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Oracle Bone Inscriptions is one of the Chinese characters, and it is also the oldest mature character in China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also called Wen Qi, tortoise shell or tortoise shell animal bone. After divination with tortoise shell and animal bones, Shang people used knives to engrave the divination time, the names of the diviners and the things they divined, and some even engraved the good and bad luck that came true a few days later. However, the specific situation varies with the stage of Oracle bones. Generally speaking, the inscriptions in Wuding period are the most complete and the most abundant in existence. Scholars call this kind of record Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and this kind of writing is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. A large number of Oracle bones with Oracle Bone Inscriptions were unearthed in Yin Ruins, all of which have the basic structure of Chinese characters. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions not only recorded the political, economic, military, meteorological and divination situation at that time, but also marked the maturity of the writing. The picture shows Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved on the tortoise shell.
introduce
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is mainly found in Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province. Up to now, there are about 654.38+054,000 written Oracle bones unearthed. Among them, Chinese mainland has more than 97,600 pieces, Taiwan Province Province has more than 30,200 pieces, and Hong Kong has 89 pieces. Due to war and commercial factors, more than 26,700 pieces have been scattered overseas to Japan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, the former Soviet Union, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden 12 countries. Among them, when the Japanese invaded China, they systematically excavated in Yin Ruins, so they collected the most, with more than 12000 pieces. At present, more than 500 scholars in the world specialize in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and have published more than 2,000 monographs.
Shang and Zhou Dynasties were very superstitious. Kings in Shang and Zhou Dynasties often used Oracle Bone Inscriptions to predict good or bad luck, and engraved the things, time and results of divination on it, so Oracle Bone Inscriptions was also called Oracle bones. It covers politics, economy, military affairs, climate, culture and many other aspects, and is an important material for studying the history at that time.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions has about 4,500 words, about one third of which have been interpreted. According to research, pictographic characters, demonstrative characters, knowing characters and pictophonetic characters are used in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In the application of word meaning, we can clearly see the method of metonymy. Pictophonetic characters account for about 25%. Today, pictophonetic characters account for about 90%.
Harmony in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a symbol of the maturity of Chinese characters. Like cuneiform and hieroglyphics, it belongs to ideograph, and it is also the predecessor of the only ideograph used in the world at present. Its writing materials are generally tortoise bones, shoulder blades of cattle, and can also be engraved on walls, wood products, stone tools and so on. , with a knife, Zhu Shu, Mo Shu. China existed for a long time in ancient times. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Chinese characters were separated from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and gradually lost their recognition, but they were generally sold to drug dealers as "keels" for medicinal purposes. It was not until 1899 (twenty-five years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty) that it was accidentally discovered by epigraphist Wang and verified as a relic of Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions was divided into five periods: Wuding era in Pan Geng, Zujia era in Zu Geng, Bingxin Kangding era, Wuyi Wen Ding era and the first emperor Di Xin era. After studying Oracle bone inscriptions, Guo Moruo thinks that Oracle bone inscriptions need at least 1500 years from the initial stage to maturity.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions, mainly referring to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, is a script carved (or written) by the royal family on tortoise shells and animal bones for divination in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~1century). It is the earliest and most complete ancient Chinese character discovered by China.
In the 25th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1899), Oracle Bone Inscriptions was first known by epigraphist Wang and bought at a high price. In the following ten years, Wang Xiang, Meng, Liu E, Luo Zhenyu, as well as Fallen in the United States, Ku Shouling and Zhang Jin in Britain, Lin Taifu in Japan and James Mellon Menzies in Canada, etc. I bought Oracle bones and got tens of thousands of pieces. From 1928 to 1937, the Archaeological Group of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica excavated the Yin Ruins in a planned way, and excavated 15 times, totaling about 25,000 pieces of Oracle bones. Since then, Oracle bones have been unearthed in Yin Ruins. 1973, the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences excavated more than 4,000 pieces of Oracle bones in Xiaotun South, Anyang, Henan. In addition to the Yin Ruins, two inscribed Oracle Bone Inscriptions pieces were also found in Zhengzhou 1953 and 1954 sites in the middle of Shang Dynasty. /kloc-since 0/954, about 300 inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells have been unearthed in Hongdong, Shaanxi, Changping, Zhouyuan Fenghao Site and Feng Chu, Qishan, Shaanxi.
Since the first discovery of Oracle bones, Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Hong Kong and Macao, Japan, the United States, Britain, Canada, France, the Soviet Union, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and other countries have unearthed150,000 pieces of Oracle bones, and South Korea also has collections.
Most of the unearthed Oracle bone inscriptions have been recorded and published, such as Liu E's Tieyun Hiding a Turtle, Luo Zhenyu's Yinxu Shuqi and Yinxu Shuqi Later Edition, James Mellon Menzies's Yinxu Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Lin Taifu's Tortoise and Beast Bone Essays, and Wang Xiang's Essays on Stan Yin Qi. Later, there were Dong Zuobin's A Collection of Yin Ruins and A Collection of Yin Ruins, and Hu Houxuan's A Collection of Newly Acquired Oracle Bones in Nanjing and Shanghai after World War II. After World War II, there were records of Oracle bones seen in the north and south, and Oracle bones were newly acquired in Beijing and Tianjin after World War II. The Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, edited by Guo Moruo and Hu Houxuan, systematically and scientifically sorts out hundreds of thousands of pieces of Oracle bones found in recent 80 years, and extensively collects and classifies all unearthed Oracle bones by stages. A total of about 40,000 pieces of Oracle bones were collected and compiled into thirteen volumes, which provided systematic data for the study of Oracle bone inscriptions and Shang history. In addition, 1973 Oracle bones unearthed in xiaotun south have been included in the book xiaotun south Oracle bones. Oracle bones hidden in Japan, Canada, the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Germany and other countries have also been recorded and published separately.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature character, and the main methods of word formation are pictographic characters, pictographic characters and phonetic characters. Today's Chinese characters are still pictographs based on pictographs, so Oracle Bone Inscriptions has the basic form of Chinese character structure in later generations. Grammatically, there are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and their sentence patterns and structural order are basically consistent with later grammars.
Because Shang Wang knew everything, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content involved all fields of Shang society. According to the information about the business class and country in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, slaves and civilians in Shang Dynasty were composed of people with different identities, such as the masses, farmers, Qiang people, servants, Xi people and concubines. Slave owners and nobles include former governors and their spouses, such as Yan, Mu, Zi Ruzi and Tuzi. Officials at all levels include ministers, Yin, Shi and dogs. The army has divisions, brigades, etc. Penalties include beheading, beheading and setting up a prison. Oracle Bone Inscriptions also recorded the human sacrifice in Shang Dynasty, which is directly related to solving the social nature of Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty often waged wars with foreign countries, and the conquered countries paid tribute to the Shang Dynasty. In Oracle bone inscriptions, it is often recorded that families have come and entered horses, cattle, sheep and turtles.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions was a rich social means of production in Shang Dynasty. In agriculture, there are records of plowing and ploughing fields, as well as the names of various crops such as millet, millet, wheat, thunder and rice. The king is concerned about the abundance and regret of agricultural harvest, reducing the impact on agricultural harvest, and often makes predictions of setting up millet, saving millet, praying for the new year and telling autumn. Horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, dogs and tapirs in animal husbandry. They are all recorded, and there are a large number of livestock and special stables. A large number of cattle and sheep are often used for sacrifice. Fishing and hunting still played a certain role in the social life of Shang Dynasty. The prey recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions include deer, elk, tapir, elephant, tiger, fox, fish and various birds. Hunting methods include wild, hunting, chasing, trapping and shooting. There are also commercial and transportation information about shellfish, friends, nobles, ships, cars and even transportation systems in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions also enriched the ideological and cultural content of Shang Dynasty. In the astronomical calendar, there are solar eclipses, lunar eclipses, birds and stars, new stars and big stars. , and leap month data such as March and Shi Shuo at different time periods every day. In meteorology, there are many records about rain forecast, wind forecast, changing sun, clouds, thunder, hail, snow and rainbow. There are medical records of head diseases, dental diseases, nasal diseases, speech diseases, elbow diseases, foot diseases, heel diseases and other diseases, and there are also records about fertility, which shows that the expected date of delivery can be accurately inferred at that time.
The king is still a ghost, who can predict everything. The content of divination is mostly centered on the king. On the issues of concern, such as offering sacrifices to ancestors and natural gods, paying attention to wind, rain, water, celestial phenomena, farming, years of success, etc., virgins ask God, ghosts and gods, the first male and the first king, etc. , so as to predict good or bad luck, pray for blessing. The divination materials are mostly tortoise shell (and a small amount of back shell) and cattle scapula, which are corrected before use and drilled on the back (and a small amount of cattle scapula on the front). In divination, Oracle bones are burned with fire before drilling holes in the back, and a "divination"-shaped crack appears in the front, so as to determine good or bad luck. After divination, record the divination on the Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
What is the earliest astronomical work in the history of China? During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, astronomy made quite high achievements. Astronomers in Lu observed 37 eclipses, 33 of which were proved to be reliable. Halley's comet, which is now known to the world, was recorded in the history book Lu Chunqiu as early as 6 13 BC, which is the earliest Halley's comet record in the world. The west was not discovered by Harley until 1682, more than two thousand years later than China.
Where is the earliest county in the history of China? In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Wugong first set up Yunxian County (now Qinzhou District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province) and Jixian County (now Gangu County, Tianshui City, Gansu Province) in the newly developed territory, which has a history of more than 2,700 years. Therefore, Yunxian County and Jixian County are tied for the first county in the world.
What is the earliest book of pulse diagnosis in the history of China? Huangdi Neijing is one of the four classic works of traditional Chinese medicine (Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Treatise on Febrile Diseases), and it is also the first masterpiece handed down in the name of Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and the earliest medical classic in China's medical treasure house. It is a medical masterpiece that studies human physiology, pathology, diagnostics, therapeutic principles and pharmacology. Theoretically, the theories of yin and yang, five elements, pulse condition, Tibetan image, meridians, etiology and pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, health preservation and luck are established.
What is the earliest pterosaur in the history of China? The answer is: Ying Long.
1, Ying Long is a pterodactyl in ancient myths and legends of China. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor fought against Chiyou, chopped Chiyou, Yu and controlled the water, painted the tail into a river, and made the water flow into the sea.
2. "Shan Hai Jing Wild East longitude": "In the northeast corner of the wild land, there is a mountain called Mengliqiu. Ying Long in the Antarctic, kill Chiyou, kill Kuafu, can't cover it, so there are several droughts. Drought is like Ying Long, but it rains heavily. "
Ying Long has wings, scales and thorns, long head, small nose, eyes and ears, big eye sockets, high eyebrow arch, sharp teeth, protruding forehead, narrow neck, long tail tip and strong limbs, just like a winged Chinese alligator. The image of Ying Long often appears in jade carvings, stone carvings, silk paintings and lacquerware in the Han Dynasty during the Warring States Period.
What is the yellowest poem in the history of China? Right, right, right. ! !
The earliest painter to study abroad in the history of China? Not Xu Beihong! It's Li Tiefu.
According to the available materials, before and after the Revolution of 1911, the earliest overseas students studying art in China were: Li Tiefu, who came to Britain in 1887, and later returned to China in the United States in 193 1 year; 1Li Shutong, who traveled to Japan in 1905, 19 1 1 graduated and returned to China in; Li 1907 went to England and returned to China about 19 17; Wu Fading 19 1 1 went to France, 19 19 returned to China; Li Chaoshi 19 12 went to France, 19 19 returned to China, Liu Jintang 19 10 went to Japan, and 1920 returned to China.
Xu Beihong has been abroad for 19 19 years. Studying in France at public expense, 1927 returned to China.
What is the hottest online game in the history of China? The most popular issue 10: the journey of the highest number of simultaneous online users of 450,000. The most popular ninth place: the legendary world with the highest number of simultaneous online users of 550,000. The most popular 8 th place: The Odyssey to the West with the highest simultaneous online number of 580,000 2. The most popular number 7: World of Warcraft and the most popular number 6: the highest. 650,000 The Legend of Mir has a maximum simultaneous online audience of 670,000. The most popular fourth place: QQ Fantasy has a maximum simultaneous online audience of 680,000. The most popular third place: go-karting, with a maximum simultaneous online audience of 700,000. The most popular No.2: Bubble Hall has a maximum simultaneous online audience of 700,000. The most popular number 65438 +0.
What is the highest official position in the history of China? Left phase
Among the left and right phases, the left phase is larger than the right phase.
A person says he is above ten thousand people, hehe, extra points.
Who is the oldest person in the history of China? It is generally believed that Peng Zu is the oldest person in history. Both Mandarin and history books record that he lived to be 800 years old.
Peng Zu was the great-grandson of Zhuan Xu among the five ancient emperors. He experienced three generations: Yao and Shun, Xia and Shang. When he arrived in Zhou Wang at the end of the Shang Dynasty, he was 767 years old. According to legend, he lived for more than 800 years, and he was the one who knew the best way to keep in good health and lived the longest. His regimen was compiled into Peng Zu Classic by later generations.
Actually, this is a misunderstanding. Peng Zu is not really the oldest person in history. The reason for this misunderstanding is that there is no uniform standard for the calculation of years in ancient China. Peng Zu was born and raised in Pengshan, Sichuan, and died in Pengshan in his later years. In the countryside around Pengshan, there is a popular "small family" dating method, that is, 60 days is a year. According to Liu Jixing's research, it is found from the bamboo slips unearthed from Confucius' tomb that there is indeed a saying that 60 years is 1 year old in ancient times. According to current dating standards, Peng Zu only lived 130 years old. Historians also believe that Peng Zu's age is 800, which is actually Guo's life span.
Li Qingyuan, the oldest recorded person in history, lived 257 years.
Li Qingyuan is a legend. Born in the 18th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1679), he died in the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935) at the age of 257. Because of his extraordinary attainments and achievements in the research and practice of traditional Chinese medicine, especially in health preservation, by the time he was over 200 years old, his words and deeds still seemed to be in full bloom, so he was known as the "immortal".
Li Qingyuan was born in Yunnan, also known as Li Qingyun, and settled in Kaixian County, Sichuan in his 90s. He married 24 wives in his life and had many children.
In the Republic of China 16 (1927), at the invitation of Sichuan warlord Yang Sen, he went to Wanxian to teach the way of keeping in good health. Yang Sen invited Li Jingruo as a guest and specially made a new suit for Li. He asked the photo studio to take photos and enlarge it and display it in the window, indicating that "Wanzhou was taken in the spring of the Republic of China 16, and there were 250 men in Xiaoxiang County." Because Li couldn't tell the secret of health, he was quickly sent back to Kaixian County. In the 20th year of the Republic of China (193 1), Wanzhou Daily published another article on September 15th: "Li Qingyun, a 273-year-old man from Kaixian County, was killed by Chen Jiachang the night before.
Go to Wan and live in the garden. The old man came to Wan at the invitation of Mr. Wang ... "
When Li Qingyuan was 250 years old, his fellow countryman Liu Chengxun, a native of Kaixian County, Sichuan Province, specially interviewed him. Li Qingyuan was full of enthusiasm, and made a long masterpiece "On Health Preservation", which not only talked about personal health preservation practice, but also talked about the experience and lessons of health preservation in ancient and modern times. It was recorded in detail by Mr. Liu Chengxun and compiled into "readme", which was retained by future generations and is still a masterpiece of health preservation.
Liu Chengxun's interview and recollection articles were published in the sixth issue of Qigong magazine, 1986. At the same time, Li Qingyuan, the birthday girl, dictated "Eternal Life" with more than 1000 words. Some newspapers in Beijing once reported on the topic of "the longest-lived person on earth", but it was doubted and denied by Guinness World Records at that time, and it was confirmed by many textual researches.
In the article "readme", Li Qingyuan thinks that people's life span is long or short, which is determined by vitality. Vitality, also called vitality, is born. It originates from the kidney, hides in the abdomen, reaches the whole body through the triple energizer (upper, middle and lower energizer), and promotes the activities of all organs and tissues such as internal organs, and is the source of biochemical power.
He vividly compares caring and not caring about vitality to the place where candles are stored. A lighted candle will burn for a long time if it is placed in a cage; If it is left in the wind and rain, the time will be short or it will go out immediately. The same is true of keeping in good health.
Li Qingyuan appreciated a sentence from Laozi: "Don't worry about its appearance, don't shake its essence, and don't worry about it." I have few thoughts to nourish my mind, few desires to nourish my essence, and few words to nourish my spirit. "He said that the essence of this is often ignored by mediocre people who are not good at keeping in good health. He also appreciated a remark by Lu, a scholar in Qing Dynasty: "You can live a long life if you eat rice, oil and salt, have no worries, finish official food early, have no fear or humiliation, don't owe others debts, and don't pawn, as long as you have a light meal. Li Qingyuan said, "This is really a recipe for health preservation and a good suggestion for prolonging life. If you get this, you can live forever without taking a panacea or refining an elixir. "
According to the ancient theory of health preservation, he particularly emphasized that good health preservation should be based on the four words of kindness, frugality, harmony and tranquility.
When talking about his medical care experience, Li Qingyuan said, "There is not enough food. Eating too much will hurt your stomach; You can't sleep too long. If you sleep too long, the essence will disperse. In the rest of my life, I never ate too much or slept too long. " "Hungry and cold, parents can't do it, aging and illness, and the wife can't do it. Only the way of self-love and self-sufficiency is the criterion and key to health. "
He also talked about matters needing attention in details of life. He pointed out that people are often impatient with trifles, which is bound to damage their health. He warned people: careless changes in temperature, walking too ill, unrestrained, and excessive indulgence are all harmful to the body, and extreme damage can lead to death. Therefore, according to the regimen of our ancestors, we should not act too hastily, seeing is quick, hearing is hard, sitting tired, lying down and sucking; We should wear it after cooling, heat it before dissolving it, eat it after being hungry, drink it after being thirsty, and have less appetite and don't want to eat more; We should have no emotions, no emotions and no thoughts. This is the way to live a long life.