Historical Understanding of Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty 1
(A) Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen's contradictions before the reform and the corresponding solutions
1. The contradiction between the state and the tyrannical landlords → establishing the salary system, rectifying the official administration, and establishing the three-long system in local areas. It restricted the political and economic privileges of the powerful landlords, eased social contradictions and strengthened the effective control of the central government over the people.
2. The contradiction between the state, the landlord and the peasant class → the rectification of official administration, the implementation of land equalization system and land rent modulation have improved people's lives and promoted the development of the northern economy.
3. The national contradiction between Xianbei and Han nationality → implementing Han system, changing Hanfu, speaking Chinese, changing Han surname, getting married, changing native place, etc. It has promoted national integration and is conducive to the emergence of a unified situation.
(B) Understanding of the Northern Wei Dynasty's land equalization system
1. Reason: Relieve social contradictions, develop agricultural production and increase national tax revenue.
2. Premise: The government has a large number of ownerless wasteland.
3. Content: According to certain standards, the land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming, and farmers will pay the government rent and undertake certain corvee and military service, and the land may not be bought or sold.
4. Essence: land ownership in feudal countries.
5. Impact: progress, promoting the recovery and development of the northern economy; It promoted the feudal process of the Northern Wei regime and consolidated its rule. It promoted the emergence of the climax of the great integration of northern nationalities; It also had a great influence on the farmland system of later generations, which lasted for more than 300 years and laid a solid material foundation for the emergence of the heyday of China feudal society. Limitations have restrained land merger, but the phenomenon of uneven land distribution still exists; With the increase of population, the contradiction between man and land is prominent.
(C) The relationship between Emperor Xiaowen's reform and national integration in the Northern Wei Dynasty
1. The relationship between Emperor Xiaowen's reform and national integration is mutual promotion and influence.
2. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen was carried out on the basis of national integration. When the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin, there was already a trend of ethnic integration. The original economic and cultural level and political system of Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality are relatively backward, and the backward system dominates the Yellow River basin, which leads to sharp ethnic contradictions. To stabilize the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, we must carry out social reform and conform to the trend of national integration.
3. In the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, a series of sinicization measures were implemented. Promulgate the land equalization system and adopt the advanced feudal production mode of Han nationality; Rectify official management and adopt feudal salary system; Move the capital to Luoyang to better learn the advanced culture of the Han nationality; Reform social customs and accept the advanced culture and lifestyle of the Central Plains. The sinicization measures in Emperor Xiaowen's reform promoted the feudal process of Xianbei nationality and pushed the integration of northern nationalities to a climax.
Historical Understanding of Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in Northern Wei Dynasty II
Tuoba Jianguo
In 386 A.D., the replacement country of Tuo Domineering, which was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty, was rebuilt in Lesheng with the help of the Northern Rebellion in the Battle of Feishui. The founding emperor was Tuoba GUI.
After the reconstruction of the country, the country was renamed Wei, which was known as the Northern Wei in history. The Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital from Lesheng to Pingcheng, and Tuoba Xianbei first entered the Central Plains, successfully implementing "one country, two systems".
The partition of Hu and Han, a means of governing the country founded by the Sixteen Countries, successfully eased the contradiction between Xianbei and Han, and made this new dynasty stand on this land. Hu Feng and Han Customs in the Northern Wei Dynasty demanded that the country always maintain a delicate balance in the balance of national unity and national contradictions.
(Jin Xianbei returns Houyi's gold and silver)
In 423 AD, the third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Tao, who was only seventeen years old, succeeded to the throne, and further solving the Hu-Han problem was urgently put on the agenda. Barto built a Confucius temple in the east of Pingcheng.
He also stipulated the establishment of imperial academy, requiring the children of Xianbei and Han nobles to study Confucian classics. Tuoba Tao hopes to open up a new way of governing the country and safeguarding the country with the help of Confucianism. After a series of sinicization reforms, a relatively stable situation appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Taihe reorganization
Thirteen years after Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne, with the support of Feng Taihou, a vigorous political and economic reform was officially launched, which was called "Taihe Reform" in the Taihe period of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
(Emperor Xiaowen TaBaHong)
The first item of Taihe's restructuring is to restore the salary system of officials in the Central Plains, which has improved the material treatment of Han bureaucrats and gradually narrowed the life gap between them and Tuo Domineering.
Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the land equalization system, the most fundamental principle of which is to distribute the state-owned wasteland to farmers. Farmers allocate fields according to the number of couples and cows. Farmers with land income must pay certain taxes to the state.
At the same time, Emperor Xiaowen promulgated a new rent adjustment system. The more farmers farm, the lower the tax, which greatly improves the enthusiasm of farmers.
(Northern Wei riding pottery figurines)
Tuoba Xianbei entered the Central Plains, although the system has been greatly improved, but it is still very different from Chinese culture. Emperor Xiaowen, who was deeply influenced by Confucianism since childhood, was always thinking about how to implement reforms at the cultural level.
Move the capital to Luoyang
In the eighteenth year of Taihe (494), Emperor Xiaowen officially moved to Luoyang. Emperor Xiaowen came here by all means in order to get rid of the shackles of Xianbei's old ministers and lay the most favorable foundation for his later forced sinicization.
After Emperor Xiaowen moved to the capital, he changed the old habit of getting up early and being humble, and took the lead in marrying Han Chinese. It is stipulated that Chinese is the official language, and young officials under the age of 30 are forbidden to speak Xianbei in the court. The Tuoba people in the palace also learn and speak Chinese. In addition, the surnames of more than 100 Tuoba nobles were all changed to Han surnames, and the Tuoba royal family was changed to Yuan. At this point, Emperor Xiaowen TaBaHong became Justin.
In the second year after moving the capital, Emperor Xiaowen led his ministers to leave Luoyang to pay homage to Confucius, a Han Chinese whom he had admired for a long time.
On the surface, Emperor Xiaowen's reform made Tuoba people lose their own language, changed their traditional habits and lost their national characteristics. However, as the leader of the tribe, he fulfilled the wishes of his ancestors, integrated the whole Tuoba Xianbei into the Chinese civilization, and achieved another great ethnic integration in the history of China, which made the Chinese nation develop like a raging river.
Historical Understanding of Emperor Xiaowen's Reform in Northern Wei Dynasty 3
Contradictions before reform and their solutions
1. The contradiction between the state and the tyrannical landlords → establishing the salary system, rectifying the official administration, and establishing the three-long system in local areas. It restricted the political and economic privileges of the powerful landlords, eased social contradictions and strengthened the effective control of the central government over the people.
2. The contradiction between the state, the landlord and the peasant class → the rectification of official administration, the implementation of land equalization system and land rent modulation have improved people's lives and promoted the development of the northern economy.
3. The national contradiction between Xianbei and Han nationality → implementing Han system, changing Hanfu, speaking Chinese, changing Han surname, getting married, changing native place, etc. It has promoted national integration and is conducive to the emergence of a unified situation.
What is equal land system?
(B) Understanding of the Northern Wei Dynasty's land equalization system
1. Reason: Relieve social contradictions, develop agricultural production and increase national tax revenue.
2. Premise: The government has a large number of ownerless wasteland.
3. Content: According to certain standards, the land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming, and farmers will pay the government rent and undertake certain corvee and military service, and the land may not be bought or sold.
4. Essence: land ownership in feudal countries.
5. Impact: progress, promoting the recovery and development of the northern economy; It promoted the feudal process of the Northern Wei regime and consolidated its rule. It promoted the emergence of the climax of the great integration of northern nationalities; It also had a great influence on the farmland system of later generations, which lasted for more than 300 years and laid a solid material foundation for the emergence of the heyday of China feudal society. Limitations have restrained land merger, but the phenomenon of uneven land distribution still exists; With the increase of population, the contradiction between man and land is prominent.
What is the significance of reform for national integration?
1. The relationship between Emperor Xiaowen's reform and national integration is mutual promotion and influence.
2. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen was carried out on the basis of national integration. When the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin, there was already a trend of ethnic integration. The original economic and cultural level and political system of Tuoba Department of Xianbei nationality are relatively backward, and the backward system dominates the Yellow River basin, which leads to sharp ethnic contradictions. To stabilize the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty, we must carry out social reform and conform to the trend of national integration.
3. In the reform of Emperor Xiaowen, a series of sinicization measures were implemented. Promulgate the land equalization system and adopt the advanced feudal production mode of Han nationality; Rectify official management and adopt feudal salary system; Move the capital to Luoyang to better learn the advanced culture of the Han nationality; Reform social customs and accept the advanced culture and lifestyle of the Central Plains. The sinicization measures in Emperor Xiaowen's reform promoted the feudal process of Xianbei nationality and pushed the integration of northern nationalities to a climax.
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