First, Guan Zhong's reform in Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period.

Content:

Reform internal affairs, develop production and reform the military system.

Meaning:

Make scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen go their own ways, thus completely eliminating the residual influence of tribes, making the organizational structure of administrative areas more detailed and effectively maintaining social stability. Make the state of Qi strong and dominate the country.

Second, in 356 BC, Shang Yang of Qin State reformed.

Content:

Abandoning ore fields, emphasizing agriculture and mulberry, rewarding meritorious military service, implementing unified survey and establishing county system, etc.

Meaning:

1, well field system was abolished by law, and feudal private ownership of land was confirmed. It abolished the hereditary privileges of slave owners and nobles, promoted the development of feudal economy and strengthened the centralization of the emerging landlord class.

2. Qin became more and more powerful, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the six countries later.

3. Shang Yang's severe punishment and high cultural pressure policy had a negative impact on the later Qin Dynasty.

4. The legalist thought advocated by Shang Yang became the dominant political thought of Qin State.

Three, Wang Anshi's political reform (Song Shenzong time 1069)

Content:

1, Young crops law → Protect farmers from usury and increase government revenue.

2. The method of improving service → lightened the burden of peasant officers and ensured the production time.

3. Farmland Water Conservancy Law → Many water conservancy projects have been built in various places, and many wasteland has become fertile land.

4. The equal land tax law → increased the land tax revenue of feudal countries.

5, the market is changeable → it is conducive to stabilizing prices and commodity exchange and increasing national income.

6. Garbo Law → Strengthen the control of the people, resist the Liao and Xixia attackers, and reduce military expenditure.

7. Sun Tzu's Art of War → Strengthen military training and enrich the border guards.

8. Reform the imperial examination system, cancel the Ming Classics subject, and take the Confucian Classics and current affairs strategies for the scholars; Legislation, trial, judgment, etc.

9. Rectify imperial academy and rewrite textbooks with Confucian classics; You can be an official directly if you do well in the exam.

Meaning:?

The government's fiscal revenue has greatly increased, many water conservancy projects have been built in various places, many wasteland has become fertile land, and the military strength has increased, which is objectively conducive to social progress and development and has reversed the situation of poverty and weakness to a certain extent.

Fourth, Zhang's reform: the whip method is implemented (158 1 year).

Content:

1, combine the original land tax, corvee and miscellaneous tax into one, and collect silver.

2. Divide the service silver collected by households in the past into fields according to the number of people and fields.

Meaning:

It is a major reform of China's tax system, providing paid service silver has relatively reduced the burden on farmers and reduced their personal dependence on the country; The method of levying taxes and silver meets the needs of the development of commodity economy and is conducive to the commercialization of agriculture and the growth of capitalism.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Westernization Movement (65438+1960s-1990s of 2009)

Content:

1. Establish modern military industry (representative enterprise) under the banner of "self-improvement".

2. Establish a civilian industry under the banner of "seeking wealth" (reason, representing enterprises).

3. Plan coastal defense, set up three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian, and set up naval yamen.

4. Establish new schools, train talents and send international students abroad for further study.

Significance: The Westernization Movement did not make China prosperous, but it introduced some modern science and technology from western countries and trained a group of scientific and technological talents and skilled workers, which objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China and resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces.

VI. The Reform Movement of 1898 (1898)

Content:

Political, economic, military and cultural education.

Meaning:

1 is conducive to the development of capitalism and the spread of western learning in China, to the reform of intellectuals' participation in political power, and to a certain extent, to the feudal bureaucracy.

2. The bourgeois reformists demanded that policies conducive to the development of capitalism be implemented and constitutional monarchy be implemented, which was in line with the historical development trend of China at that time and had progressive significance.

3. The Reform Movement of 1898 was also a political movement of patriotism and national salvation. The bourgeois reformists shouted to save the national crisis and develop capitalism, pointing out that the primary purpose of reform is to save the nation and survive. This has played an important role in inspiring people's patriotism and national consciousness.

4. The Reform Movement of 1898 was the first ideological emancipation movement in modern China, which promoted the awakening of the people in China.