However, if the clause is a compound sentence, the second clause in front of it can't be saved. For example:
He told me that he would go to Shanghai tomorrow. He told me that he would go to Shanghai tomorrow.
We must never think that we are all good and others are all bad. Never think that you are all good and everyone else is bad.
Note: After verbs such as demand, command, suggestion, decision, persistence, desire, demand, command, etc., object clauses often use "(should)+ verb prototype". For example:
I insist that she work alone.
The commander ordered everyone to start at once. The commander ordered the troops to start at once.
2. Object clauses guided by who, who, which, who, what, when, where, why, how, who, what, which and other related words are equivalent to special interrogative sentences, and it should be noted that the sentence order should be declarative. For example:
I wonder what he told you. I want to know what he told you.
She is always thinking about how to do a good job. She is always thinking about how to do the work well.
She will give enthusiastic support to anyone who needs help. She will enthusiastically support anyone who needs help.
3. The order of the subject and predicate of the object clause guided by whether it is if cannot be reversed, and the word order of the declarative sentence remains. In addition, when you say "no", you can only use "where" instead of "if" in the following situations:
A. guide the subject clause and the beginning of the sentence; B. when guiding predicative clauses; C. when the leading sentence is used as the preposition object; D. when there is "or not" after the clause; E. when the infinitive is followed. For example:
Where there is life on the moon is an interesting question. Is there life on the moon? Is this an interesting question?
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the exam. The question now is whether she should take a low opinion test.
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
I don't know whether he will come. I don't know whether he will come.
Can you tell me whether to go or stay? Can you tell me whether to go or stay?
4. Pay attention to the tense echo in the object clause. When active words exist, use clauses according to your own sentence situation.
Different tenses. For example:
He studies English every day.
He learned English last term.
I know that he will learn English next year.
He began to learn English from 1998.
When the main verb is past tense (except could and would), the clauses should use the corresponding past tense, such as general past tense, past continuous tense, past future tense, etc. When clauses express objective truth, scientific principles and natural phenomena, clauses still use the present tense. For example:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. In the negative object clauses caused by verbs such as think, believe, imagine and support. The verb in the above main sentence should be changed into a negative sentence. That is to say, the negative form in the clause is moved to the main clause. For example:
T think you are here. We don't think you are here.
I don't think he will do that. I don't believe he would do that.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. Predicative clause
A clause used as a predicative in a sentence is called a predicative clause. The related words that lead to predicative clauses are almost the same as those that lead to subject clauses. Predicative clauses are located after connecting verbs and sometimes guided by if. Its basic structure is: subject+copulative verb +that clause. For example:
The fact is that we lost the game. The fact is that we lost the game.
That's just what I want. This is exactly what I want.
This is our problem. This is our problem.
That's why he didn't come to the meeting. That's why he didn't attend the meeting.
It looks as if it will rain. It looks like rain.
It should be noted that when the subject is reason, the predicative clause should be guided by that, not by cause. For example:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
Note that when can guide predicative clauses, but if synonymous with it is usually not used to guide predicative clauses.
[Edit this paragraph] V. appositive clauses
The appositive clause explains the specific content of the noun before it. The appositive clause is usually guided by that, and the nouns that can be used in the appositive clause include suggestions, needs, questions, facts, hopes, ideas, information, news, orders, questions, promises, questions, requests, suggestions, truth, wishes, words and so on. For example:
The news that we won the game is exciting. The news that we won the game is exciting.
I don't know when he will go home. I don't know when he will come back.
It occurred to him that Mary might be ill. He thinks that Mary may be ill.
The difference between appositive clauses and attributive clauses;
As a relative pronoun, that can guide the attributive clause, act as a sentence component, and can be omitted as an object in the clause; When that leads appositive clauses, it acts as a conjunction, has no practical meaning, does not act as a sentence component, and generally cannot be omitted.
Try to compare the following two examples:
I didn't know you were here.
Do you think this book has taught you something about life in ancient Greece? This leads to the attributive clause, which can be omitted as the object.
[Edit this paragraph] VI. substantive clause
1) Clauses guided by subordinate conjunctions are called nominal that- clauses. It only serves as a link between the main clause and the clause, not as any component of the clause, and it has no meaning in itself. Nominal that- clause can act as subject, object, predicative, appositive and adjective object in a sentence, for example:
Subject: It is pure luck that he is still alive. He's alive.
John said that he would go to London on Wednesday. John said that he would go to London on Wednesday.
Predicate: The fact is that I haven't seen him recently. The fact is that no one has seen him recently.
Apposition: No one has seen him recently, which makes everyone in the office very uneasy.
No one has seen him recently, which makes everyone in the office very uneasy.
Adjective object: I am glad that you are satisfied with your work.
I am glad that you are satisfied with your work.
2)That- clause as the subject usually uses it as the antecedent and puts That- clause at the end of the sentence, for example:
Obviously, the whole project is about to fail. Obviously, the whole plan is doomed to failure.
It's a pity that you have to leave.
There are four different collocations of that- clause as a formal subject:
A.it+be+ adjective +that- clause
It is necessary to ... ...
The important thing is ... the important thing is. ...
Obviously ... obviously. ...
B.It+be+-ed participle +that- clause
People believe ... people believe ...
As we all know ... as we all know. ...
It has been decided ... ...
C.it+be+ noun +that- clause
As we all know ... is common sense.
Surprisingly ... amazingly. ...
The fact is ... the fact is. ...
D.it+ intransitive verb +that- clause
seemingly ...
Happened ... happened. ...
It suddenly occurred to me ... it suddenly occurred to me ...
[Edit this paragraph] VII. Nominal special interrogative sentences
1) A noun clause guided by the wh- word is called a noun wh- clause. Interrogative words include connective pronouns, such as Who, Who. Whose, who, What, What, What, which and connecting adverbs such as Where, When, How and Why. Wh- clause has the same grammatical function as that- clause, and can also act as prepositional object, object complement and indirect object, for example:
Subject: How well this book sells depends on its author.
Direct object: In one's own home, one can do what one likes. You can do whatever you want in your own home.
Indirect object: Who will be awarded the prize by the club?
The club will award prizes to the winners.
My question is who will take over as chairman of the foundation. My question is who will take over as chairman of the foundation.
She can name him whatever she wants. She can give him any name she likes.
I don't know when he will come back.
I don't know when he will come back.
Adjective object: I am not sure why she refused their invitation. I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
Preposition object: It depends on where we are going.
That depends on where we go.
2)Wh- clause as the subject is also commonly used with the antecedent it as the formal subject, and Wh- clause is placed at the end of the sentence, for example:
Who will do the work has not been decided.
Who will do the work has not been decided.
When they will get married is still unknown. When they will get married is still unknown.
[Edit this paragraph] 8. Noun clauses guided by if and where
1) Yes-No question
Nominal clauses guided by subordinate conjunctions if and where are transformed from general questions or choice questions, so they are also called yes-no questions and choice questions respectively, and their functions are the same as wh- clauses, for example:
Subject: Where this plan is feasible remains to be proved. Whether this plan is feasible remains to be confirmed.
Let us know whether you can finish this article before Friday. Please let us know whether you can finish this article before Friday.
The key is when we should lend him money. The question is whether we should lend him money.
Apposition: They are investigating when this man can be trusted. They investigated whether he was trustworthy.
She doubted when we could come. She doubted whether we could come.
I'm worried about what he can do to get through the dangerous period of his illness. I'm worried about whether he can survive the critical period of the disease.
2) Selective interrogative sentences
Selective questions are composed of related words if/what … or what … or not, for example:
Please tell me whether they are Swedish or Danish. Please tell me whether they are Swedish or Danish.
I don't care whether you like the plan or not. I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
The difference between if and whether:
1, only when can be used before infinitive. For example:
I can't decide whether to stay or not.
2. Where is the fixed collocation ... or not. For example:
I want to know whether it is good news or bad news. I wonder if it's good news.
3. After the preposition, you can only use what. For example:
His father is worried that he will lose his job. His father is worried about whether he will lose his job.
4. Whether the object clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence indicates emphasis, and only when can be used. For example:
I really don't know whether this time is true or not. I really don't know if this is true.
Where they can finish the work on time is still a question. Whether they can finish the work on time is still a question. -This example is a subject clause, which is incorrect. Thanks for pointing it out.)
5. When using if will cause ambiguity, only use when. For example:
Can you tell me if you know the answer?
This sentence has two meanings: "Can you tell me the answer?" Or "If you know the answer, please tell me, ok?" . If you use no, you can avoid ambiguity.
[Edit this paragraph] 9. negative transfer
1) The negative words of the object clauses after the verbs such as think, believe, support, expect, fantasy and imagine are transferred to the main clause, that is, whether the predicate verb of the main clause is qualitative or not, while the predicate verb of the clause is affirmative.
I don't think I know you. I don't think I know you.
I don't think he will come. I don't believe he will come back.
Note: If the predicate verb is hope, the negative words in the object clause cannot be transferred.
I hope you're not sick. I don't think you are sick.
2) Transfer the negation of clauses after seem, apparent, etc. Go to the front.
They don't seem to know where to go
It seems that they don't know where to go.
It seems that it will not be sunny tomorrow.
It seems that there will be no good weather tomorrow.
3) Sometimes the negation of gerund, prepositional phrase or whole clause becomes the negation of predicate verb.
I don't remember seeing such a person.
I don't remember seeing such a person. (Non-negative gerund phrases include ...)
This is not a place where anyone wants to see strangers in the street.
Here, people don't expect to meet strangers in the street.
Everyone is the subject, and the predicate verb in the clause cannot be used in the negative form. )
4) Sometimes the negation in adverbial or adverbial clause can be transferred to the front of the predicate verb.
Ants don't collect these for themselves. Ants don't just feed for themselves.
He is not prepared to believe anything just because Aristotle said something. He didn't believe it just because Aristotle said how.
She had not been married for a few weeks when the man's younger brother saw her and was shocked by her beauty. She had been married for less than a few months when the man's younger brother saw her and was fascinated by her beauty.
[Edit this paragraph] X. Perspective on the hot spots of the college entrance examination
1. It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)
A.what does this mean?
Answer D. When a nominal clause is used as the subject in a sentence, in order to avoid top-heavy sentences, it is often used as the formal subject at the beginning of the sentence, while the real subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence. At this time, it only plays a leading role and has no substantive significance in itself. It is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.
The computer can only do what you instruct it to do. (NMET200 1)
What time?
Answer C. As can be seen from the sentence structure, a conjunction leading to the object clause should be filled in the blank of the sentence, which is the object of the predicate verb do in the main sentence, and the conjunction is also the object of do in the clause. So, the conjunction here should be what.
He asked someone for a violin. (MET 1992)
A.how much did I pay
C.how much did I pay
Answer: D. The object clause is equivalent to a special question, and the sentence order should be declarative.
4. What exactly does a doctor do? My mother will recover from her serious illness soon. (Shanghai 200 1 Spring Enrollment)
A. when, how, whether and why
This is a predicative clause. According to the word doubt, doubt should be whether the disease can be cured, so what should you fill in. The doctor really doubts whether my mother can recover from her serious illness soon.
It is usually considered unwise to give a child what he or she wants. (NMET 1997)
A. however, in any case.
Answer B. It is generally believed that it is not good to give children what they want. It can be seen that the following clause should be an object clause, while the wants in the clause lack an object, and A. however and D. whenever cannot be used as objects; Excluding a and d, no matter which one means "no matter which one, no matter what", it should refer to people or things within a certain range, and nothing within the scope is involved here, so B. Whatever should be chosen to mean "no matter what"
6. _ _ _ _ _ The last person to leave the room should turn off the lights. (MET 1988)
A. who is this man?
Whoever leaves the room last must turn off the lights. This question examines noun clauses guided by the connecting pronoun whoever. The connecting pronoun whoever can lead a noun clause and be the subject in the clause, which is equivalent to any person who or The person who, meaning "everyone". However, anyone and the person are not conjunctions, so they cannot guide clauses. In fact, who left the room last means "the last person to leave the room", which is inconsistent with the meaning of the question. If you want to choose A. Anyone or B. The person, you must add a relative pronoun who after them to guide the attributive clause. If you want to choose D. Who, you can't reflect the meaning of "no matter who".
7. Sarah wants to be a friend who has common interests with her. (Shanghai 1995)
A. No matter who it is
The answer is C. Sarah wants to make friends with people with the same hobbies. The difference between nominal clauses guided by interrogative words +ever and clauses guided by interrogative words+ever lies in that the former can guide both nominal clauses and adverbial clauses; The latter can only guide adverbial clauses. First of all, exclude a and d, and the subject is needed in the clause, who who who is not good either.
I drove to Zhuhai to watch the air show last week.
-Is that why you took a few days off? (NMET 1999)
A. Why B. What C. When D. Where
According to the context, A said that he drove to Zhuhai to see the model airplane exhibition last week. B asks A if this is the reason for taking a few days off, then the answer is A, and the answers B, C and D are inconsistent with the context of the question. According to the context provided by the previous sentence, the next sentence should ask, "Is that why you left for a few days?"
9. I still remember _ _ _ _ _ This used to be a quiet village. (NMET 1993)
A.when, how, where and what
Answer A. According to the fact that the missing sentence components in the clause are adverbials, D. What to exclude? Answers C and D are inconsistent with the meaning of the question, so A. When should be chosen. The past refers to the state of the past. I still remember when it was a quiet place.
10. I read about it in a book. Does it matter? (200 1 spring admission)
Which one?
Answer D. This is a subject clause. Predicate is missing in the subject clause. From the analysis of the meaning of the previous sentence, which book should it be, and which book should it be filled in? I read about this in a book. Which book is important? " .
1 1. It is reported that more middle school graduates will be admitted to universities.
A.while b.that c when d.as (Shanghai 200 1)
Answer B. This question examines appositive clauses guided by that. The appositive clause is usually guided by that, followed by nouns such as fact, news, promise, possibility, information, doublet and news, which are used to explain or explain the content of nouns.
12.-I think this will be a big problem.
Yes, it may be.
I wonder what we can do. (Beijing, Spring 2002)
A, if B, how C, what D, then
Answer C. This question examines the usage of conjunctions in noun clauses. Wonder is followed by an object clause, in which the predicate verb do is a transitive verb. It can be seen that the clause lacks the component of replacing the object. We can exclude if and that that are not components by exclusion, and then exclude how in the adverbial of guiding mode. The answer is C, and the sentence means "What can we do about it".