Why did Liu Can defeat Xiang Yu?

In May of 202 BC, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang held a grand banquet in Nangong, Luoyang to celebrate national reunification. During the dinner, Liu Bang asked the civil and military officials: "Why can I unify China and why did Xiang Yu lose the world?" After the ministers answered, Liu Bang said, "You only know one, but you don't know the other. Advise, I am not as good as Sean; I am not as good as Xiao He in governing the country, reassuring people and managing expenses. I am not as good as Han Xin. These three people are all heroes, and I can use them, which is why I win the world. Xiang Yu's men, only one artist, Fan Zeng, has not been used. This is the root cause of his failure. "

It is true that Xiang Yu is a very complicated person. In Guan Cone, Qian Zhongshu analyzed and said: "Spitting" and "Anger", "Love" and "Fierce Thief", "Love" and "Jealousy", "Women's Benevolence" and "Killing and Destroying".

For the reason of Xiang Yu's failure, Tai Shigong made an incisive analysis in the biography of Xiang Yu: "It is difficult to take care of Chu in northern Henan, exile the righteous emperor to stand on his own feet, and blame the princes for betraying themselves." Being conceited and successful, not learning from the past and not forgetting personal wisdom, is called the industry of overlord, and wants to govern the world by force. "

Tai Shigong believes that there are three reasons for Xiang Yu's failure: first, he cares about Chu, that is, he gives up Guanzhong, a strategic place; The second is exile, killing the righteous emperor. If he doesn't kill Yidi, he will become a military commander in the name of Yidi, which belongs to the heart of the world. Who will die? But he killed Yidi first, that is, he was disloyal. He had lost the popular support, and then he took back the vassal's land, but he didn't believe it. Then he lost the popular support. These three don't know the talents. Chen Ping went first, then Han Xin, and Fan Zeng, his father, was forced to leave, so people were separated. What's more, when the country was in turmoil, he "won the world in one fell swoop" by force, but after winning the world, it was impossible to "rule the world under the horse". How can he be unbeaten?

In order to highlight a certain personality of the characters and avoid repetition of narration, Tai Shigong initiated the "mutual understanding method". The author says that the main characters and important events of characters experience are written in his own biography, and the minor characters are written in the biographies of other relevant characters. Judging from the whole book, the character's personality is still intact. For example, Biography of Xiang Yu highlights the leading role of Xiang Yu, who is brave and good at fighting as a hero, honest and frank. The major events in Xiang Yu's life include the Battle of the Julu, the banquet at Hongmen and the siege of Gaixia. As for other weaknesses of his personality, we can find them in Biography of Emperor Gaozu and Biography of Hou Huaiyin.

Tai Shigong concluded with a calm and objective attitude of a historian:

It's a bully's business to brag about meritorious deeds and strive for personal wisdom instead of drawing lessons from the past. You want to rule the world by force. Five years after your death, your country died and your body died in Dongcheng, and you still feel guilty about it. Leading me to death is a crime, not a fight. Isn't that ridiculous?

Chu's life was thus revealed. As a military commander, he is invincible, but as a political commander, he is obviously mentally retarded, but he is stubborn, especially he never repents.

Chairman Mao once said:

"It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with Yu Yong, and not learn from the overlord."

"Faye Wong politician, Hanwang is an outstanding politician."

"Liu bang was able to beat Xiang Yu because Liu bang and Xiang Yu were different, and Xiang Yu was born in a noble family. He is familiar with social life and understands people's psychology. "

Thus, Xiang Yu's death, died of himself. His so-called "benevolence" and "biting" were combined, and he lost the hearts of the people, even the military and the hearts of the people.

There are many talented people in Jiangdong, and it is unknown that they will make a comeback.

Suicide is the biggest failure of cowards who dare not face setbacks directly. Ruined his reputation for life.

The curtain of the overlord of Chu hangs down, and the big man once appeared in black powder.

After the tyranny of the King of Qin, China, which was full of barbarians, really needed the "inaction" of a generation of wise kings.

"Don't do it, you won't get it. Although deep, carefree; Although it is large, it does not increase energy; Although it is good, it has not been checked. With extraordinary energy, extraordinary insight, lofty aspirations and belief in success. Know what people can't know, who dare not say and what pedestrians can't do. There are valleys in the chest and unique eyes. People can be persuaded without force, and those who respond without force are like floating clouds. Can make their relatives proud, can make their friends proud. Can survive in prosperity without losing heart, can survive in adversity without moving will, can make decisive decisions in difficulties, and can fly in desperation. "

Mao Zedong, on the other hand, said that Liu Bang was able to defeat Xiang Yu because Liu Bang was different from Xiang Yu, who was born in a famous family. He is more familiar with social life and understands people's psychology. This comment is obviously related to Mao Zedong's consistent proposition that the lowly is superior to the noble.

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Xiang Yu's evaluation

Indecision, women's nature, courage without a plan, go it alone. (Hongmen Banquet)

Attach importance to friendship and sincerity. (Love soldiers and concubines)

1. Sima Qian's evaluation of Xiang Yu

Chen She was the first to bear the brunt of his father's loss of government, and the list goes on and on. However, feathers have no size. In three years, five kings were destroyed, the world was divided and princes were sealed. The government was feathered and named "overlord". Although it didn't end, it hasn't appeared since recently. It is difficult for northern Henan to care about Chu, exile the righteous emperor and stand on his own feet, and blame the princes for rebellion. Self-conceit, striving for personal wisdom without forgetting the past, is called the overlord's thing, and wants to govern the world by force. Five years later, he died in Dongcheng. He didn't feel guilty but didn't blame himself. It is a fallacy to quote "killing me by heaven is not a crime of war"!

Selected from historical records? Xiang Yu biography

2. Liu Bang's evaluation of Xiang Yu

In my husband's plan, I am not as good as my ovary (that is, Sean). Town, caress the people, with food reimbursement, endless route for providing food, I.

Not as good as Xiao He. Even if it is a million-strong army, we must win the battle and attack it. I am not as good as Han Xin. These three are outstanding people, and I can use them, so I win the world. Xiang Yu had a Fan Zeng, so he escaped for me.

Selected from historical records? Biography of Gaozu

3. Du Mu, Wang Anshi and Li Qingzhao's evaluation of Xiang Yu.

Du Mu's topic Wujiang Pavilion:

Unexpected winning or losing is a man's military plan.

There are many talented children in Jiangdong. Whether they will make a comeback is still unknown.

Wang Anshi's Wujiang Pavilion;

A brave man who has suffered many battles and is exhausted mourns, and it is difficult to recover from the defeat of the Central Plains.

Although the children of Jiangdong are here today, they are willing to make a comeback with the king.

Li Qingzhao's Ode to Xiang Yu;

Live and be a man among men; Die and become the soul in the soul.

Today, people still miss Xiang Yu because he refused to live and returned to the East.

4. Mao Zedong's view of Xiang Yu.

The People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing.

1949.4

Zhongshan is windy and rainy, and millions of heroes cross the river.

Tiger's dragon card is better than in the past, upside down and generous.

It is advisable to chase after the poor bandits with the remaining courage, not to learn from the overlord.

If the sky is sentimental, it will grow old, and the right way in the world is vicissitudes.

Xiang Yu is a legendary hero in the history of China, and many stories related to him gradually evolved into idioms. It is unprecedented that so many idiom stories happen to one person.

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In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang marched through Huiji (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), and Xiang Yu also went to watch it with everyone. Xiang Yu, who was on the sidelines, couldn't help but blurt out, "He can replace him." This sentence alone shows Xiang Yu's ambition and heroism.

gain the upper hand by acting first

After the Chen Sheng Uprising, Yin Tong, the prefect of Huiji, also wanted to take the opportunity to fight against Qin. When he summoned Xiang Yu in September 209 BC, he said, "Now is a good time to destroy Qin. It is said that the first attack is the first, and the second attack is the second. I want to start with you as soon as possible. " Is Xiang Yu, who comes from a famous family, willing to entrust himself to others? According to the plan, Xiang Yu killed Yin Tong, who claimed to be a "preemptive strike", incorporated his men and publicly raised the banner of the uprising.

Burn one's bridges and fight for ten.

In 208 BC, Zhang Han, commander-in-chief of the Qin Dynasty, commanded Qin Jun's main force to surround the giant deer, and Xiang Yu led his troops to rescue it. In order to show his determination to die, Xiang Yu led his troops across the river. "The boat is sinking, the pot is broken, the house is burning, and three diets show that the foot soldiers will die, and no one will return." Xiang Yu led the army to break the route for providing foodstuff for Qin Jun and fought fiercely with Qin Jun for nine games. "Chu soldiers are all equal to one." . Qin lost his troops, and Xiang Yu chased them, forcing Zhang Han to surrender his remnants.

Performing a sword dance while trying to kill someone ―― with ulterior motives.

After overthrowing the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu hosted a banquet for Liu Bang in Hongmen (near Lintong, Shaanxi). At the banquet, Fan Zeng, the counselor of Xiang Yu, motioned for Xiang Yu to kill Liu Bang several times, but Xiang Yu ignored it because he could not bear it. So Fan Zeng asked Xiang Zhuang to kill Liu Bang in the name of sword dancing. When Zhang Liang, Liu Bang's counselor, saw the urgency, he went out to the court and called Fan Kuai, saying, "Today, Xiang Zhuang often wants to pay tribute to the public." So Fan Kuai walked into the banquet hall with a sword and shield, accusing Xiang Yu of breaking his word. Xiang Yu was impressed by Fan Kuai's momentum, and Liu Bang took the opportunity to escape.

Macaques in hats-useless people in gorgeous costumes

After the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, Xiang Yu led the army into Xianyang, where the bodies were burned, and the Xianyang fire lasted for three days. The adviser advised Xiang Yu: "Guanzhong is surrounded by mountains and waters, and the land is rich and beautiful, which can be used as the capital of the overlord." Xiang Yu refused on the pretext that "wealth does not return to his hometown, just like walking in the brocade at night, and no one knows it." The person who advised him sighed: "People say that the Chu people take bathing monkeys as their crown, and it really happens." Hearing this, Xiang Yu killed the person who said this.

lay exposed/open to attacks on all sides

Because of his headstrong and cruel temperament, he lost his adviser and the support of the people. Xiang Yu was finally defeated in the "Chu-Han dispute" and was surrounded by Liu Bang's army in Gaixia (now south of Lingbi, Anhui). At night, the military camp was besieged on all sides, and Xiang Yu was frightened. Seeing that the tide was gone, he led deus ex and fled to the Wujiang River. Because he consciously "has no face to see his elders in Jiangdong", Xiang Yu did not commit suicide by crossing the boat.

In addition, there are idioms related to Xiang Yu more or less, such as "restless seat", "no offense in autumn", "informal section" and "sneaking into the dark".

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First, the two protagonists of the Chu-Han dispute.

Xiang Yu and Liu Bang are two leading figures in the battle between Chu and Han in the history of China. Xiang Yu is an irresistible 27-year-old overlord, and Liu Bang is an old man in his fifties. After Xiang Yu became a famous soldier, Liu Bang was an unknown peasant son. Xiang Yu received strict general training, Liu Bang himself was not a general, and there were many rabble assembled. After Xiang Yu ruled the world, the momentum was in full swing, and Liu Bangcai sealed Hanwang, which was remote and dangerous. However, the wheel of history has undergone a dramatic reversal: Xiang Yu committed suicide at the age of 32 and lost everything; Liu Bang inherited the unified pattern of Qin Shihuang, unified the whole country and created the Han Dynasty which lasted for 400 years. How did this historical confrontation, known as the battle of lions and wolves, come into being? Why did it become a classic lesson for future generations to review repeatedly?

Second, they * * * have a common feature, that is, they are aggressive and turn crises into opportunities.

They have the same characteristics: great courage to dream big, bold behavior that doesn't care about secular evaluation, extraordinary tolerance and endurance, and the ability to turn crises into opportunities. But why are their experiences so different?

Xiang Yu-he lacks patience, but he has strong self-confidence and is proactive.

Liu Bang-likes to brag, but he is generous and good at making friends.

Xiang Yu's failure was the result of over-reliance on the military. He was born in a noble family and rose in the turmoil of the Qin Dynasty. He has the military talent to fight like a god. In just three years, he led the five-nation allied forces to invade Xianyang and Qin Dou, put an end to the Daqin Empire, and became emperor in the name of overlord. With his natural military talent and strict military training, he gradually made amazing achievements from the age of 27. He has insight in fighting, dares to take risks, and is good at rallying the hearts of foot soldiers with strong spiritual strength to form a strong force. He is considered to be the next person to control the world after Qin Shihuang. However, after several years of confrontation with Liu Bang, who was twice as old and had a bumpy birth, he was defeated on all sides in the "hegemony between Chu and Han". Although he is good at fighting, his political strategy is not as good as that of the wily Liu Bang. After the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, a series of unwise actions, such as disturbing the people, burning the palace, sealing the king and killing the righteous emperor, triggered four public grievances and rebellions of the king, and finally made Liu Bang, who was good at buying people's hearts, full-fledged and set an unbreakable trap, thinking that he was short-lived and failed. However, the total loss has been greatly reversed. ...

Liu bang's genius lies in knowing people and being kind, and he would rather fight for wisdom than strength. This is why Liu Bang can stand out in the turbulent and complicated times.

Third, the reasons for Xiang Yu's failure

First, lack of strategy and vision, not politicians.

Reading Sima Qian's Historical Records, I know that Xiang Yu is a hero. Natural divine power, "Wuzhong children are afraid of it." His ambition is lofty and lofty. He kept his word because he promised Xiang Bo to "satisfy" Liu Bang's suggestion. Regardless of his father's "three who show", he let Liu bang get off the net at the Hongmen banquet. After the defeat of Wujiang, he refused to board the lifeboat of Wujiang Tingchang. Facing the jungle behind him, he smiled at death and was very brave. The hero Xiang Yu finally committed suicide and died ... A sad song rang out in his ear: "If you pull out the mountain, you will not die." "If we don't fold, what can we do? What can I do if I am worried? " Xiang Yu attributed his failure to bad luck until his death. However, is it really just bad luck?

Some people say that Xiang Yu's biggest mistake was that he didn't listen to his adviser Fan Zeng at the Hongmen banquet, and even set the tiger free, which led to the final failure. This failure shows that Xiang Yu is a man who can't see clearly the direction politically, can't tell the truth from the false, and can't use his quick wits in dangerous situations. So how can he lead everyone to success?

Second, Xiang Yu's character has extremely serious defects.

1, short-sighted, complacent, foolhardy and lacking in tolerance.

A close reading of the history books shows that there are extremely serious defects in Xiang Yu's character: short-sighted but empty-minded; Love vanity, there is no lack of self-satisfied small-scale peasant consciousness; Everything is brave first, wisdom is behind, cruelty is more than enough, and kindness is not enough; Lack of advice, magnanimous monarchy. This decided his life. He should be just an all-powerful general, but he has no emperor's mind. His real mistake is not whether he killed Liu Bang, but his weakness. Even if he killed Liu Bang at the Hongmen banquet, he would be defeated by Zhang Bang, Wang Bang and Li Bang in the future.

2. Cruelty is more than kindness; Lack of advice, magnanimous monarchy. Let's take a look at several small fragments in Historical Records:

Shinhan led the troops to defect. Xiang Yu was not good at supervising surrender, but turned it into his own use. On the contrary, "more than 200,000 soldiers were attacked at night", fearing that they would refuse to surrender.

When Xinfeng Hongmen heard that Liu Bang was going to be king in Guanzhong, Xiang Yu was furious and wanted to crush Liu Bang10,000,000 troops with 400,000 troops. Liu Bang was afraid that he would woo Xiang Bo, the father of Xiang Yu's Jishi family. He bowed in praise of Wang Xiang. Xiang Yu was obviously complacent and quite proud, so he listened to Xiang Bo and "met" Liu Bang. This is the eternal regret that Fan Zeng "counted the kings" and "the kings were silent" at the Hongmen banquet.

After entering the customs. Xiang Yu "marched west to slaughter Xianyang, killed Qin, and burned Qin Gong. The fire will not go out in March, and the woman will take the goods to the east. " Let the Qin people down.

Eliminate Qin. Someone advised Xiang Yu: "Guanzhong is separated by mountains and rivers, and the land is rich and fertile, but it can unify the world." Xiang Yu turned his heart to the East and said, "If a man is rich and doesn't return to his hometown, it's like dressing up at night. Who knows? " Seeing that Xiang Yu was so short-sighted and disheartened, the admonisher said, "People say that Chu people' bathe monkeys and crown their ears', and it really happened." Xiang Yu was furious when he heard that, "said the cook.

In the winter of the second year of Han Dynasty. Due to improper sealing, Tian Rong rebelled. After Xiang Yu's rebellion, "Tian Rong, who was trapped in the pit, swore to surrender to the death, was captured by his old, weak women and children, and went to Beihai together, and most of them were destroyed."

There is no need to enumerate such examples.

Xiang Yu's character weakness runs through his life, and he seems to have no intention of changing, which is fatal to a hero with great ambitions and ideals. His growth process is only a brave growth history, but he ignores the pursuit and shaping of higher-level personality. His failure is inevitable, but he is just a strong soldier.

Fourth, the reason why Liu Bang won:

First, follow the example of celebrities, constantly improve and perfect themselves, and strive to pursue the height of life. This is the most important reason why Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu.

1, good at calculation, good at attracting others for their own use.

Please look at Liu Bang. He was born cunning, slick and boastful, much like a hooligan. His background is extremely ordinary, and his name is unknown to the world, which is related to Xiang Yu's status as a descendant of a famous star. In the eyes of people who have always attached importance to the aura and background, Liu Bang seemed dim, which made Liu Bang fall into a subordinate position when he first started fighting. But Liu Bang has his own way. Cunning and smooth is not a leader's temperament, but Pei Gong is good at constantly improving himself. He compared himself to the "new Ling Jun", thus setting himself a high level in life. He often unconsciously imitates Xin's way of life and behavior, adding rationality and ingenuity to his character and making his life a life of continuous improvement. Therefore, he is respected by the villagers.

Liu Bang learned a lot from Xin Lingjun. For example, he learned how to gain strength by weaving nets. According to the present statement, he is good at speculating people's psychology according to the situation, lubricating interpersonal relationships, having strong cohesion, and being able to attract others for their own use.

According to historical records, after Liu Bangxian entered the customs, Xiang Yu heard the news and wanted to attack it. At that time, Liu Bang thought, with 100,000 troops defeated by 40,000 troops of Xiang Yu, he was eager to win over Xiang Bo, the father of Xiang Yu in the current season, and respectfully "served as a brother" and "celebrated his birthday with wine" and married him. Xiang Bo urged Xiang Yu to "meet" Liu Bang, and drew his sword and danced with Xiang Zhuang at the Hongmen banquet, "often covering himself with wings", which made Fan Zeng's plan to kill "the country" a complete failure!

On the surface, Liu Bang doesn't seem to have any special talents, but his subordinates are brilliant. Xiao He, Han Xin and Chen Ping are all loyal to their work. Even Sean, who thinks highly of himself, admires people and says, "This is almost a gift from heaven." As a "prodigal son" from a civilian background, it is impossible to unite a large number of talented counselors and generals to work for it.

Second, tolerance, kindness and generosity.

Contrary to Xiang Yu's "ruin", Liu Bang is more measured. The elders of Chu praised him and said, "Pei Gong is also an elder." According to historical records, in the early ten years of Han Dynasty, Pei Gongbing was the first master. Zi Ying, the king of Qin, rode on a white horse, tied his neck to form a ball, sealed the emperor Jeff, and set off. The generals still defeated the king of Qin with words. Pei Gong said, "At first, I was sent by the king to be tolerant, but people have come down and killed me, which is an ominous sign." So the king of Qin became an official and went west to Xianyang.

After Xiang Yu's defeat, Liu Bang buried Xiang Yu's lonely city with him. "Hanwang cried and went away." Hanwang didn't punish all the Xiangzi branches. "

Third, when it's calm, I like to defeat the enemy without fighting.

Chu and Han have been at loggerheads for a long time. Xiang Yu once said to Liu Bang, "People of several years old in the world are willing to challenge Hanwang." Hanwang thanked him with a smile and said, "I would rather fight with wisdom than strength." Liu bang naturally won't do such a stupid thing.

When attacking Wancheng, in order to avoid the disadvantages of storming and damaging soldiers, Liu Bang listened to Chen Hui's suggestion, and Xu Yuan was appointed as Yin Hou (equivalent to now)

Fourth, in order to realize the great plan, we should have patience and self-denial.

After Liu Bang entered the customs, he remonstrated with Fan Kuai and sealed Qin's heavy property in the state treasury without taking a penny. And publicly announced: "My father has been tortured by harsh laws for a long time ..... I am not afraid of hurting my father!" At the same time, send people to all counties and villages to publicize. The Qin people were overjoyed and offered cattle, sheep and wine to entertain the sergeant. Pei Gong refused, saying, "There is a lot of corn in the warehouse, so I don't want to waste people." In this way, the Qin people are even happier, lest Pei Gong should not be king. The clever Fan Zeng saw this clearly: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for money, so he loved Maggie. Now he's in the customs. He didn't bring anything. The woman is lucky. This ambition is not small. " Liu bang's nature is also greedy for money and lust, but in order to achieve his goal, he became very restrained. This is in stark contrast to Xiang Yu's "daughter who gathers her wealth and goods" after each siege and siege.

"Big banks don't care about details and don't hesitate to give small gifts." In order to achieve great things, Liu Bang can often endure considerable pain and make amazing moves. When Chu and Han confronted Xingyang, Xiang Yu wanted to cook Liu Bang's father and forced him to retreat. Liu bang actually said: we are already brothers, and my father is your father. If you want to cook your father, "you will be lucky to share a part of it." Xiang Yu was so angry that he threatened to bankrupt the plan.

To sum up, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang in the hegemony have the same ambition to unify the whole country, and Xiang Yu's talent is also better than Liu Bang's. It's a pity that he doesn't pay attention to self-management, and he is always angry and unrestrained. This is the taboo of success. On the contrary, Liu Bang was mediocre at first, but he was good at perfecting himself in the process of pursuing his goals, demanding himself with high standards, cultivating excellent qualities and restraining undesirable elements in his nature. His success is not accidental and worth understanding.

Life is alive, who has no ideal? Who doesn't want to be an excellent person? Who doesn't want to succeed We might as well take Xiang Yu as a mirror, learn from Liu Bang and explore the way to success in life.