Yao Xing white porcelain was created and fired in the Northern Dynasties, and the Sui Dynasty was completely born out of celadon and became the mainstream. By the Tang dynasty, it had developed into a ceramic situation with blue in the south and white in the north. However, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was not only Xing kilns that fired white porcelain, but also the white porcelain technology fired by these kilns was superb. White porcelain is developed from celadon. It is said that without the development of celadon, there would be no white porcelain. The initial difference between white porcelain and celadon is only the difference of iron content in fetal glaze, and there is no difference in other processes. The white porcelain of the lioness in the criminal kiln requires less impurities in the fetal glaze than celadon, and iron oxide only accounts for or does not contain iron. After firing by oxidation flame, the carcass is white and the glaze layer is pure and transparent. However, the early white porcelain was similar to celadon at first, and it was first produced and developed in the north, while celadon was developed in the south. This is related to the habit and tradition of using celadon for a long time in the south and the availability of raw materials for making porcelain with low iron content in the north. The produced white porcelain is only a transparent glaze covered with cosmetic soil, and the produced porcelain is neither blue nor white, which is closer to white porcelain. Ding Yao White Glaze Box From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, white porcelain has further developed, but some white glazes still have high iron content and low firing temperature, and the glaze color is slightly close to blue glaze. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, white porcelain entered a period of rapid development, with many fine products. In the early period of white porcelain in Yao Xing, Hebei Province, from the Northern Qi Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, celadon and white porcelain were produced at the same time by using the triangular pad frame firing method. Porcelain makers in Sui Dynasty creatively used this firing method to fire porcelain, which not only ensured that many blanks were fired in a high-temperature kiln, but also assumed the role of blank skeleton. The artifacts made by this firing method have the following disadvantages: there are three Zhi Ding marks inside the artifacts, which affect the appearance. The kiln column is thin, all blank, with poor stability, so it cannot be piled up too much, and the space in the kiln is not fully utilized. From the Middle Tang Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, Yao Xing's small white glazed pots were fired with funnel-shaped saggers. This kind of kiln furniture is mainly used for firing exquisite white porcelain in Yao Xing. However, this funnel-shaped sagger is not easy to deform, so it is not easy to stick. The advantages of the funnel-shaped sagger are that when the blank is put into the bowl, the glaze color on the surface can be protected from being polluted by fire thorn and falling ash, and the temperature of the wares in the kiln is relatively uniform, which can improve the porcelain-forming rate of the wares. Compared with the artifacts of the Sui Dynasty, there is no trace of Zhi Ding inside the artifacts, and the inner and outer glazes are as bright as new. Yao Xing White Glazed Pot Ding Yao Ding Yao White Porcelain was mainly influenced by Yao Xing and was fired as early as the early Tang Dynasty. At the initial stage of firing, the production varieties are relatively complex and the quality is not high. These products are mainly used for civilian use and are sold in the surrounding areas where the window is located. Later, after some technical improvements, I learned from Xing Mi's technology, and made innovations on this basis, mainly firing white porcelain, which improved the product quality and expanded the sales scope, and was recognized and used by the upper class. Hainan: Special Exhibition of Archaeological China, a national treasure cultural relic of China (II) Porcelain with the words "official" and "new official" is a kind of exquisite white porcelain, which was fired from the Tang and Five Dynasties to the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. However, these three times also have their own characteristics. The white porcelain with the word "official" in the Tang Dynasty has many thin tires and pure white glaze or blue in white. Gongxian Kiln in Henan Province is located in the east of gongyi city, Henan Province, and has been included in Gongyi New District. White porcelain was fired in the Northern Wei Dynasty and matured in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Its exquisite white porcelain was once a tribute of the imperial court. The fetal wall of white porcelain products in the Northern Wei Dynasty is thick and uniform, gradually thickening from the mouth down, and the fetal quality is delicate and white. It can be seen that porcelain clay has been washed and fired at high temperature, and some carcasses have pores and black spots. Some utensils are covered with cosmetic soil. The inner wall of the vessel is full of glaze, the phenomenon of glaze accumulation in the vessel is common, the outer wall is glazed over the abdomen, and the phenomenon of glaze hanging is rare, and the glaze color is generally white and blue. The firing technology of white porcelain in Sui and Tang Dynasties in Gongxian kiln is becoming more and more mature. Therefore, the fired white porcelain products have the characteristics of high starting point of firing technology, refined products, winning by quality and exquisite modeling, and became one of the important kiln systems of tribute white porcelain around Kaiyuan, Henan Province in the Tang Dynasty. From the Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, there were fewer kinds of white porcelain, only jars, towers, bottles, inkstones, bowls and jars. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the variety of white porcelain increased greatly, which was proved by the number of white porcelain pieces contained in the cultural layer and ash pit. Categories include cans, bowls, cups, pots, cans, bottles, plates, lamps, sprinklers, saucers and so on. During the Tang Dynasty, the shape, embryo, glaze color and manufacturing technology of various white porcelain products were greatly improved compared with those of the Northern Wei, Sui and early Tang Dynasties, and a number of exquisite, meticulous and regular white porcelain with firm texture, thin moss and pure glaze appeared, marking the peak of the production of white porcelain in Gongxian kiln. As early as the early Tang Dynasty, Shaanxi Huangbao Kiln began to burn porcelain such as green glaze, white glaze, black glaze, tea glaze, white glaze blue color, white glaze black color, white glaze brown and so on. Fired utensils include bowls, bowls, pots, plates, pots, bottles, cups and other cattle farming tools, as well as a small number of small porcelain figurines. Huang Bao white porcelain in Tang Dynasty was not as fine as Xing Ding porcelain. The tire soil is mostly yellow-gray, accounting for about half of the total. The particles are large, rough and porous, and there are also relatively compact blue-gray tires and relatively delicate white tires. In order to cover up the defects on the carcass, Hebei Museum usually coats a layer of white milk soil under the glaze. However, despite this, the glaze color of Huangbao white porcelain has always been white with yellow, which has a turbid feeling, and the glaze is not very bright, and there are often small flaws. Some celadon fetal porcelain, although also coated with cosmetic soil. But the uncoated parts are yellow, such as the lower abdomen and feet, and the surface looks like blue glaze, which is not very nice. Generally, glaze is only applied to the lower abdomen or slightly, and a small amount of "high-grade white porcelain" can be applied to the outer wall of the foot. The glaze color is clean and shiny, but it accounts for a very small proportion in white porcelain and cannot represent the overall level of Huangbao white porcelain technology. Yaozhou Kiln White and Black Flower Porcelain Hebi Kiln in Henan Province is a folk kiln mouth, which was made and burned in the Tang Dynasty. It mainly produces monochrome glazed porcelain such as white glaze, yellow glaze and black glaze, and there are also white glazes with green spots, but the most striking thing is the appearance of white and black glazed porcelain. White and black flowers are painted with strokes on the blank with low iron content, and then coated with transparent glaze. It is black and white after firing. Dengfeng kiln, dengfeng kiln, Henan Province, a white glazed teapot in the Tang Dynasty, was burned in the early Tang Dynasty, flourished in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty, and declined in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. It has a long history of firing. Dengfeng kiln has a wide range of products and utensils, especially the comprehensive application of white glaze picking, carving and painting techniques is the most superb and skillful, and it can be called a model of Central Plains kiln. But the peak period was in the Northern Song Dynasty, and most exquisite carved porcelain was produced in the Northern Song Dynasty. Dengfeng kiln Pearl Map Hua Shuang Tiger Bottle Hunyuan Kiln has been firing porcelain since the Tang Dynasty. The white glazed porcelain of Hunyuan kiln is divided into fine porcelain and coarse porcelain, both of which are made of cosmetic soil. The output of fine porcelain is very small, mostly bowls, plates, cans, pillows, lids and so on. Its characteristics are: the matrix is crisp and thin, the makeup soil is fine and white, and the glaze layer is even and white, which has the glaze color characteristics of Dingyao white porcelain. However, there is no glaze flow or glaze accumulation, which shows that the production is meticulous. In order to beautify the white glaze of porcelain, decorative soil, decals, prints and sculptures are generally used for decoration. For example, there are glazes inside and outside the lid and porcelain, and the glaze surface is delicate and clear, and the glaze layer is transparent. It is a standard transparent glaze with strong glass texture, and even cosmetic soil is hung in the foot of the bottom of the device, coated with transparent glaze. Shaanxi Hunyuan Kiln White Porcelain Shanxi Pingding Kiln Pingding Kiln was built and burned in Tang Dynasty. The kiln site is close to Yao Xing and Ding Yao of Quyang in Lincheng, Hebei Province, and the porcelain shape and decoration are similar to those of the two kilns. White porcelain products are influenced by Xing Kiln and Ding Kiln, and their shapes and decorations are similar to those of the two kilns. There are mainly jade bowls, lip bowls and flower mouth plates in the Tang and Five Dynasties. Lotus petal pattern bowl in Song Dynasty, printed with double lines, has kiln style. The white porcelain fired in Yaozhou Kiln, Shaanxi Province is characterized by white cosmetic soil as the bottom and transparent glaze color. The color of porcelain is presented by colorless transparent glaze cosmetic soil. Yaozhou white porcelain appeared in the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, but its output was very small, far lower than that of Yaozhou celadon series. The glaze is white and yellow, and the production process is fine. The glaze is transparent with tears, and many pieces of glaze are piled up. The tire glaze is closely combined, and the tire color is mainly grayish yellow and light yellow. To sum up, the areas where white glazed porcelain was fired in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were mainly concentrated in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi. In the north, it's not just Xing Kiln. When white porcelain was accepted and liked by people, all kinds of kiln mouths were copied one after another, resulting in a situation of blue in the south and white in the north. ?