Ancient humans in the motherland
1. Humans evolved from apes.
2. The earliest hominid discovered in China: Yuanmou man discovered in Yunan about1700,000 years ago.
3. Beijingers lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, with flat foreheads, bushy eyebrows and mouths sticking forward.
Preserve some characteristics of apes. Using rough stone tools, you can use natural fire.
Lesson 2 primitive farming life
1. Two representatives of primitive farming life in China;
hominid
long time ago
Find the spot
Production Activities
implement of production
house
The original inhabitants of Hemudu
About seven thousand years ago.
Yangtze valley
Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang
Planting rice
raise livestock
Polished/ground stone
Dry column house
Banpo aborigines
About five or six thousand years ago.
Yellow River Basin
Shanxi province
Xi' anbanpo
Grow millet and vegetables, raise pigs and dogs; Fishing and hunting
Polished/ground stone
Semi-basement house
China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.
Lesson 3 ancestors of the Chinese nation
1. Why do China people often proudly call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people"?
1, Yan Di and Huangdi are the earliest ancestors of the Chinese nation: Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.
2. The culture of the Chinese nation is a cultural community centered on the Chinese nation.
Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social changes
Lesson 3 From the Public to the Family
1. The democratic election of tribal alliance leaders is called abdication system (the leaders elected by abdication system are Yao, Shun and Yu). )
2. Dayu used the method of dredging to control water, and did not enter the house for three times, which made great contributions to water control.
3. The first country in the history of China was Xia, which was founded by Qi. He replaced the abdication system with hereditary system, and turned "the public world" into "the family world".
Lesson 4 Xia, Shang and Zhou Societies
1, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
dynasty
clotting time
Extinction time
capital
Founding monarch
The king who led to the collapse of the country
summer
About 265438 BC +0 th century
About BC16th century.
cruel
business
About BC16th century.
65438 BC+0046 BC
Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin.
It is said to be a tyrant
week
Western Zhou Dynasty
65438 BC+0046 BC
In 77 BC1year, it was destroyed by the dog Rong.
Haojing
Zhou Wuwang
Zhou Youwang
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)
770 BC
garment of thin silk
Zhou Pingwang
2. Shang Dynasty is the first dynasty in Chinese history with unearthed evidence. (Oracle Bone Inscriptions)
3. The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty (purpose: to consolidate the rule)
Content: ① The son of heaven distributed the land and subjects to nobles and made them princes. Historically, it was called "granting land to the people"
(2) the obligations of managers; Defend the territory, send troops to be king, pay tribute and report to the court.
(3) Significance: It played an important role in expanding Zhou's rule and strengthening Zhou's kingship.
Lesson 6 Shang Yang's Reform and Social Innovation
1. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period were: Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang.
3. Qi Huangong took the lead in seeking hegemony with the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries".
4. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Gou Jian, King of Yue, and Fu Cha, King of Wu, also went north for hegemony.
Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County of Qin State, built Dujiangyan, a famous water conservancy project, on the Minjiang River in Chengdu Plain.
Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated floods, irrigated large areas of farmland and turned Chengdu Plain into fertile land.
6. Wei was the earliest country to reform during the Warring States Period.
7. Shang Yang Reform
In 356 BC, Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.
Content: (1) Those who encourage farmers to reclaim wasteland and produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee, (2) The hereditary privilege of nobles is abolished and those who have made meritorious deeds in the war are rewarded; (3) Establish a county system: the monarch directly sends officials to govern; (4) Shang Yang also compiled household registration to strengthen control over the people.
Influence: Qin became the most prosperous country in the late Warring States period, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the whole country. Wei was the first country to reform during the Warring States Period, and Qin was the most effective.
Unit 3 the establishment of a unified country
Lesson 8 The Unification of the Qin Dynasty:
1. In 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, destroyed the Six Kingdoms and established the first feudal dynasty in the history of China. Capital: Xianyang
Significance: It has ended the long-term separatist melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created a new unified situation, which conforms to the historical trend and is conducive to people's living and working in peace and contentment. Since then, reunification has been the mainstream of China's historical development.
Second, measures to consolidate reunification:
1. Politically, when Qin Shihuang established autocratic centralization, he set up Prime Minister A Qiu and Imperial Advisor in the central government, who were responsible for political affairs, military affairs and supervisory officials respectively, and they must absolutely obey the emperor's orders. The county system is established in the local area, and the county chief is directly appointed and removed by the emperor. Impact: It has been used in China for more than 2,000 years, which has a far-reaching impact on the history of China.
2. Economically: unify the currency (with round square holes), weights and measures and car tracks. Influence: It has an extremely important influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.
3. Culturally: unify the writing and burn books to bury Confucianism. (the influence of burning books and burying Confucianism: destroying culture and restricting people's thinking. )
Militarily: build the Great Wall in the north to defend against Xiongnu.
5. On the whole, the Qin Dynasty had a vast territory and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.
★ Qin Shihuang's evaluation: A very successful monarch in the history of our country, he ended the long-term situation of division and melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, created a new unified situation, conformed to the historical trend, and was conducive to people's living and working in peace and contentment. But there is also a cruel side; He burned books to bury Confucianism, tortured the people with harsh laws such as clan punishment and even imprisonment, and made them bear heavy corvee. The overall work is greater than the excess.
Lesson 9 The First Peasant Uprising
A, the tyranny of the qin dynasty are:
1. Burning books to pit Confucianism; 2。 Heavy corvee and taxes (pay two thirds, build tombs and Epang Palace) 3. The law is cruel (clan punishment and sitting together) 4. II is more cruel (Zhao Gao "refers to a deer as a horse").
Influence: The tyranny of the Qin Dynasty seriously damaged the social economy, increased the burden and suffering of the people, and aroused the people's resistance.
Second, Chen Guang Uprising (Uprising)
1. The root cause of Qin's demise is the tyranny of Qin.
2. The first peasant uprising broke out in China in 209 BC; Uprising place: osawa Township; The leaders are Chen Hesheng and Guangwu.
Third, the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
1. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force in the Battle of Julu. (burn one's bridges)
In 206 BC, Liu Bang captured Xianyang, marking the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Lesson 10 recuperation and Wenjing treatment
1. After Qin's death, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought the Chu-Han War for four years (206 BC-202 BC) in order to seize the world. Results Liu.
2. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the Cloth Bureau was formed.
3. Liu Bang learned the lesson of Qin Ershi's death, accepted Lu Jia's suggestion (Lu Jia wrote a book "Xinyu"), and implemented a rest policy.
4. The content of Liu Bang's recuperation policy: announcing that all retired officers and soldiers returning to agriculture will be allocated farmland houses or exempted from corvee for several years according to their military achievements; Those who fled Yamazawa because of the war were released as civilians; Reduce the land rent, and the tax rate is set at 15 tax one.
5. The content of Wenjing governance; ( 1)。 Change fifteen taxes to thirty taxes frivolous. Use human resources carefully and change the service once a year to once every three years. (2) Lighten the criminal law. Emperor Wen abolished the method of sitting together and the corporal punishment of mutilating limbs. When Emperor Jing was in office, the flogging was reduced.
6. During the reign of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, officials and folk music performed their respective duties, which was called "the rule of Wenjing" in history.
★ Related idioms: Xiang Zhuang dances sword, which means stories such as Pei Gong, Chu River and Han Dynasty, besieged on all sides, farewell to my concubine, etc. : Hongmen Banquet.
Consolidate a unified country
One. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the strongest in the Western Han Dynasty.
Two. Measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to consolidate the country: militarily: 1. Attacking Xiongnu in the north (from 127 BC to19 BC, Emperor Wu sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu in the north) 2. Hexi county 3. Develop the southwest of China. Set up an administrative agency in the northeast. Economically: 1. Waste half a tael of silver and cast five baht instead (this is the beginning of the central government casting money). 2. Build water conservancy projects, and dig six auxiliary canals and white canals on the Zheng Guoqu. Harness the Yellow River. Culturally: 1 ". Respecting Confucianism alone "(Dong Zhongshu proposed that Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal culture from now on) 2. Rewriting Confucian Classics III. Set up imperial academy (the highest institution of learning in ancient China).
3. In the history of China, the year of began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unification and entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.
The rise and fall of the eastern Han dynasty
1. The Eastern Han Dynasty was founded in AD 25, with Luoyang as its capital. Founding emperor: Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu.
2. The ruling measures of Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu are: (1), ruling the world with Jiu Jitsu (page 60 of this book) (2). Pay attention to the governance of culture, build a royal library, expand the scale of imperial academy, and set up county Chinese studies in local areas.
3. During the period of Emperor Guangxu Liu Xiu, the society showed a scene of stability and prosperity, which was called "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history.
Chinese and foreign exchange
First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.
1. During the Western Han Dynasty, the western regions generally referred to the areas west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, east of Congling in Xinjiang and north and south of Tianshan Mountain.
2. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions: BC 138 (purpose: to contact Yue family and crusade against Xiongnu).
3. Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Capital Protection House, which marked that today's Xinjiang region began to belong to the central government and became an inseparable part of China. )
4. The historical significance of Zhang Qian's communication with the Western Regions is that (1) the Western Han Dynasty was more closely connected with the Western Regions, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han nationality and all ethnic groups in the Western Regions. (2) To lay the foundation for the opening of the Silk Road. (3) Strengthen the centralization of power in the Western Han Dynasty.
5. In 73, Emperor Han Ming of the East sent Dou Gubei to attack the Xiongnu, and in the same year sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions; In 74, the western regions were re-established.
Second, the Silk Road (named after mainly transporting silk to the west)
1. China's silk and silk products, from Chang 'an to the west, through the Hexi Corridor, through Xinjiang, to rest (ancient Persia), and then to West Asia and European Daqin (ancient Rome), this is the "Silk Road". At the same time, exotic treasures from western countries were also introduced into the mainland of China.
2. Buddhism originated in ancient India. Han Dynasty was introduced to China. The first temple in China is the White Horse Temple.
Review outline of the seventh grade last semester
Unit 4 Separation of Political Power and Integration of the State
The three countries stand upright.
First, the reason why Cao Cao unified the North: Politically, he moved the Han Emperor to Xu, and he was full of talents and reused them. Militarily, the battle of Guandu laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
Second, the battle of Guandu
Situation: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlord regime and production were severely damaged.
Time: 200 AD: Yuan Shao VS Cao Cao.
Results: Cao Cao defeated Yuan Jun with less, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
Third, Battle of Red Cliffs.
Situation: Cao Cao basically unified the north and wanted to unify the whole country; Liu Bei and Sun Quan developed their influence in the south.
Time: AD 208: Cao Cao VS Sun Liu Lianjun.
Results: Sun and Liu joined hands to win more with less, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
Third, the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.
The name of the ruling dynasty
time
capital
Founding monarch
Wei State (AD 220-265)
Be proclaimed emperor in 220 years.
Luoyang
Cao pi
Han/Han/Chinese/human
22 1 year proclaimed himself emperor.
Chengdu
Liu Bei
A country in the Zhou dynasty
Proclaimed himself emperor in 229.
Jianye
Sun quan
Fourth, the reasons for the economic development of the three countries;
Cao Wei cultivated land;
Shu: Zhuge Liang cultivated land; Dujiangyan was completed, cattle and horses were popularized, and salt and iron official camp was implemented. Politically, Meng Huo was captured seven times and the southwest ethnic minorities were conquered.
Wu: The shipbuilding industry is developed. In 230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the connection between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.
Southern economic development
The Six Dynasties in Jiangnan refer to Wu, Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen. Capital: Health (now Nanjing)
Second, the route of population migration to the south; The west line enters Bashu area, the east line enters Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas, and the middle line enters Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi areas.
Third, the reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan in the Six Dynasties:
(1) Jiangnan area has superior conditions for developing agriculture.
(2) The migration of population to the south has brought labor and advanced production technology. (main reason)
(3) There are few wars in Jiangnan and the society is relatively stable.
Fourth, the economic development performance of Jiangnan in the Six Dynasties: 1, agriculture; A lot of wasteland has been reclaimed into farmland. ② Many water conservancy projects have been built. ③ Agricultural technology progress: using green manure and popularizing Niu Geng and manure.
2. Handicraft industry: During the Six Dynasties, the focus of the silk industry shifted from north to south.
3. Commerce: Commercial cities have emerged, including Jingkou, Wu Jun, Yuhang, Guangzhou and Maoxian.
4. Maritime trade: The source of the Maritime Silk Road in the Song and Yuan Dynasties can be traced back to the Six Dynasties.
5. The influence of the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River in the Six Dynasties: It laid the foundation for the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity to the south.
Great integration of northern nationalities
I. Unification of the North
1. During the 270 years from the Western Jin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty established by the Di nationality and the Northern Wei Dynasty established by the Xianbei nationality unified the Yellow River basin. 2. Ethnic exchanges and ethnic struggles are intertwined, but ethnic integration is the mainstream of historical development.
Second, the reform of national integration-the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty
Measures: Feng Taihou: Centralization in politics, "three systems" and "land equalization" in economy.
Emperor Xiaowen: 1, moved to Luoyang; The fundamental purpose and reason is to strengthen the rule of the Central Plains. )
Sinicization policy: changing the official system; Learn Chinese; Prohibition of khufu; Marriage; Change your last name.
Thirdly, the historical significance of these measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty is to conform to the historical trend and promote the "integration of Hu and Han".
Fourth, the performance of ethnic integration (characteristics): 1, Hu people's Hanfu, Han people's Hu people's cuisine and the custom of Han people sitting on the floor instead. 2. "North-South mutual envoy" and "North-South mutual market".
Verb (abbreviation of verb) The historical significance of great ethnic integration: 1. The idea of great unification is not only deeply rooted in the hearts of Han people, but also accepted by ethnic minorities entering the Central Plains. 2. The great ethnic integration has injected fresh blood into the development of the Chinese nation, and finally destroyed the new atmosphere of the opening and prosperity of the Tang Dynasty.
Unit 5 Ancient Science and Technology and Culture
The Evolution of Words in Lesson 19
1. The germination of China characters is the symbols carved on pottery unearthed in Banpo and Dawenkou in 56000, and it is also the embryonic form of the original characters.
2. The earliest writing in the history of China is Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.
3. Xu Shen, a writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, wrote Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and summarized four construction methods of Chinese characters: pictographic characters, ideographic characters, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters.
4. The evolution of Chinese characters is: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions on bronze, seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script and running script.
Lesson 20 bronze casting tripod
1. The prosperous period of bronze casting was the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
2. The raw materials for casting bronze are: copper, tin and lead.
3. The types and uses of bronzes are: wine vessels, food vessels, weapons, musical instruments and production tools.
Lesson 2 1 A hundred schools of thought contend
school of thought
period
Representative figure
work
Ideological content
Confucianists
the Spring and Autumn Period
Confucius
The Analects of Confucius
Political thought-advocating "the virtue of Tao and the ceremony of qi", that is, "benevolence" and ceremony.
Famous educational sayings: learn from time to time, review the past and learn the new, know what you know, know what you don't know, learn without thinking, think without learning.
Warring States period
Mencius
Political thought-advocating "benevolent government" and advocating that the people are more expensive than the monarch.
Famous aphorism: the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony. Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent.
dao jia xue pai
the Spring and Autumn Period
Laozi
Tao Te Ching
Thought: 1, Lao Tzu has dialectical thought: everything has opposites, and the opposing sides can transform each other (a blessing in disguise, how to know a blessing in disguise). 2. advocate inaction.
Famous aphorism: unfortunately, happiness depends; Happiness lies in misfortune.
Legalist school
Han Fei
& lt Han Feizi >.
Advocate that history is developing forward, and this life is better than the previous life; Advocate the rule of law and establish a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization.
Famous aphorism: Don't avoid ministers after punishment, and don't forget Shu Ren when rewarding kindness.
Summary: 1, Confucianism started from Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the whole feudal society regarded Confucianism as orthodoxy. 2. Laozi's thought of governing by doing nothing was adopted by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang. Han Feizi's idea was adopted by Qin Shihuang.
Lesson 22 Culture and Art
1. Today, we eat zongzi and race dragon boats in memory of Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet of Chu during the Warring States Period. His songs of Chu are sung through the ages.
2. Sima Qian was a famous historian in the Western Han Dynasty. His book "Historical Records" is the first biographical general history of China, which records the legendary history of more than 3,000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Evaluation: "Historical Records" is "beautiful without concealing evil", which Lu Xun called "the historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme".
3. Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was later called "the sage of calligraphy", praising his calligraphy as "flowing and agile as a dragon", which is the best running script in the world.
4. Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, advocated "writing the spirit with form, with both form and spirit". He created a dense and smooth line, like a silkworm spinning water.
5. The sculpture art in China originated from primitive society, represented by the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang and the Dunhuang, Yungang and Longmen Grottoes in the Northern Dynasty.
Lesson 23 Science and Technology (1)
kind
dynasty
Representative figure
work
contribution
mathematics
Southern Dynasties
Chungchi Tsu
Composition technique
1, "decimal system" was invented in Shang Dynasty, leading the world. 2. Nine chapters of arithmetic in Han Dynasty is the earliest existing mathematical masterpiece in China.
1. It is the first time in the world to calculate the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point, which is one thousand years ahead of the world. 2. Compile the most accurate calendar at that time, Daming Calendar. 3. The famous mathematical work "Seal Script" became an official textbook in the Tang Dynasty.
astronomy
Calendar system
Warring States period
Shen Shi
Shishi Xingjing
The earliest astronomical works in the world
The complete 24 solar terms were formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Taichu calendar in the Western Han Dynasty laid the basic framework of China's later lunar calendar.
agriculture
Northern Dynasties
Jia Sixie
Qi Min yaoshu
China's first complete encyclopedic agricultural science book.
geography
Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534)
Li daoyuan
Notes on Water Classics
Represented the highest level of geography at that time.
Lesson 24 Science and Technology (Part Two)
Papermaking was invented in the early Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC. On 105, Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, produced the Paper of Cai Hou, which replaced the original bamboo slips, wooden slips and silk books. Papermaking is one of the greatest inventions in ancient China.
2. Zhang Heng, a scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the seismograph, an instrument for measuring earthquake orientation, which was 1700 years earlier than that in Europe. In addition, he also made an armillary sphere to demonstrate the movement of celestial bodies.
3. China invented pig iron smelting technology at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which was one of the earliest countries in the world to adopt iron smelting technology. The appearance of iron tools marks the great improvement of social productive forces.
4. Medicine: Bian Que, a representative of medicine in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, created the "Four Diagnoses" (looking, smelling, asking and feeling), which is the method used by Chinese medicine today. Zhang Zhongjing is a representative figure of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his masterpiece is Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics. "Leprosy Powder" invented by Hua Tuo at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty is a great invention in the history of world medicine. He also created a set of "Five Animals Play" medical gymnastics.