Hakka
Hakka is a characteristic ethnic group of Han nationality, and it is also one of the most widely distributed and far-reaching ethnic groups of Han nationality in the world.
There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka ancestors. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * is the same main body produced by the integration of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". Since the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, passing through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian to Meizhou, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, Hakkas, based in Meizhou, have moved abroad in large numbers and moved to the whole country and even the rest of the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.
Speaking of Hakkas, the most famous is their tulou. If you search for Hakka on the Internet, there will be many entries about Tulou at the same time. If you are a stamp collector, you should have noticed that one of the Fujian folk houses with China folk house stamps is Hakka tulou. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only were building materials scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built "defensive" castle-like buildings similar to earth buildings. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, and round earth buildings are rare.
There is a joke about tulou. It is said that in the 1960s and 1970s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province. After analysis, they are considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans knew that the so-called "missile launching base" was actually a typical Hakka residence-Tulou.
Of course, Hakka tofu is also famous. The most famous tofu in China: Hakka fermented tofu, Sichuan Mapo tofu and Hunan stinky tofu. The latter two can only be regarded as side dishes and snacks. Only Hakkas upgrade tofu into a big dish and a main course. Even their songs about new houses contain tofu. For example, one song goes like this:
Newly bought millstones, round bells,
Buy ground soybean milk wholeheartedly,
At midnight, grinding bean curd,
Right, right, right, right.
One: Hakka origin
Hakka is a huge ethnic group of Han nationality in China with a long history and a large number of people. According to the data, there are 55 million Hakkas, including about 45 million in China. Most of them live in some Asian countries, including about 6.5438+0.25 million in Malaysia, 400,000 in Indonesia, 370,000 in Thailand, 300,000 in Vietnam and 20,000 in Singapore.
The ancestors of Hakkas came from the Central Plains. It is because of the large-scale direct migration from the Central Plains in the past dynasties, or moving in, or being an official, relegated, doing business and other reasons. Its ancestors migrated in the following periods:
(A) Qin and Han Dynasties unified China, and Central Plains immigrants began to move south.
1, in the twenty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC), 600,000 people destroyed Chu, the king of all lands in the north, and set up Minzhong County in 22 BC1year, that is, they divided their troops south and entered the mountain from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which is now Jieyang Mountain, 150 miles north of Jieyang County, and reached Xingning and Xingning.
2. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, 500,000 people guarded the Wuling Mountains, that is, Zhao Tuo "led troops to guard Yue". From this point of view, there are two Qin Jun garrisons on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, one is the border of Ye Nan and the other is Ling Jie.
3. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Tuo built a city in Erli, across the river, controlled Wushui, and built a city of ten thousand people in Zhongshu Mountain. Zhao Tuo built another city in Longchuan. The number of these builders is unknown, but the number of people who moved to the northern border counties in the same period can be tested, ranging from 30 thousand to 50 thousand.
In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, it was estimated that the immigrants stationed in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi accounted for more than one third of the local population.
5. In the fifth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (BC 1 15), a large number of soldiers from the Central Plains were stationed in Lingnan in the south, in counties and military strongholds.
6. In the first year of Han and Yuan Dynasties (BC 1 10), all the people from Fujian and Jieyang (Chao Gu and Meigu were Fujian and Vietnam respectively) moved away, leaving only the descendants of immigrants from Qinzhong County. This shows that the residents in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi are mainly immigrants from the Central Plains.
(2) During the period from Jian 'an in the late Han Dynasty to Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in the Central Plains took refuge, and some people moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains took refuge in Jiaozhou, which once set off a climax. The southward migration mainly came from the sea.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the North and the South confronted each other, and the people of the Central Plains moved southward again on a large scale, with a population of about 960,000. Most of them settled on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, some of them entered the south of Jiangxi, and some of them entered the border counties of Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.
On the occasion of Yongjia, the gentry of the Central Plains flowed into Fujian.
(3) The Anshi Rebellion and the war disaster in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, and a large number of people in the Central Plains fled south.
(4) During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. For example, the imperial clan Li Meng moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang, and then moved to Gubi Township in Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people Wang Xu and Wang Chao responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led 5,000 peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces surged.
(5) At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Central Plains people fled to central Guangdong and the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.
When Jian Yan went south, some officials and scholars moved to Hangzhou, Su Xiu, Suzhou, Changzhou and Taihu Basin. The other part, and most of it, followed Tai Huang along Hongzhou, Jizhou and Ganzhou, and Tai Huang returned to Lin 'an. These scholars could not return to the north according to the conditions of the Queen Mother, so some people crossed the ridge south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou. Part of it entered Tingzhou from the former state. Some of them are trapped in some counties in southern Jiangxi.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, and fled to Hainan Island.
(6) In addition to the large-scale southward migration caused by the above-mentioned war, the people of the Central Plains fled to the south due to drought and flood, and some officials were relegated to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi to do business and study.
Judging from the above historical data, Hakka ancestors mainly came from the Han nationality in the Central Plains. In the process of the formation of Hakka clans, the southern minorities such as She, Yao, Dan and woodcut have been continuously melted and absorbed, and the Hakka team has grown.
Two: Hakka etiquette and customs
(A) the traditional marriage customs
Matchmaker In the past, young Hakka men and women could ask a matchmaker to introduce their marriage after they were sixteen. Generally, the man's parents entrust the woman's home as a matchmaker, and some women's homes let the matchmaker visit the man's home first.
Look at that sister. The two men and women talked through the central media. If both parties are interested, they will agree to "meet the sister".
The two sides agreed to inform each other of their birthdays after writing the Geng post. When you go back, please ask the fortune teller to "check the eight characters". If the eight characters hit it off and don't collide with each other, write a Geng post (common name wedding list) and put it on the incense table. If there is no writing on the wall within three days, the marriage is settled (if the eight characters don't match, the man will return the Geng Tie to the woman's house).
Making a red list is also called "opening a red wedding post", or talking about bride price. The man's parents, clan relatives and matchmaker go to the woman's house together and draw out the bride price that the man wants to give to the woman's house. Some red lists should also include gifts for husbands, such as hats, silver flowers, clothes, shoes, socks and so on. In the process of opening a red bill, the two sides will bargain and finally finalize it through negotiation. After the red list is opened, men and women will exchange rings, handkerchiefs and other tokens. Finally, the man came to the woman's house and went back after lunch.
Engagement is also called "big marriage", that is, formally confirming marriage again. Young men and their parents are going to the woman's house to deliver pig's head, fish and meat. , as well as the woman's parents, brothers and sisters, uncles and grandparents will appear. After lunch, girls will come out to meet and call each other "parents" and "parents-in-law" and "mother".
Housekeeping means that the woman goes to the man's house to see the family, some before the "big tie" and some after the "big tie". Except girls and their parents, the woman's aunt and sister will go. A dozen people, big and small, don't bring gifts, even if they bring a little, the man is afraid to pick them up.
After the wedding date is set, the man should ask the fortune teller to choose the date to go home, including the date and time when the bride goes out and the time to go home. In addition, the date when the woman cuts the red skirt and the man makes the bed should also be chosen at the same time.
One or two days after the bride delivers the vegetables and brings the dowry, the man's family should ask the clan to send the bride price and the fish, meat, poultry, noodles and other things stipulated in the red list to the woman's family, and bring the bride price and furniture back to the man's family when they come back.
Wedding reception is also called picking up the bride or going through the door. On the day before the wedding, the man's family will go to the woman's house to pick up relatives, including a drummer band, firecrackers, a sedan chair, a censer (going to the woman's ancestral temple, temples and social workers to burn incense), a porter, a chicken guide (a male and a female) at one end, wine and Song Ming at the other end, and the woman will bring the clothes worn by the bride and a wooden basket.
When the parents arrive, they eat snacks first, and then they take them to the ancestral temple to burn incense to worship their ancestors. At noon or in the evening, the woman's family will hold a banquet.
The bride usually leaves at midnight or midnight. She is getting brighter and brighter, which symbolizes that she is moving towards the light. If she had gone out at night, she wouldn't have had such unlucky things as carrying a coffin. In front of the wedding procession are lanterns, followed by drummers, sedan chairs in the middle, and people who accept the wedding ceremony in the back.
When the bride arrives at the man's house, she will wait at the gate or the house next door if she hasn't arrived at the prescribed time. The introductions are usually at 7: 00 or 8: 00 in the morning, and some even have to wait until noon. When entering, the bride will kick open the door of the sedan chair, and the man's bridesmaid will lead the bride out of the sedan chair and then "cross the fire" at the gate. Before entering the gate, the bride will cross the fire with fir branches.
After the bride entered the hall with the sound of drums, she began to pay homage. There are incense tables in the hall, with parents and elders in the east, consorts in the west, relatives in the north and younger generations in the south. Before meeting the bride, the husband will hang red on the groom and cover him with a five-foot red cloth.
I read aloud: "I have five feet of red in my hand, and I only beat the groom, so that the groom can have a son and his son can be the champion." When visiting the church, the groom stands on the left and the bride stands on the right. Li Sheng said: One worships heaven and earth, the other worships ancestors, the third worships Gaotang, and the four couples respect each other as guests.
Finally, relatives meet and give the bride a red envelope. After the ceremony, the bridesmaid led the bride into the new house with red roses, and the bride and groom scattered wedding candy from the door to the hall with firecrackers. Then the bride and groom propose a toast. The maid of honor held a plate of chicken and said while drinking: "Round and round, beads on the wall" and "Guanyin gave birth to your son early"; Husband and wife make up and grow old together. This kind of etiquette is not common in Meizhou and has been replaced by modern wedding mode. )
Hold a banquet at noon, eat a wedding banquet, invite guests with firecrackers, once every half hour, and let the banquet ring three times when you start sitting. Then, the gift students signed up for the table, and two people took the table. According to seniority and personal relationship, arrange them to sit at the table first, and then others can sit at the table casually. The male and female guests are seated separately, and the bride and groom want to propose a toast.
A noisy room is noisy in the lobby, a noisy room is in the new house, and a noisy room is in the lobby first and then in the new house. During the noisy period, firecrackers will be set off every few minutes until midnight.
The back door is also called "turnstile". Generally speaking, on the third or fifth day after marriage, the woman will send the bride's sisters and other women to invite the bride and groom to be guests, and the matchmaker and the bride and groom's sisters will also go. ***7- 14 people have lunch and come back the same day.
Send the full moon one month after the wedding, the bride's family will come to send the full moon and send chickens, vegetables, seeds, seeds and beans at the same time. It means that the grain is abundant and the fortune is prosperous.
(2) Traditional festival customs
1. Birth etiquette
It marks the celebration and blessing of a person's birth and is the beginning etiquette in life.
When a married daughter is pregnant and about to give birth, it is usually one or two days before the baby is born. The bride's family will bring chicken, eggs, noodles and dried noodles to her daughter's house to give birth, which means wishing her a safe birth. When my mother was gone, my sister-in-law was born and gave a banquet at noon.
After the baby is born, the son-in-law will bring chicken, eggs and rice wine (some of which have dozens of pounds) to Yue's house to report the good news, and the grandmother's house will invite guests, and relatives and friends will attend to congratulate him. Grandparents will give back chickens and red eggs.
To be a child of three dynasties is to be a child of three dynasties. Give the child a bath first and invite the midwife to eat. Grandma will send a rooster, eggs, noodles, glutinous rice flour and so on. In some places, "Three Dynasties Wine" will be made to entertain grandma and in-laws, and red eggs will also be given to relatives and friends, who will bring back chicken, eggs, noodles and other things before the full moon.
A baby with a full moon will have a "full moon" one month after birth. Grandma will give the baby a rooster (big capon in many places) and eggs, as well as clothes, quilts, hats, collars, windbreakers, skirts, silver bracelets and braces. Female relatives, such as uncles and aunts, usually send chicks, eggs, clothes, cloth and so on.
Celebrate the birth of centenary100th day. On this day, the grandfather and uncle of the woman's family will celebrate with the rooster, and other relatives will generally give red envelopes to the baby.
When a one-year-old child is born at the age of one, it is necessary to be a "week" to celebrate the child's "week". The first birthday is more grand than the full moon, and more guests come to celebrate.
2. Adult etiquette
Hakka rite of passage can be divided into two types: male and female. The adult ceremony for men is called "crown ceremony" and the adult ceremony for women is called "ceremony". There seems to be no such etiquette now, at least in my place (Meizhou, the world's guest capital). )
3. Birthday etiquette
Birthday Hakkas, like other customs, have a small birthday every year and a big birthday every ten years, but big birthdays are more common. From the age of ten, it can be called a birthday, and it lasts until you are in your forties and fifties and sixties. Eating noodles and poached eggs on your birthday means that you will live to be 100 years old. (This custom has also been simplified, only birthdays: over 60 years old)
Birthday birthday, the married daughter will send a rooster, as well as a shroud, birthday hat, birthday cake, birthday shoes and birthday socks, from head to toe. Father will celebrate his birthday, and at the same time, he will send a whole set to his mother. In addition, he will also send birthday axes, happy firecrackers, birthday candles, roosters, birthday peaches, birthday noodles, birthday cakes, birthday wine and birthday meat. Others come to celebrate their birthdays. Generally, relatives and friends send birthday wishes, birthday couplets, or gifts.
In many places, birthday ceremonies are held for elderly people over 70 years old, with many descendants and good family circumstances.
Hakkas' birthdays and birthdays are all gifts from insiders themselves, and congratulations from home are given first, then invited; Except in-laws and close friends, send invitations, not invitations.
4. Build a house and move to a new house
Hakka people regard building a new house and moving to a new house as one of the major celebration activities, which should be celebrated grandly.
When building a house, please ask Teacher Kan Yu to determine the location of the house and the orientation of the door. When the column is on the beam, it should be decorated with lanterns and pasted with red couplets. After the completion of the new house, you should "exorcise evil spirits" and "eliminate evil spirits" the night before you move in.
When moving into a new house, you should bring lanterns (or oil lamps), fire cages, scales, etc. When you enter the house, you should also bring a nest of chickens and steam them into the new house to show that the new couple is prosperous and beaming. When you move to a new house, you should hold a "house wine" to entertain relatives and friends, builders and helpers. There should be leeks, tofu, pig intestines, pig blood and rice cakes in the dishes, which means long time and high fortune.
(C) Hakka wine-making customs
Hakka people are very hospitable. Whenever relatives and friends come, they like to treat them with their own brewed rice wine, also called "water wine". If it is distilled from the first altar, it is called "nine niang". This kind of "wine girl" is delicious, although the degree is not high, but it has great stamina and is easy to intoxicate. When they drink, they pay great attention to etiquette.
Hakkas like to use the Eight Immortals Table, commonly known as the Eight Immortals Table, which is a wooden table for eight people to sit together. When seated, they attach great importance to the arrangement of seats, and generally sit in the order of precedence of relatives and friends. The size of the banquet hall is arranged in this way. For example, there is only one table in the main hall. At this time, the left side facing the gate is the first, and the right side is the second. Then from left to right, the preface is interspersed, and the right side facing the main hall is the smallest. If two tables are arranged, the table on the left is big, the table on the right is small and the seats are staggered. If three tables are arranged, it is called "first class". In this case, the chief is respected. If five tables are arranged, the general arrangement is "plum blossom seats".
When you pour wine for the first time between banquets (also called wine screening), you should pour wine first in the order of generations, and then pour wine for yourself. After pouring wine, don't point the hip flask at the guests, but at yourself, otherwise it's impolite. When toasting, the toaster should stand up, press his chest with his left hand (showing respect and sincerity), raise his glass with his right hand and say a few auspicious words, and take a sip first to show respect. If someone is late, they will be fined 1-3 drinks, and half a cup for ladies. If you leave halfway, you have to drink 1-3 cups to leave.
When drinking, Hakkas have the custom of guessing boxing to increase the fun and excitement of various banquet occasions, whether vulgar, elegant, simple or complicated. There are also some rules when guessing boxing. For example, you can't play with your thumb, middle finger and index finger at three o'clock. After a while, the thumb should be sideways, not upturned. When playing the second game, if you use your thumb and forefinger, you should play sideways. You can't point your index finger at each other as polite as a light mauser gun.
Hakkas' drinking orders are very learned. The number of guesses ranges from zero to ten. If you guess the total number of fingers made by both sides, you are the winner. If both parties guess or fail at the same time, they also use the name of "four characters". If they guess "one", it is called "one product promotion"; When guessing "two", it is called "two families are reconciled"; When guessing "three", it is called "Samsung is shining high"; When guessing "four", it is called "getting rich in four seasons"; When guessing "five", it is called "five-child test"; When guessing "six", it is called "six six goes smoothly"; When guessing "seven", it is called "seven clever pictures"; When guessing "Eight", it is called "Eight Immortals' Birthday"; When guessing "nine", it is called "nine long"; When you guess "ten", it's called "perfect". So it's auspicious.
When drinking and guessing boxing, we usually take three glasses of wine as a group. The loser drinks, and after three glasses of wine, he passes. If the afterglow is not over, you can have another group or groups. If you need to ask someone to substitute boxing for wine, you should negotiate with each other and get their consent. In addition to guessing boxing and fighting wine, there is also the finger number of fighting wine. It is customary to designate a person as the person in charge of the dinner party. According to the total number of fingers given by everyone, whoever counts will have a drink. For example, if everyone sticks out six fingers, then the drinker is the sixth. In addition, there is also a "rotating spoon" to compete for wine. Put a spoon in the table and turn it by yourself. When the spoon stops turning, whoever the handle of the spoon points to will have wine to drink. In addition to "guessing singles and doubles", put one or two coins in the palm of your hand for others to guess singles and doubles, and the loser drinks.
Hakka's wine list is varied, and educated people like "word list" (including local specialty list, agricultural proverb list, etc. ), "Shi Ling" and "your legend" (most of them are ingenious and involve interest, which makes people laugh. ), including speculation. Hakka people like to use wine rules, a popular entertainment game for the masses, to increase their spirits and eliminate loneliness and drowsiness until they get drunk.
(The above information refers to the Internet)
It is worth mentioning that the above customs and etiquette are traditional etiquette, and now some etiquette has been simplified or even stopped.
(4) Hakka hospitality and courtesy
Hakka people are not only hospitable, but also polite. When they meet on a narrow road, they will take the initiative to give way. Young people give way to old people, men give way to women, adults give way to children, empty-handed people give way to bearers, people who carry light loads give way to bearers, and people who carry heavy loads give way to bearers. Mutual courtesy is the virtue of Hakkas.
When people meet, they greet each other and say hello to each other. Even strangers will call each other relatives. For example, when people of similar age meet, men call them "old dial" ("dial" is a dialect, meaning brother), while women call them "eldest sister" and "elder sister". If the other person is older than himself, the man is generally called "uncle" and the woman is called "aunt". If the other person is younger than himself, he is called "brother" or "sister". For businessmen who open stores, men call them "bosses" and women call them "proprietress" or "proprietress". Generally, craftsmen are called "masters" and doctors are called "doctors". Children who are similar to their parents are called "uncles", "uncles" and "aunts", while those who are similar to their grandparents are called "grandfathers" and "grandmothers".
Hakka people attach great importance to interpersonal etiquette. "When you come to the next home, you will be a guest", that is to say, when your family comes to the next home, you will be a guest. Between relatives and friends, whenever there is a festival, they will come to congratulate each other. Hakka people have always been hospitable and pay attention to etiquette. All banquets or light meals have certain etiquette, such as seating according to seniority and different seats for men and women. The guests at the dinner were one uncle (great-grandmother's family), two uncles (grandmother's family) and three uncles (mother's family), which were called "three generations of relatives" by the people. Men in the city hold wedding banquets, the first is uncle, the second is uncle, and then uncle. If the chief doesn't attend the banquet, if he doesn't want to attend the banquet for some reason or because he is biased against the host, the host should leave his seat and leave it empty before holding the banquet. In addition to "three generations of relatives" as the guest of honor, in-laws take the second place, and relatives and relatives are seated according to seniority and age. Friends can sit anywhere. If it is a guest on the balcony, its chief should be a craftsman and Mr. Geography, followed by the above-mentioned "three generations of relatives". Seats were arranged by the host of the party. People who are late should apologize for drinking. If you leave halfway, you should explain the reason to the host and apologize to the people at the same table. Halfway through the banquet, the host came to toast the guests and thanked them. The guests should stand up and be polite.
Usually, if every guest comes, the host will greet him politely and invite the guests into the house to sit down and entertain him with rock tea. Whether it's a Hakka in the city or in the country, there are small toilets and wooden pots in the room. When the guests arrive, the hostess will politely boil a large pot of boiling water, put it in a bucket and take it into the bathroom. At the same time, she will bring in a bucket of cold water and let the bathers wash it in turn, so that the water temperature will not be too hot or too cold. Let the guests take a bath to get rid of the fatigue of the journey. It is the custom of Hakkas in the mountain village to "receive guests from one family in the neighborhood". No matter who the guests are, neighbors usually fry a few dishes, warm a pot of glutinous rice wine, bring it to their neighbors' homes, set the table, personally pour a bowl of wine for the guests, and invite them to taste their own home-brewed and cooked dishes. Even if there is a quarrel between neighbors, they will disregard old grievances and go to their neighbors' houses with flagons and plates. So the neighbors can be reconciled.
For example, on New Year's Day, relatives and friends will pay New Year greetings to each other. When they pay New Year's greetings, they often wrap a red envelope and bring a pack of food such as rock sugar and brown sugar as gifts. The host will definitely use all kinds of bacon to keep the guests drinking. When drinking with relatives and friends, the host will put a piece of chicken or duck in the guest's bowl (each chicken or duck is usually cut into 9 to 1 1 pieces) and add two pieces. When guests go home, the host will return red envelopes (plus some money) and gifts to show respect. When the guests leave, the host should let them go first. If the guest is old and weak, the host will carefully help him (her) when he (she) goes out, or ask the younger generation to send him (her) home.