Yongming's history class
June 10
Topic 1: The Evolution of China's Mainstream Thought of Traditional Culture.
1. Why did a hundred schools of thought contend during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? # Spring and Autumn and Warring States #
(1) The root cause: The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were in a period of great social change.
(2) Political basis: the decline of Zhou royal family and the hegemony of princes.
(3) Economic basis: the collapse of the well-field system and the development of the feudal economy.
(4) Class foundation: the rise and reuse of the scholar class.
(5) Cultural foundation: from "learning in the official" to "learning in the people", private schools have risen.
2. List the representative figures and thoughts of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and make a brief evaluation.
Confucianism:
(1) Confucius
Philosophical thought-the core of thought is "benevolence" and "courtesy"; Benevolent people love others, self-denial and reciprocity.
Political thought-① advocating "ruling the country by virtue" (including people-oriented thought); (2) Put forward the idea of "correcting the name".
Educational philosophy-"teach without distinction", "teach students in accordance with their aptitude", seek truth from facts in learning, "keep pace with the times", "combine learning with thinking" and "be conscientious".
The evaluation of price-① was not taken seriously at that time, but it was transformed into a complete Confucian ideology and became the mainstream of China traditional culture.
② It has an important influence in the history of world culture. Be honored as a "saint"
(2) Mencius
Political thought-"Benevolence" (core) "People are more valuable than the monarch".
Philosophical Thought-"Theory of Good Nature"
Moral thought-justice before benefit, giving up life for justice.
Personality spirit-requires people to have the personality spirit of "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent".
Evaluation-① Mencius was regarded as a classic and later listed as one of the "Four Books".
② Establish a systematic political theory of "benevolent governance" and become an important founder of Confucianism.
(3) Inherited and developed Confucius' theory, and was honored as "Asian sage", which had a great influence on traditional culture.
(3) Xunzi
Philosophical Thought-① "Heaven has its own rules" and "Use destiny" (materialism)
(2) the theory of evil nature (but education can make people change from evil to good)
Political proposition-giving priority to ceremony and combining ceremony with law.
Evaluation price-① basically inherited Confucianism, but it has long been ignored by orthodox Confucianism.
(2) As a master of a hundred schools of thought contended during the Warring States Period, he had a far-reaching influence on China's philosophy.
Taoism:
(1) Lao Tzu's philosophical thought-
(1), "Tao" is the origin of all things in the world, denying "the theory of destiny".
(2) Dialectical thinking (contradiction and transformation).
Political views-"governing by doing nothing" and "a small country with few people".
Evaluate the price-
China was the first philosopher to explore the origin of the universe.
(2) The ideological system is profound and profound, which has a profound influence on China culture, including philosophy, ethics, China people's way of thinking and moral personality.
(2) Zhuangzi's philosophical thought-
(1) and "homogeneity" (all things are essentially the same);
(2) "Eliminating distance" (taking a stand by and detached attitude towards things).
(3) Heaven and man are invincible, and people must obey nature.
Literary achievements-fables and essays contain profound philosophical wisdom and magical romantic style, which have far-reaching influence on later generations.
Legalist: Han Fei's Thought-
(1), advocate the combination of law, technique and potential to establish a centralized monarchy.
(2) Think that history is developing and advocate reform and innovation.
Evaluate the price-
(1), Han Fei is a master of legalism;
(2) His thoughts meet the needs of establishing a unified centralized political system. During 1000 years after the Western Han Dynasty, the combination of law and Confucianism became the theoretical basis of China's ancient social ruling thought.
Mohist School: Mozi's Thought —— "Universal Love", "Non-aggression", "Respect for Strength" and "Thrift"
Evaluate the price-
(1), on behalf of the lower working people, especially the interests of craftsmen, once became a prominent school in the Warring States period.
② After the Warring States Period, it was widely absorbed and was no longer taken seriously.
3. What is the significance of the formation of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?
(1), which laid the foundation of China's traditional cultural system;
(2) Promoting the prosperity of cultural ideas;
(3) Promoting the process of social change.
4. Briefly describe the formation process of Confucianism.
(1), at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, its founder was Confucius, who advocated the theory of "benevolence" and "courtesy", but it was not reused by the ruling class.
(2) In the early development period of the Warring States Period, Mencius advocated "benevolent government" and put forward the idea of "valuing the people and neglecting the monarch", which made Confucianism begin to combine with politics.
5. How did Dong Zhongshu develop Confucianism in the Western Han Dynasty? Why did Confucianism become feudal orthodoxy in Han Dynasty?
(1) development: Dong Zhongshu combined Taoism (the study of Huang Lao), Yin Yang school and Legalism to transform traditional Confucianism and form new Confucianism, which mainly increased in four aspects: ① the connection between heaven and man; (2) Theocracy; ③ Three cardinal guides and five permanent members; ④ Great unification.
(2), the reason for becoming orthodox:
1. Neo-Confucianism has played an active role in consolidating national unity, maintaining feudal ruling order and deifying imperial power (the root cause).
(2) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
(3) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used Confucian scholars to participate in politics, established Imperial College and local county schools, and made Confucian Classics a textbook, which greatly improved the status of Confucianism.
6. Under what circumstances did Neo-Confucianism rise? What are the main representatives of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties?
(1) Rising background:
(1) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism spread rapidly, and Confucianism faced a crisis;
(2) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Confucianism put forward the idea of "three religions combined with Confucianism", which absorbed the spirit of Buddhism and Taoism and made new progress;
(3) In the Song Dynasty, a new Confucian system with "Li" or ""as the core and integrating Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism was gradually established, that is, Neo-Confucianism.
(2) Representative figures: Northern Song Dynasty-Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi; Southern Song Dynasty-Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan; Ming Dynasty-Wang Shouren (Wang Yangming)
7. Summarize the main contents of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties (how did Neo-Confucianism develop Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties? How to evaluate the historical role of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties?
(1), main content: Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism:
(1), "rationality" is the origin of all things in the world, dominate all things;
(2) "Reason" is embodied in Confucian morality and ethics in society and in human nature;
(3) To grasp "reason", we must "learn from things" (only when we touch everything can we understand "reason")
Lu Wang Xue Xin:
(1), Lu Jiuyuan thinks that "mind is reason", and seeking "reason" means inner reflection.
(2) Wang Shouren's theory of "to conscience" holds that conscience is the original heart, that is, reason, and justice lies in people's hearts. You can become a saint as long as you overcome your selfish desires and return to your conscience.
(2), historical role:
(1), negative-maintaining authoritarian rule with the three cardinal guides and the five permanents, suppressing and stifling people's natural desires, and having a negative impact.
(2) Positive-attaching importance to the strength of subjective will, paying attention to integrity and morality, emphasizing rational control of feelings, self-restraint, striving for strength, emphasizing people's social responsibility and historical mission, and highlighting the solemnity of human nature, which has a positive effect on shaping the character of the Chinese nation.
8. What are Li Zhi's progressive thoughts?
(1), philosophical thinking: It is pointed out that everything originates from contradictory yin and yang, not from "natural principles", thus denying the theoretical basis of "preserving natural principles and destroying human desires".
(2), political thought:
(1) denies the authority of Confucius and Mencius, and castigates the hypocrisy of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism;
(2) Affirm the rationality of pursuing material enjoyment, advocate the free development of personality and oppose blindly following the will of rulers.
③ Advocating equality between men and women.
9. What are the progressive thoughts of Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi?
(1), politically, against absolute monarchy, advocate freedom of speech, the establishment of supervision institutions.
(2) Academically, it advocates "practical application".
(3) Economically, we attach importance to the development of handicrafts and commerce, and put forward that "industry and commerce are the foundation".
10. How did the Ming and Qing thinkers transform and develop Confucianism?
They absorbed beneficial nutrition from Confucianism, did not stick to traditional Confucianism, and constructed an ideological system with the characteristics of the times. The specific performance is:
(1) Huang Zongxi inherited the people-oriented thought of pre-Qin Confucianism, criticized the feudal thought of "monarch and minister" of the old Confucianism, and put forward a brand-new ideological proposition of "the world is the master and the monarch is the guest".
(2) Gu opposes the vague style of study of Taoism and advocates giving full play to Confucius' positive thought of "knowing something in writing and being ashamed in acting". He delves into knowledge in a down-to-earth manner and advocates seeking true knowledge through practice.
(3) Although Wang Fuzhi insisted on taking the Confucian Six Classics as his research principle, he never followed blindly. He opposes "the theory of destiny" and "epistemology", and advocates that matter is primary, and the constant change of matter is the law of the development of all things. He is an outstanding materialist thinker.