☆ Evaluation of the Qing government's closed-door policy.

The "closed door policy" is a summary of a series of foreign policies implemented by the Qing government before the Opium War. Its contents mainly include: restricting the business activities, residence period, place, scope of activities and communication between China people and foreigners; Establish a public banking system and restrict foreign trade. The reasons for implementing this policy in the early Qing Dynasty are as follows: First, the feudal natural economy was relatively stable and self-sufficient and did not need foreign goods; Second, the rulers of the Qing dynasty were afraid that foreign businessmen would contact with the coastal people and threaten their rule. As a passive defensive measure, the closed-door policy has a certain self-defense function against the invasion of western colonialism in a certain period of time, but it is a backward policy after all. Behind closed doors can not weaken the power of western capitalism, but only hinder its own development, make itself stagnant and isolated from the world, which is not conducive to the normal exchanges between the Chinese nation and all ethnic groups in the world; It is not conducive for China people to know the world, go to the world, learn the excellent ideas and advanced science, culture and technology of all nationalities in the world, and learn from each other.

According to the traditional view, closing the country to the outside world played the role of national self-defense, while showing the backwardness of feudal rule. The other view is basically negative, thinking that it only hinders the development of capitalism and the development and introduction of science, technology and culture in China. There is also a view that the closed-door policy has both positive and critical aspects. Generally speaking, the negativity of the closed-door policy has been generally recognized by historians, and the degree of this negativity is controversial.

☆ Reasons for China's defeat in the Opium War.

We should analyze the reasons for China's failure from both China and Britain: ① Britain is a powerful capitalist country, which established bourgeois rule earlier, and capitalism has developed by leaps and bounds. After the completion of the industrial revolution, its strength was further enhanced and it became a colonial power through colonial expansion. In order to meet the needs of colonial expansion, a powerful modern navy has been established, which has made full preparations for China's invasion for a long time. (2) China was at the end of feudal society, with political corruption, backward economy and backward military technology and equipment. In addition, the Qing ruling group, which held the leadership of the war, was uncertain and its military command was improper, so it could not compete with Britain. In the highly competitive international arena in the19th century, backwardness will be beaten, and decadent feudalism cannot compete with emerging capitalism.

☆ About the Modern China Revolution

The change of China's social nature affects the change of the main social contradictions, which further determines that the task of China's revolution is to resist aggression and feudalism. Anti-aggression and anti-feudalism are all for freedom, equality, democracy and human rights. In the development of human history, the realization of this goal is generally accomplished by the bourgeoisie, so the modern anti-feudal and anti-aggression revolution is also called the bourgeois democratic revolution. Due to the lag of capitalism and bourgeoisie in China and the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, at the beginning of the 20th century, the proletariat intervened in the democratic revolution. Under the guidance of Marxism, the democratic revolution in China has undergone important changes, with the distinction between the old and the new. Its boundary was 19 19 during the May 4th Movement.

☆ Differences between Russia and Britain, France and the United States in the purpose of aggression.

Russia acted alone in the process of invading China and colluded with Britain, France and the United States, but its purpose of aggression was different from that of Britain, France and the United States. Britain, France and the United States tried to open the door to China and expand the market, while Russia tried to embezzle China's territory. Around the Second Opium War, Russia plundered1500,000 square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest of China. The reason for this difference is the different degree of development of capitalism. The invasion of Britain, France and the United States was the result of the industrial revolution. Russia's industrial development level is low, and the demand for the market is not strong. Its aggressive interest still stays in territorial expansion.

☆ About the "celestial system"

(1) Main contents: advocate the equal distribution of land in the means of production; Advocate the absolute average sacred library system in the distribution system; In social relations, everyone is equal, and the ultimate goal is to establish an ideal society that is "uneven everywhere and no one is hungry".

(2) Origin: First, social origin: after the Opium War, the people suffered double oppression, and the land was highly concentrated in the Qing Dynasty for a long time, and the broad masses of people had no land, little land and a heavy burden; Second, historical origin: "Equal wealth and equal price" has always been the goal of peasant uprisings in past dynasties, and the slogan of "equal land and free grain" in Ming Dynasty began to touch the fundamental problem of feudal society; Third, the root of class: the peasant class does not represent advanced productive forces, and its program can only reflect its urgent and realistic desire to pursue equality, equality and a natural economy based on small private ownership.

(3) Evaluation and understanding (characteristics): First, it is revolutionary: first, it inherits and develops the struggle thoughts of farmers in previous dynasties, clearly advocates the abolition of feudal land ownership, and forms a systematic revolutionary program, which has become the highest peak of peasant wars for thousands of years; Secondly, it has impacted the feudal ethics from all aspects (the content of the program is varied). Second, fantasy: First of all, the average distribution of land was impossible in the society at that time, and it was only the urgent desire of small producers. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1854) stipulated that "grain should be collected and taxes should be paid", which actually recognized the private ownership of the landlord's land. Secondly, the absolute average distribution of the sacred treasury system violates the class nature of small producers and cannot be realized and mobilized. After the capital was Tianjing, the upper level of the rebel army moved from theoretical asceticism to practical sensualism. Third, with the gradual feudalization of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom regime and the establishment of the hierarchy, the equality of all people in social relations has also become a bubble. Third, backwardness: this program takes the natural economy of small farmers as an idealized goal, but it does not actually go beyond the economic category of feudalism. Advocating the abolition of small private ownership of commodity economy does not conform to the laws and trends of international and domestic economic development. Fourthly, we can draw a conclusion from the revolutionary program: the military victory of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom lacks a solid political, economic and ideological foundation, and it is impossible to put forward a program to completely transform feudal society, let alone prevent the feudalization of political power. The climax of revolution means crisis.

☆ How to understand that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was the peak of China's peasant war for thousands of years?

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement is a massive peasant movement. Persist in the struggle for 14 years, the power developed to 18 province, established political power, and controlled half of the country. However, the so-called "peak" is by no means simply understood in the sense of time and space, and it is impossible to draw a correct conclusion only by comparing the length and scope of the peasant war. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement took place after the Opium War, that is, China was reduced from a feudal society to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, and the contradiction between the Chinese nation and foreign capitalism rose to the most important contradiction among various social contradictions. This new era will inevitably give the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement new content and significance, thus making it different from any simple and old-fashioned peasant war in history.

(1) Judging from the reasons for the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, it was caused by the invasion of foreign capitalism and the further intensification of internal contradictions in China.

(2) Judging from the task and nature of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, because foreign capitalism finally tore off the disguise of "neutrality" after the Second Opium War and colluded with the Qing government officially and openly, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shouldered the task of opposing foreign aggression while opposing feudalism, thus becoming a part of China's modern old democratic revolution;

(3) From the perspective of the art of struggle and the level of development, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has a relatively sound organizational form of anti-feudal struggle, which is unmatched by the peasant movements of past dynasties. With clear guiding ideology such as Song of Saving the World by the Original Way, Training of Awakening the World by the Original Way and Training of the Original Way, and the revolutionary program with opposing the feudal land system as its core content, this struggle reached the level of peasant wars in previous dynasties.

(4) Judging from the innovative spirit of the leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Xin Pian was an advanced policy platform in the later period of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Although it was not put into practice because of the social environment at that time, it has a strong flavor of the new era, reflecting the requirements of the advanced people in China to learn from the West and their desire to develop capitalism in China.

In short, determined by the characteristics of the times, after a generation of advanced China people, represented by Hong Xiuquan, initiated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, it eventually developed into the highest peak of the peasant war in China for thousands of years, forming the first revolutionary climax in modern China history.

Modern History of China, Volume II.

☆ On the emergence of Chinese national capitalism

Whether China's capitalism is the product of "European style and beautiful rain" is still inconclusive in historians. One view is: "Most of the emerging modern enterprises in China are from scratch, and they are complete transplants of existing enterprises in the West." Therefore, it is "the product of European style and beautiful rain." Another view is: "Originally, the seeds of capitalism in feudal society in China developed slowly in the direction of capitalist society. The introduction of foreign capitalism promoted this development, destroyed the foundation of feudal natural economy, and caused some objective conditions and possibilities for the development of capitalist production in China. These conditions enabled China's modern capitalist industry to take place, and at the same time it was developed from the pre-existing capitalist seeds. This is how capitalism manifests itself as a dual process in China. Therefore, it can't be said that it is just "the product of European style and beautiful rain." To deal with this problem, we should distinguish the following two questions: whether the emergence of Chinese national capitalism in the 1960 s from 65438 to 2009 was a beautiful product of European style; Can the seeds of capitalism in China feudal society grow into towering trees? " Beautiful European style has played an important role in modern capitalism: first, it destroyed the original capitalist bud; Second, it promoted the disintegration of China's natural economy, expanded the commodity market, labor force and capital, and provided certain conditions and possibilities for the development of capitalism in China. On the one hand, it shows that Chinese national capitalism came into being under the new social conditions and was formed after the invasion of foreign capitalism, which implies a theoretical understanding of the consequences of the invasion of backward areas by western capitalist countries, and China is no exception; But on the other hand, it also shows that without the invasion of capitalism, the economic laws of China's own development will inevitably lead to the formation of national capitalism. The emergence and development of capitalism in China is closely related to the "beautiful European style", which depends on capital, technology and machinery.

☆ On the Stage Characteristics of the Economic Aggression of the Great Powers against China

During the two Opium Wars, the western powers were still in the stage of free capitalism, and their economic aggression mainly focused on commodity exports, that is, selling commodities and plundering raw materials. /kloc-After the 1970s, capitalism began to transition to imperialism, the mode of aggression gradually turned to capital export, and the purpose of aggression turned to scramble for and monopolize investment sites. In seeking aggressive rights and interests, the early stage was mainly to forcibly open commercial ports and set up concessions. In the later stage, it becomes the privilege of seeking capital output. Divide the sphere of influence and seize the leased land. The Sino-French New Testament showed this change earlier, that is, France demanded the right to build roads in China, Guangxi and Yunnan. The performance of "treaty of shimonoseki" shows that it is more obvious that it directly demands to set up factories and carve up large areas of land at China's trading ports, which embodies the requirements of the great powers for capital export and carving up the world, and even quickly stimulates and triggers a carving-up frenzy. In addition, commodity export and capital export cannot be completely separated. In the stage of commodity export in the forties and fifties, there appeared early capital export, which was mainly commodity export, and capital export served commodity export. For example, foreign-funded factories along the coast transport cotton, tea and silkworm cocoons to China after processing, which not only reduces consumption, but also improves efficiency. At the end of 19, capital export was the main stage, and commodity export still existed.

☆ About concessions and leased land

Concession is the first concession in China where capitalist and imperialist countries forced semi-colonial countries to set aside a certain area at their trading ports or cities for foreigners to live and trade as a stronghold for their further aggression against the country. "Leased land" is a special area where imperialist countries force semi-colonial countries to control a certain area of a country by economic means, and other countries are not allowed to interfere. It is a transitional form of colonial development.

☆ Comparison of two ways of invasion of China by capitalist countries: the large-scale invasion of China by foreign powers began in the Opium War and was divided into two ways: the export of goods in the stage of free capitalism and the export of capital in the stage of imperialism.

The essence of commodity export and capital export is the same, both for plundering China's wealth; The main differences between them are as follows: the export of goods is privileged mainly by signing unequal treaties, dumping industrial products, plundering raw materials, setting up factories at trading ports and exploiting the people of China; After the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the great powers not only continued to export commodities, but also set up industrial mines and built railways to export capital through slave loans. Capital export is more predatory. We know that the export of foreign capital to China, the division of "sphere of influence" and the seizure of leased land have further plunged China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which will inevitably lead to the further upsurge of China's democratic revolution.

The change of imperialist invasion of China is fundamentally determined by the development and change of world capitalism.

Capital export has a profound and extensive influence on the development of world capitalism: it is one of the important factors for the further expansion and development of capitalism before World War I ... Its influence on colonial and semi-colonial countries is twofold: on the one hand, it has aggravated the poverty and backwardness of these countries' economies and seriously hindered the development of local national industries; On the other hand, it objectively promoted the further disintegration of natural economy and accelerated the development of national capitalism in these countries.

☆ The connection and difference between Kang and Liang's reform thoughts and early reform thoughts.

Connection: ① Early reform thought is the basis of Kang and Liang's reform thought, that is, Kang and Liang's reform thought is the inheritance and development of early reform thought. Both advocate political reform: economically, they advocate revitalizing industry and commerce and developing capitalist economy; Politically, it advocates learning from the western political system and implementing a constitutional monarchy; Culturally, it advocates learning western ideology, culture and technology and running new schools. (3) They all represent the interests and demands of the national bourgeoisie and are patriotic and progressive.

Differences: ① The early reform ideas only put forward some reform ideas for specific problems, and did not form a complete theory. Kang and Xin's reform thoughts not only put forward specific reform plans, but also provided theoretical and historical basis for reform, which made the reform thoughts form a relatively complete theory. ② Early reform ideas were not put into practice; Kang and Liang combined Wei Xin's thought with saving the nation from extinction, and quickly developed into a political movement to save the nation from extinction.

☆ The slogan of the Boxer Rebellion "Help the Qing Dynasty to Destroy the Foreign Countries"

The slogan "Help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" reflected the change of the main contradiction in China society at that time, that is, the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation became the most important contradiction. However, this slogan was not put forward by the Boxer Rebellion on the basis of scientific analysis of the main social contradictions in China. Therefore, this slogan is the result of the intensification of ethnic contradictions and the product of most China people's understanding of the reactionary forces at home and abroad. This date inherited the simple understanding gradually formed by the masses in the anti-church struggle, and reflected that the vast number of small producers without a new economic foundation could not break through the ideological shackles of imperial power and could only stay in the ideological stage of defending the feudal country as an invaded whole. "National subjugation and extinction" touches on the theme of national salvation in the times, but falls behind in blind xenophobia; Although "Fu Qing" has the meaning of patriotism and national protection, it confuses the concepts of "China" and "Qing court", indicating that the Boxer Rebellion did not oppose the Qing government subjectively, nor did it express its opposition to the feudal system. The proposal of "helping the Qing dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" initially played a role in developing the ranks and expanding the momentum, and influenced the policies of the Qing government to a certain extent. However, this slogan also made the Boxer Rebellion relax its vigilance against the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty in the struggle, and failed to see through the tricks of the government, so that it was cheated later.

☆ How to understand the change of the Qing government's strategy towards the Boxer Rebellion?

The Boxer Rebellion experienced the process of rise, development, climax (resistance to Eight-Nation Alliance's aggression) and failure, and the Qing government's strategy towards the Boxer Rebellion also experienced the change from extermination to enlistment and then extermination. The deepening of imperialist aggression was reflected in China's increasingly semi-colonial rule, which made it more and more afraid to offend foreigners, and took increasingly severe repressive measures against the people's struggle against foreign aggression, forcing the people to resist the oppression of the Qing rulers while opposing aggression, thus shaking and attacking the Qing rule. For example, in the early days of the Boxer Rebellion, there were large-scale conflicts and struggles between the Boxer Rebellion in guanxian, Shandong Province, the Boxer Rebellion in Pingyuan County and the officers and men of the Qing army. In order to maintain the ruling order, the Qing rulers adopted the policy of destroying the Boxer Rebellion. With the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion, a large number of Boxers approached and entered the Beijing-Tianjin area, which directly endangered the rule of the Qing Dynasty. If we continue to confront the Boxer Rebellion, the rule of the Qing Dynasty, including Empress Dowager Cixi, will be immediately swallowed up by the wave of the Boxer Rebellion. In the telegram sent by the Qing government to the provincial governors, we said, "If we suppress it, it will be a direct disaster ... We can only use it to save Xu Tu." Therefore, the Qing government's strategy towards the Boxer Rebellion changed from "extermination" to "appeasement", recognizing the legitimacy of the Boxer Rebellion and trying to control and use the Boxer Rebellion. When Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Tianjin and approached Beijing, the Qing government openly changed its strategy of "wooing" and turned to "killing" the Boxer Rebellion. At this time, due to Eight-Nation Alliance's bloody suppression, the Boxer Rebellion suffered serious damage and no longer posed a threat to the Qing government, while Eight-Nation Alliance's powerful aggression directly endangered the Qing rule. In order to maintain the rule of the Qing dynasty and gain the "tolerance" and "understanding" of the invaders, the Qing government shamefully betrayed the Boxer Rebellion and threw itself into the arms of imperialism, becoming a tool for imperialism to rule China. To sum up, the Qing government's changes in the strategy of the Boxer Rebellion always revolved around one goal: safeguarding its own vital interests and ruling order.

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How, how "how, how" and other political questions.

Since 1996 first introduced the "how, how" test in the college entrance examination, there have been such questions in the college entrance examination every year since then, and the number of such questions is large and the score is high. (Especially in the last three years, the average score is around 25 points). The selection of this kind of questions highlights hot issues, and the questions highlight the ability test. Judging from the scores of various questions in the annual college entrance examination, students have a poor grasp of such questions and the scoring rate is generally low. Therefore, in the process of guiding students to review and prepare for the exam, we should guide students to pay attention to mastering the problem-solving skills of such questions.

Since the "how, how" test questions were set up in the political science college entrance examination, to sum up, this kind of test questions can be divided into two specific situations in solving problems. In the given materials, taking 38 questions of the college entrance examination in 2002 as examples, the "how, how" to be answered in a situation is summarized and refined:

Fan Zhongyan sighed in Yueyang Tower: Yu Baling is beautiful. In Dongting and a lake, there are distant mountains, vast soup, endless horizon, sunny and cloudy, and countless weather. Historically, Dongting Lake once occupied more than 6,000 square kilometers. But over the years, due to one-sided emphasis on food production, large-scale reclamation of Dongting Lake area, a large number of sediment deposition, Dongting Lake area has been shrinking. In recent years, the area has been gradually returning farmland to lakes, especially since 1998, the government has invested 7 billion yuan in comprehensive management, the area of Dongting Lake has been expanded by15, and the ecological environment of the lake area has been improved. In addition to traditional cultivation, aquaculture and processing industries have also developed, and the income of residents in the lake area has been significantly improved. (1) What changes have taken place in the economy of Dongting Lake area? (2) In the above changes, how does the government perform its economic management functions?

This question (1) requires that on the basis of familiarity with the reading materials, appropriate terminology should be used to find out what changes have taken place in the materials (emphasis: the agricultural management mode of the people in the lake area has changed significantly, that is, from a single management in the past to a diversified management now; The government will increase investment, improve the local economic development environment and coordinate economic growth with the ecological environment; Residents in the lake area have increased their income through diversification. (2) Q, asking the government how to perform its economic management functions is still summarized in the materials (emphasis: overall planning and policy adjustment; Direct investment and economic adjustment; Promote economic development and improve people's lives). The college entrance examination in 2003 also had 4 1 questions. There are many words on this topic, but they are all effective. To answer this question, we must use good materials according to the requirements: first, we must make clear the object of "how, how" according to the requirements of asking questions. This is the first step to be solved in answering questions; Second, we should carefully study the materials according to the given requirements, clarify the meaning of the materials, and clarify the thinking of answering questions; Third, we must refine and summarize the materials, neither copying the materials to answer questions, nor leaving the content required by the materials. Take the 38 titles of the college entrance examination in 2003 as an example:

From June 5th to February 5th, 2002, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Hu Jintao delivered an important speech during his inspection work in Xibaipo, asking the whole party to keep in mind the "two musts" put forward by the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee, that is, to continue to maintain the style of modesty and prudence, guard against arrogance and rashness, and continue to maintain the style of hard struggle. Clearly see the arduousness and complexity of the task we shoulder, enhance our sense of hardship, be prepared for danger in times of peace, and firmly establish the idea of serving the party and the people. Answer: (1) According to political common sense, analyze how to strengthen the party's work style construction at present. (2) Some people think that times have changed, and "hard work" is no longer the spirit that should be advocated in the contemporary era. How should we treat this view? The "how, how" that this kind of question requires to answer is not in the material, but should adopt divergent thinking and look for it outside the material according to the requirements of the question around the given knowledge range. For example, (1) requires students to focus on the construction of the party's work style and sum up the measures to strengthen the construction of the party's work style in political common sense (emphasis: the fundamental purpose of the party's work style construction is to adhere to the purpose of serving the people and keep close contact with the masses; Carry forward the party's fine style of work; Integrate theory with practice, keep close contact with the masses, and carry out criticism and self-criticism; Adhere to hard work, strengthen the building of a clean government, and oppose corruption. ). (2) Q, this is a question of discriminating nature. Follow the thinking of what and why, and answer your correct view around "what some people think" (emphasis: this view is incorrect. Now, although we have made great achievements and progress, our party and the people of the whole country should continue to adhere to the style of hard work; Advocating hard work is determined by China's national conditions; Hard work is one of the fine traditions of the Chinese nation, the spiritual realm of those with aspirations and the guarantee of career success. 200 1 college entrance examination also has 34, 35 and 38 questions, which also belong to this type of question. To answer this kind of question, we must first clearly ask the requirements of the question and explain the object to be answered. Second, study the given materials and find out what is the background of the problem reflected in the materials or charts; Third, according to the requirements of materials and questions, search the knowledge points involved in your mind as comprehensively as possible; Fourth, carry out language expression in an orderly way. Second, we should correspond to imitation training.

It is the key to ask students to master the problem-solving skills of "how, how" and do the corresponding imitation training. How to do imitation training?

First, provide students with examples of imitation. The best imitation example is the college entrance examination questions over the years. Therefore, the "How to" questions set in the college entrance examination in recent years can be printed and distributed to students according to two situations, so that students can carefully analyze the internal relationship between the selected materials and the key points of answering questions, further clarify the answering skills and master the key points of answering questions. Second, in the teaching process, consciously set "how, how" questions as classroom questions according to the textbook content. With a little thought, many small text materials in the textbook can be set as the first question type of "how, how", that is, to summarize and refine the questions to be answered in the materials. The classification and summary of knowledge in the review process is suitable for setting another question type "How, How", that is, summarizing the knowledge points answered outside the materials around the questions.

Third, special training, key breakthroughs. In the review process, it is necessary to select appropriate hot materials, set up "how" and other questions close to the requirements of the college entrance examination, and conduct regular training, with the aim of strengthening students' mastery of problem-solving skills.

Fourthly, in every simulation training before the college entrance examination, the required questions such as "How, How" should not be omitted from the simulation questions.

Through the above links, it should be said that students' ability to answer "how, how" questions will be greatly improved.

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Tips for preparing for political exams 1. Current politics is a panacea-economic theory;

Common meaning categories:

1. A macro goal: "the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way";

One essence: the essence of socialism-common prosperity.

Adhere to one policy: expanding domestic demand and economic growth.

Realize two fundamental changes: system change; The mode of economic growth has changed from extensive to intensive.

Adhere to two unifications: quality, speed and efficiency should be unified; Reform, development, stability and unity.

2. (Micro) Market players should pursue two goals: economic benefits and social benefits.

Common measures:

There is a main line: economic restructuring-the development of agriculture, rural areas, farmers, enterprises and regional economy needs to be carried out in structural adjustment.

4. Attach importance to a concept: a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept. Five overall goals: urban and rural planning, economic and social planning, regional planning, all-round development of man and nature, and overall planning at home and abroad.

5. Emphasize two means: market economy and macro-control means;

6. Grasping a key: emphasizing the priority development of science and technology, and the development of scientific and technological talents is the key.

7. Adhere to the direction of reform. Joint-stock system-the establishment and perfection of property right system.

8. Follow two laws: the basic economic law of human society-the law that production relations should adapt to productivity; The law of commodity economy and market economy-the law of value, we should understand the law of value, that is, market competition and survival of the fittest.

9. Improve three systems: improve the basic economic system; Distribution system, combining distribution according to work with distribution according to production factors; Social security system.

10, four objectives and four means of macro-control.

Political science section

1. Emphasize a fundamental starting point: upholding the interests of the people is the fundamental starting point.

2. The nature, three principles and four internal functions of China's national institutions,

3. The nature of the party (two vanguards, Theory of Three Represents); Status; Three functions; Three ways of leadership; Three aspects of construction: ① the construction of ruling ability; ② Thought, style and organizational construction; ③ Democratic centralism.

4. Commonly used in international relations: a fundamental starting point-safeguarding national interests. Two major themes-peace and development; The essence of international competition; Four Rights of Sovereign Countries and Five Basic Points of China s Foreign Policy;

5. Remember a policy on ethnic issues-regional ethnic autonomy and three principles; Four sentences about religious policy.

Second, the thinking inspiration of the backbone knowledge of teaching materials:

Economics:

1, grasp the meaning of "economy"-① Material production is the basis of human survival and development; ② The law of productive forces and relations of production is the most basic law of social development; ③ Production, distribution, exchange and consumption are the four links of economic activities; ④ The improvement of production (the development of productive forces, the influence of production relations on economic system and economic structure) and life, as well as the overall progress of economy and society, are common ideas for analyzing economic problems.

(such as; Question 2002-38: From the above materials, what changes have taken place in Dongting Lake economy?

① Important changes have taken place in the agricultural management mode of the people in Dongting Lake area, that is, from single management in the past to diversified management now; (2) The government should increase investment, improve the local economic development environment, and coordinate economic growth with the ecological environment; ③ The residents in the lake area have increased their income through diversification. )

2. Two factors of commodity-quality problem-market order-property right, morality and rule of law.

-How to improve economic efficiency?-Enhance competitiveness.

(Commonly used: market-oriented, pay attention to quality and efficiency, and adjust product structure; According to * science and technology, improve productivity, reduce costs and improve economic benefits)

3. Law of value = market regulation-competition-price mechanism-optimal allocation of resources.

(It can be applied to almost all economic problems)

4. Money supply-inflation, austerity-monetary policy-macro-control-currency stability-exchange rate stability-export tax rebate rate-economic development.

5. The main position of public ownership-realization form-shareholding system-property right system.

6. Non-public ownership status-distribution according to production factors-protection of legitimate private property-efficiency priority-market regulation-macro-control.

7. Is the market an effective form of resource allocation? -Defects-Government functions (both hands are indispensable)

8. Market subject-enterprise-competitiveness-science and technology, management-shareholding system and corporate governance structure-operator quality-corporate reputation image-fair competition.

9.GDP-overall economic and social progress

10, agriculture, countryside and farmers-status and significance-"two highs and one excellent", ecological security development path-policy, science and technology, investment, structural adjustment-industrialization, urbanization and marketization-coordinating urban and rural economic and social development.

1 1, the leading position and role of the industry? -New industrialization-Sustainable development

12, tertiary industry-employment-urbanization and modernization

13, Migrant Workers-Rights, Obligations-Labor Contract-Social Security-Equality

14, social security-the pillar of market economy-competition and unemployment-government function-financial function

15, Finance and Finance-Means of Government Regulating Economy-Objectives and Functions

16, finance and taxation-distribution relationship-macro-control-function

(Pay attention to understand a series of concepts in this part and their relationships: gross social product-national income-finance-taxation; The direction of accumulation-the direction of fiscal expenditure, etc. )

17, central bank-state functions-macro-control-functions and objectives

18. Commercial banks-enterprises-shareholding system reform-enhancing competitiveness

19, excessive savings-insufficient domestic demand-how to solve it-economic development, adjustment of income structure and product structure, broadening the concept of consumption, social security, consumption and investment. ...

20, the principle of market transactions-market subject, macro order-lack of integrity-how to do? -Government, enterprises and consumers

2 1. Opening to the outside world-inevitability-form "going out"-significance, foreign trade function-internal and external coordination-openness and independence-responding to anti-dumping after China's entry into WTO-national interests and economic security.

Philosophical part

1, the materiality of the world (Mars exploration and gene recombination, the experience and lessons of social development all illustrate this point)

2, the reaction of consciousness (space spirit, anti-SARS spirit, the decision of the party and the state, the ideas of agriculture, rural areas, farmers or regional economic development, etc.). )

3. Proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts are the requirements for correctly understanding and solving all problems.

4. Contact and development (Scientific Outlook on Development, five overall plans) ...)

5. Contradiction analysis is the fundamental method to correctly understand the problem (dichotomy, concrete analysis of specific problems, two-point theory and key theory).

6, distinguish: