Renaissance, the historical period in Europe, means that/kloc-0 rose in Italian cities at the end of the 3rd century, and then spread to western European countries.16th century prevailed in Europe, bringing a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opening the curtain of modern European history, which is considered as the dividing line between the middle ages and the modern times. Marxist historians believe that it is the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism. At the end of the Middle Ages, with the continuous invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire by Ottoman, the people of the Eastern Roman fled in succession, bringing a large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics and artistic treasures to the commercially developed cities of Italy. Some advanced intellectuals in the emerging bourgeoisie carry forward the humanistic spirit through studying the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome and through literary and artistic creation. Renaissance is one of the three major ideological liberation movements in modern western Europe (Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment).
The core of the Renaissance is the spirit of humanism, which is to put forward the idea of people-oriented rather than god-oriented, and to affirm the value and dignity of human beings. It advocates that the purpose of life is to pursue happiness in real life, advocates the liberation of personality, opposes the theological thought of ignorance and superstition, and thinks that man is the creator and master of real life.
The causes of the renaissance
First, the material basis
In medieval Europe, the trade center was concentrated on the Mediterranean coast, and Italy was the first to produce the seeds of capitalism. The bourgeoisie hopes to break through the shackles of church theology. The rise of commercial cities, the development of handicraft workshops and the prosperity of economy.
Second, the cultural foundation.
A large number of ancient Greek and Roman cultural classics spread from the Eastern Roman Empire to Italy.
Third, the class foundation.
The growth of the emerging bourgeoisie.
Fourth, the talent advantage.
14-/kloc-Italian talents gathered in one place in the 0/7th century (Renaissance).
Verb (abbreviation of verb) geographical location
Italy is close to the East, and it accepted the oriental culture (papermaking and printing) earlier.
Sixth, the fuse.
The Black Death is very common in Europe.
VII. Root causes
The church strictly controls people's thoughts and arouses the dissatisfaction of the bourgeoisie and the common people.
15-/kloc-at the turn of the 6th century, western European countries wanted to explore routes to the east, and after a series of maritime exploration activities, they opened up routes to India, America and other parts of the world. These routes are often called new routes.
15-/kloc-at the turn of the 6th century, western European countries wanted to explore routes to the east, and after a series of maritime exploration activities, they opened up routes to India, America and other parts of the world. These routes are often called new routes. The opening of the new route is no accident. There are profound economic and social roots and certain religious ideological roots, and the subjective and objective conditions are fully met.
The "gold rush" is the economic and social root.
/kloc-after the 0/5th century, the seeds of capitalist relations of production in western European countries have initially appeared and developed. As a means of payment for commodity exchange, money has not only replaced land as the main symbol of social wealth, but also become an important symbol to measure social status and power. /kloc-after the change of the gold standard in the 0/5th century, gold became the only means of payment for domestic and foreign trade, and the demand increased sharply. At that time, Europeans longed for gold, and influenced by Kyle's trip to Europe, westerners decided that their "golden dream" could only be realized in eastern countries such as China. Engels profoundly pointed out: "The gold sought by the Portuguese in the African coast, India and the whole Far East; The word gold is a spell that drives the Spaniards across the Atlantic to America. When white people set foot on the newly discovered coast, gold is the first thing they want. " It can be seen that the opening of new air routes is the need for the further development of capitalism, and the greedy pursuit of gold by Europeans essentially reflects the urgent requirements of capitalism for plundering wealth and accelerating primitive accumulation of capital.