Several common constants k in chemistry and their significance. The ionic product constant (Kw) is a form of chemical equilibrium constant, which is often used to ionize pure liquids and insoluble electrolytes. Kw = [H+] [OH-], at 25 degrees, kw =1x10-14. When the temperature rises, the ionization degree of water increases, and the k value ... will also increase.

The ionization constant (Ki) describes the ionization capacity of electrolyte at a certain temperature, and is recorded as Ki(i as the cornerstone) or Ka and Kb. If the ionization equation is HA== (reversible) H++A-, then Ki=[H+][A-]/[HA].

Stability constant (k) refers to the equilibrium constant of complex equilibrium. Usually refers to the cumulative stability constant of the complex, expressed by K stability.

AmBn is a solid compound with solubility product (Ksp), which is almost insoluble in water, but some An+ and Bm- still leave the solid surface and enter the solution, while the An+ and Bm- entering the solution will precipitate on the solid surface. When the rates of the two processes are the same, the precipitation of ions An+ and Bm- and the dissolution of solid AmBn in water reach an equilibrium state, and the amount of solid is no longer reduced, thus obtaining a saturated solution of AmBn. This equilibrium state is called precipitation-dissolution equilibrium. Its equilibrium constant is called solubility product.

Names of several commonly used instruments in chemistry. In order to let you know me better, I will briefly introduce these instruments and their uses.

Test tube:

Specification: Test tubes are divided into ordinary test tubes, supporting test tubes and centrifugal test tubes. The specifications of ordinary test tubes are expressed in terms of outside diameter (mm)× length (mm), such as 5× 150, 18× 180, 25×200, etc. Centrifugal test tubes are expressed in milliliters. Main uses: ordinary test tubes are used as reaction containers for a small amount of reagents, collecting a small amount of gas and assembling small gas generators. Precautions for use: Ordinary test tubes can be heated directly. When filling solution, it shall not exceed 1/2 of the test tube capacity, and when heating, it shall not exceed 1/3 of the test tube capacity. When heating, a test tube clamp must be used, which is clamped near the test tube mouth. When heating, the test tube is heated evenly first, and then heated at the bottom of the test tube, and the test tube keeps moving. At this time, the test tube should be tilted about 45. When heating, use a test tube clamp, and the test tube mouth should not face the person, and the nozzle should not face the direction of the person. Heat evenly to avoid boiling or bursting of the test tube. It cannot be quenched after heating to prevent cracking. Main uses: (1) for holding liquid or solid reagents. (2) heating a small amount of solid or liquid. (3) making a few gas reactors. (4) Collect a small amount of gas. (5) Dissolve a small amount of gas, liquid or solid solute.

(1) measuring instrument

thermometer

A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. There are many kinds, including digital thermometer and thermal thermometer. The temperature of glass liquid is often used in the laboratory.

Thermometers can be divided into standard thermometers and practical thermometers according to their purposes and measurement accuracy. The standard temperature juice has high accuracy and is mainly used to calibrate other thermometers. Practical thermometers refer to thermometers used for actual temperature measurement, mainly including experimental thermometers, industrial thermometers, meteorological thermometers and medical thermometers. Bar industrial temperature juice is often used in middle schools. The measuring range of alcohol thermometer is 100℃, and the measuring range of mercury thermometer is 200℃ and 360℃.

Precautions for use

(1) A thermometer suitable for the measuring range shall be selected. It is forbidden to use thermometers beyond the scope.

(2) When measuring the temperature of the liquid, the bubble of the thermometer should be completely immersed in the liquid, but should not touch the container wall. When measuring the steam temperature, the bubble should be higher than the liquid level, and when measuring the distillate temperature, the bubble should be slightly lower than the distillation bottle branch pipe.

(3) When reading, the line of sight should be flush with the highest point (mercury thermometer) or the lowest point (alcohol thermometer) of the meniscus of the liquid column.

(4) It is forbidden to stir with warm juice instead of glass rod. Wipe it clean after use, put it in a paper sleeve and store it away from heat sources.

table balance

Pallet balance is an instrument used to roughly weigh the mass of substances, and each balance is equipped with a box of weights.

There are two kinds of loads commonly used in middle school laboratories: 100g (sensitivity is 0. 1g) and 200g (sensitivity is 0.2g). Load, also called loading capacity, refers to the maximum weight that can be weighed. Sensitivity refers to the balance error (+/-). For example, a pallet scale with a sensitivity of 0. 1g means that its error is 0. 1g, so it cannot be used to weigh articles with a mass less than 0.1g.

Precautions for use

(1) Before weighing, place the balance stably, move the traveling code to the zero point of the balance, and check whether the balance swings. If the balance has been reached, when the indicator swings, the number of squares on the left and right sides of the scale indicated successively is almost equal. When the pointer is at rest, it should point to the center of the ruler. If the swing of the balance is unbalanced, you can adjust the left and right screws to balance the swing.

(2) The weighed object cannot be directly placed on the tray, but a piece of paper with the same size should be placed on two trays respectively, and then the reagent to be weighed should be weighed on the paper. Wet or corrosive reagents must be weighed in a glass container (such as a mirror, beaker or weighing bottle).

(3) Put the weight on the left board and the weight on the right board, and clamp the weight with tweezers. First, add the weight with high quality, then add the weight with low quality, and finally move the code until the index swings to a balance.

(4) After weighing, put the weights back into the weight box in turn. Move the roaming code back to zero.

(2) reaction instrument

1. test tube

The test tube is used as a reaction container for a small amount of reagents, and can also be used to collect a small amount of gas. According to the use, test tubes are usually divided into flat-mouth test tubes, upturned test tubes and supporting test tubes. Flat-mouth test tubes are suitable for general chemical reactions, and flip-top test tubes are suitable for adding rubber plugs. A test tube with branches can be used as a gas generator, a gas cylinder or a small amount of still.

Generally speaking, the size of a test tube is defined by the product of the outer diameter of the test tube and the length of the test tube, such as 10×l00mm, 12×l00mm, 15×l50mm, 18× 180mm and 20.

Precautions for use

(1) When using test tubes, the appropriate size test tubes should be selected according to different dosage. When using the test tube by hand, hold the upper edge of the test tube with thumb, food and middle finger. When swinging, keep your wrists and arms still.

(2) The heated liquid should not exceed the volume, and make an angle of 45 "with the desktop, and the nozzle should not be aimed at yourself or others. If you want to keep boiling, you can heat it near the liquid level.

(3) The powdered reagent should be sent to the bottom of the test tube with a paper slot. When containing granular solids, the test tube should be tilted so that the granular substances can slowly slide into the bottom of the tube along the wall of the test tube.

(4) Holding the test tube should be at a certain distance from the nozzle. When heating, the outside of the test tube should be dry, and the test tube cannot be heated by hand. Pay attention to avoid quenching and cracking after heating.

(5) When heating the solid reagent, the bottom of the test tube should be slightly higher than the nozzle. After completion, it should be fixed or placed on an asbestos net and allowed to cool naturally.

2. Beakers

When the amount of reactants is large, beakers are usually used as reaction containers. In addition, it is also used to prepare solutions, accelerate the dissolution of substances and promote the evaporation of solvents. There are many kinds and specifications of beakers, and low-type beakers are commonly used in middle schools. In order to add a certain amount of liquid in use, some beakers are printed with white volume marks on their outer walls. These beakers are called printed beakers and some are called graduated beakers. Its calibration is not very accurate, and the allowable error is generally 5%, so the word "approximate" is printed on the calibration table, which means "approximate volume", so it cannot be used as a measuring instrument. The specifications of beakers are differentiated by volume, and commonly used ones are 50mL, 100mL, 250mL and 500mL.

Precautions for use

(1) The solution in the beaker should not be too much, which is about the volume, but the solution should not exceed the volume when heated.

(2) The beaker can't be dry-burned, and it can only be heated for a long time when it is filled with liquid, but it must be padded with asbestos net.

(3) When holding a beaker, hold the outer wall and don't touch the inner wall with your fingers. Take out the beaker after heating and use the beaker clamp.

(4) When the solution in the beaker needs to be stirred with a glass rod, the glass rod should rotate evenly along the cup wall, and it is forbidden to hit the cup wall and bottom.

(5) Beakers should not be stored for a long time. Immediately after use, it should be cleaned, dried and stored upside down.

Step 3: flask

As a container, the flask has more reactants and longer heating time, and the liquid participates in the reaction. Its bottleneck is small in diameter, and it is often used to generate steam or as a gas generator with plugs and necessary accessories. Flasks are widely used, so there are many kinds. There are two kinds of flasks commonly used in middle schools: round bottom flasks and flat bottom flasks.

A round-bottomed flask is usually used as a reaction vessel under heating conditions. Flat-bottomed flask is used for unheated gas generator, and is also commonly used for assembling and washing bottles. Because the bottom plane of the flat-bottomed flask is small, the edge is angular, and the force is large, it is easy to burst when heated. Therefore, it is generally not used in reaction vessels under heating conditions.

The specifications of the flask are differentiated by volume, usually 150mL, 250mL and 500mL.

Precautions for use

(1) The bottom of the round bottom flask is uniform in thickness and has no edges, which can be used for long-term intense heating.

(2) When heating, the flask should be placed on an asbestos net and cannot be directly heated by flame.

(3) After the experiment, the heat source should be removed, and after standing and cooling, the waste liquid should be treated and washed.

4. Distillation flask

The distillation bottle belongs to the flask type, but the difference is that there is a slightly downward branch pipe at the bottleneck, which is specially used as a container for distilling liquid.

Distillation bottles can be divided into reduced pressure and normal pressure. Atmospheric distillation flasks are also divided into three types: the upper, middle and lower parts of the bottleneck. For liquids with higher boiling point, choose distillation bottles with lower boiling point and use distillation bottles with higher boiling point. The branch pipe is located at the bottleneck and is usually used to distill liquids with ordinary boiling point.

The specifications of distillation bottles vary according to the volume, generally 150mL and 250mL2.

Write it down

(1) When configuring accessories (such as thermometers, etc. ), should choose the appropriate rubber plug, and pay special attention to check whether the air tightness is good.

(2) When heating, put it on the asbestos net to make it evenly heated.

5. conical flask

Conical bottles are also called conical bottles or triangular bottles.

This conical bottle has a big bottom and a small mouth. After the solution is filled, the center of gravity is low, which is very convenient for hand-held oscillation, so it is often used as a titration container in volumetric analysis. Laboratories also use it to assemble gas generators or wash bottles.

The size of conical bottles is differentiated by volume, and commonly used ones are 150ml, 250ml, etc.

Precautions for use

(1) When oscillating, hold the bottleneck with your right thumb, forefinger and middle finger, gently hold the lower part of the bottleneck with your ring finger, relax your wrist, and use your palm to drive your fingers to do circular vibration.

(2) When the conical flask needs to oscillate, the solution contained in the flask shall not exceed the volume.

(4) If the liquid in the conical flask needs to be heated, it must be padded with asbestos net.

6. Bottle

A curved neck bottle is also called a curved neck bottle or a curved neck jar. It is a practical and simple musical instrument with a long history. Except for the only glass stopper with grinding mouth, the container is connected with the curved neck, and the lines are smooth and complete at one go. It is used as a reaction vessel or still.

The biggest advantage of curved neck bottle is its simple structure. Can be connected to a glass container through a receiver, or can be directly connected to an inclined flask, without rubber plugs or rubber pipes, and is corrosion-resistant. For example, when making nitric acid in the laboratory, you can first put solid sodium nitrate into the plug, then add an appropriate amount of concentrated sulfuric acid, plug the cork and heat it slightly. The distilled nitric acid vapor directly enters the receiver through the curved neck and condenses into liquid. So as to avoid air leakage accidents caused by nitric acid corrosion and aging of rubber products at the connecting pipeline.

The specifications of curved neck bottles vary according to their volumes, and commonly used ones are 125mL, 250mL and 500mL.

Precautions for use

(1) If it needs to be fixed on the iron frame, the cork should be at the top, and the iron clip should hold the curved neck near the container, so that the curved neck naturally forms an angle with the desktop.

(2) When heating, it must be padded with asbestos net.

(3) After the experiment, it must be fixed and allowed to stand. After it is cooled, the residue is poured out from the mouth of the curved neck, and then water is added from the mouth of the cork, washed and placed repeatedly.

7. Chimney

Funnel is a cylindrical object used to inject liquid and fine powder into a container with a small inlet. The smaller tubular portion at the funnel mouth may have different lengths. Funnels are usually made of stainless steel or plastic, but paper funnels are sometimes used for substances that are difficult to clean thoroughly, such as engine oil. Some funnels are equipped with controllable valves at the mouth, and users can control the inflow speed of fluid. Sometimes filter paper is used to filter out chemicals, such as crystals.

I hope this helps.

The meaning of several common dog actions (1), joy: Dogs keep jumping, bending their bodies, swinging from side to side with their front legs or tails, and twisting their ears backwards. Large dogs may also lift their front legs and lick their owners' faces. Some dogs will show excessive joy and emotional incontinence, which mostly happens to puppies and gradually disappears with age. The barking of a dog when it is happy is a lively "barking" sound.

⑵. Cheerfulness: When the dog is happy, excited and shows a good impression on people, its performance is more stable than when it is happy. It just wags its tail slowly, making a slight purr in its throat, and sometimes licking its owner's hands and face.

(3) Entanglement: When a dog is spoiled, it will make a "hehe" sound with its nose. When you ask your master for forgiveness and coquetry, you will hang down your tail. And when it wants something, or urges its owner to play with it, it will gently shake its tail and stop hanging down.

(4) Anger: When the dog is angry, his whole body is stiff, his limbs are stretched, his hair stands upright, and at the same time, he rolls up his lips, exposes his teeth and makes a threatening "cry" sound to intimidate the other party. The tail will also shake slightly and the ears will stand upright towards each other.

5. Sadness: When a dog is sad, it will make a "goo goo, ho ho" cry, indicating that it wants to be close to its owner to "tell" its sadness, pain and misfortune. At this time, the dog will also hang its tail, rub its owner's body and make a gesture of asking for help.

[6] Alert: When a dog is alert, his ears will stand up and he will bark without letting go of any sound. When the foreign enemy approaches, it will make a continuous "woof-woof" cry.

(7) Terror: When a dog is frightened, it will hang down its tail in different degrees because of the degree of fright. When the tail is completely rolled between the legs, it shows extreme terror, with ears twisted back and sleeping, and the whole body is tight.

Loneliness: when a dog is lonely, his whole body is flabby and weak, like yawning, making a "ahhh" sound.

Several common meanings of the road in poetry 1, the road in ordinary real life.

2. The course of life, such as "Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead".

3, the way.

There are several common substances in middle school chemistry. Common substances can be classified and easily mastered.

1, simple substance: nonmetal O2H2N2Cl2Br2CPSI, metal simple substance NaMgAlZnFeCuKCa, etc.

2. Oxides of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, Nono, nitrous oxide, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and ferric oxide.

3、NH3CH4C2H4C2H2C6H6

4. Acidic HCl HCl HClHNO3H2SO4CH3COOH

5. Alkaline NaOH Ba (OH) 2ca (OH) 2NH3 H2O

6. Sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, copper sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, etc.

7. Organic matters, such as ch3ch2brch3h H2O hch3hoch3cooch2ch3, etc.

Definitions and expressions of several constants in chemistry: if there is equilibrium, there will be equilibrium constant K. Chemical equilibrium constant K, ionization equilibrium constant K (ionic product Kw of water), hydrolysis equilibrium constant K, precipitation and dissolution equilibrium constant Ksp, etc. Equal to the product of the power of the concentration coefficient of the product and the power of the concentration coefficient of the reactant. [kw = c (h+)。 c (oh-)] ma+nb = PC+qdk = [cm (a)。 (b)]/CP (c)。 CQ (d), where m, n, p and q refer to concentrated power.

Simple materials and its compounds sulfur, iron, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, magnesium, aluminum and phosphorus, which are common in middle school chemistry.

Calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide, copper sulfate, iron oxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, aluminum trioxide.

What are the common meanings of "road" in poetry and prose? Road has many meanings, and there are five common ones in poetry:

1。 Road:

"Poetry Zheng Feng follows the road": "Follow his road."

Another example: Tao Qian's "Peach Blossom Spring": "I am lost, there is no way anymore."

2。 Regional name;

For example, the poet Xin Qiji's "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou": "The road in Yangzhou is on fire."

3。 It's "big"

For example, Sheng Min in the Book of Songs: "Silence carries the Tao."

4。 journey

"Forget the distance."

5。 Ways and means of doing things:

Several common chemical formulas and names of acids and alkali salts, and common chemical equation acids: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4,

Alkali: KOH, NaOH, B(OH)2,

Salt: sodium chloride, silver chloride, barium sulfate,

Chemical formula of 1 acid

Hydrochloric acid and nitric acid

H2S bisulfate, sulfite sulfate, bisulfate, bicarbonate,

Phosphate phosphate

Acetic acid (acetic acid) CH3COOH

2 chemical formula of alkali

Potassium hydroxide KOH, sodium hydroxide NaOH, ammonia NH3 H2O

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2, barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2, copper hydroxide Cu(OH)2↓, magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2↓, ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH)2↓

Iron hydroxide Fe(OH)3↓, aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3↓

3 chemical formula of salt

Agcl AgCl↓ KCl KCl NaCl NaCl

Copper chloride CuCl2, magnesium chloride MgCl2, calcium chloride CaCl2, zinc chloride ZnCl2, barium chloride BacCl2 and ferrous chloride FeCl2.

Ferric chloride FeCl3, aluminum chloride AlCl3, cobalt chloride CoCl3.

Sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium sulfate

BaSO4↓, CuSO4, ZnSO4, CaSO4, MgSO4 and FeSO4.

Ferrous ferric sulfate

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3, potassium carbonate K2CO3, ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3

Calcium carbonate CaCO3↓ magnesium carbonate MgCO3 ↓ barium carbonate BaCO3↓ copper carbonate CuCO3↓ zinc carbonate ZnCO3↓ ferrous carbonate FeCO3.

Iron carbonate Fe2(CO3)3, aluminum carbonate Al2(CO3)3.

Sodium nitrate, silver nitrate, potassium nitrate.

Copper nitrate Cu(NO3)2, magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2, calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2, zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2 and barium nitrate Ba(NO3)2.

Iron nitrate Fe(NO3)3, aluminum nitrate Al(NO3)3

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl, ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3 and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4.

Sodium sulfide Na2S, cuprous sulfide Cu2S, potassium iodide KI, zinc bromide ZnBr,

Potassium chlorate KClO3, potassium permanganate KMnO4, potassium permanganate K2MnO4,

Methane (natural gas) CH4, ethanol (alcohol) C2H5OH

Copper rust Cu2(OH)2CO3 and rust Fe2O3.nH2O

Equation 4

combination reaction

1. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2 ignites 2MgO.

2. Iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2 ignites Fe3O4.

3. Aluminum burns in air: 4Al+3O2 ignites 2Al2O3.

4. Hydrogen burns in air: 2H2+O2 ignites 2H2O.

5. Red phosphorus burns in air: 4P+5O2 ignites 2P2O5.

6. Sulfur powder burns in air: S+O2 ignites SO2.

7. Complete combustion of carbon in oxygen: C+O2 ignites CO2.

8. Incomplete combustion of carbon in oxygen: 2C+O2 ignites 2CO.

9. Carbon dioxide passes through the hot carbon layer: C+CO2, high temperature 2CO.

10. Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen: 2CO+O2 ignites 2CO2.

1 1. Reaction of carbon dioxide with water (carbon dioxide is introduced into litmus purpurea test solution): CO2+H2O = = H2CO3.

12, quicklime dissolved in water: CaO+H2O===Ca(OH)2.

13, anhydrous copper sulfate as desiccant: CuSO4+5H2O = = = CuSO4? 5H2O

14. Sodium burns in chlorine: 2Na+Cl2 ignites 2NaCl.

decomposition reaction

15, making oxygen with hydrogen peroxide in the laboratory: 2H2O2MnO22H2O+O2↑ =

16, heating potassium permanganate: 2KMnO4 heating k2mno4+MnO2+O2 =

17, water decomposition under the action of direct current: 2H2O charged 2H2 =+O2 =

18, unstable decomposition of carbonic acid: H2CO3 = = = H2O+CO2 =

19. Calcined limestone at high temperature (industrial preparation method of carbon dioxide): CaCO3, high temperature CaO+CO2↑ =

displacement reaction

20. The reaction between iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4==FeSO4+Cu.

2 1, reaction of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid (hydrogen production in laboratory): Zn+H2SO4 = = ZnSO4+H2 =

22. the reaction of magnesium with dilute hydrochloric acid: mg+2hcl = = MgCl2+H2 =

23. Reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+ copper oxide heats copper +H2O.

24. Reduction of copper oxide with charcoal: 2Cu, high temperature 2Cu+CO2↑ =

25. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.

26. Water vapor passes through the hot carbon layer: H2+CO+C, and H2+CO at high temperature.

27. Reduction of iron oxide by coke: 3C+2Fe2O3, high temperature 4Fe+3CO2↑ =

other

28. The reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and copper sulfate solution: 2NaOH+CuSO4==Cu(OH)2↓+Na2SO4.

29. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.

30. Alcohol burns in the air: C2H5OH+3O2 ignites 2CO2+3H2O.

3 1. Reduction of copper oxide by carbon monoxide: CO+CuO heats Cu+CO2.

32. Carbon monoxide reduces iron oxide at high temperature: 3CO+Fe2O3, 2Fe+3CO2.

33. Clarify carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by limewater: Ca (OH) 2+CO2 = = = CaCO3 ↓+H2O+H2O.

34, sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide reaction (carbon dioxide removal): 2 NaOH+CO2 = = = Na2CO3+H2O.

35. The reaction between limestone (or marble) and dilute hydrochloric acid (carbon dioxide is prepared in the laboratory): CaCO3+2hcl = = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =

36. The reaction of sodium carbonate with concentrated hydrochloric acid (foam extinguisher's principle): Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =

Special topics on chemical reaction equations in junior middle schools (2)

I. Reaction of substances with oxygen:

(1) the reaction of simple substance with oxygen;

1. Magnesium burns in air: 2Mg+O2 ignites 2MgO.

2. Iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2 ignites Fe3O4.

3. Copper heating in air: 2Cu+O2 heating 2CuO.

4. Aluminum burns in air: 4Al+3O2 ignites 2Al2O3.

5. Combustion in hydrogen and air: 2H2+O2 ignites 2H2O.

6. Red phosphorus burns in air: 4P+5O2 ignites 2P2O5.

7. Sulfur powder burns in air: S+O2 ignites SO2.

8. Complete combustion of carbon in oxygen: C+O2 ignites CO2.

9. Incomplete combustion of carbon in oxygen: 2C+O2 ignites 2CO.

(2) the reaction of compounds with oxygen:

10. Carbon monoxide burns in oxygen: 2CO+O2 ignites 2CO2.

1 1. Methane burns in air: CH4+2O2 ignites CO2+2H2O.

12. Alcohol burns in air: C2H5OH+3O2 ignites 2CO2+3H2O.

2. Several decomposition reactions:

13. Decomposition of water under direct current: 2H2O charged 2H2 =+O2 =

14. heating basic copper carbonate: Cu2(OH)2CO3 heating 2cuo+H2O+CO2 =

15. heating potassium chlorate (containing a small amount of manganese dioxide): 2kClO3 = = = 2kCl+3o2 =

16. heating potassium permanganate: 2KMnO4 heating k2mno4+MnO2+O2 =

17. Carbonic acid is unstable and decomposed: H2CO3 = = = H2O+CO2 =

18. high temperature calcined limestone: CaCO3, high temperature CaO+CO2↑ =

Three. Several redox reactions:

19. Reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+ copper oxide heats copper +H2O.

20. Reduction of copper oxide with charcoal: 2Cu, high temperature 2Cu+CO2↑ =

2 1. Iron oxide reduction by coke: 3C+2Fe2O3, high temperature 4Fe+3CO2↑ =

22. Reducing Fe3O4 with coke at high temperature: 2c+Fe3O4, 3Fe+2 CO2 =

23. Reduction of copper oxide by carbon monoxide: CO+CuO heats Cu+CO2.

24. Reduction of iron oxide by carbon monoxide: 3CO+Fe2O3, high temperature, 2Fe+3CO2.

25. Reduction of ferroferric oxide with carbon monoxide: 4CO+Fe3O4, high temperature 3Fe+4CO2.

4. Relationship among simple substance, oxide, acid, alkali and salt

(1) elemental metal+acid salt+hydrogen (displacement reaction)

26. Write zinc and dilute sulfuric acid Zn+H2SO4 = ZnSO4+H2.

27. Write iron and dilute sulfuric acid Fe+H2SO4 = FeSO4+H2.

28. magnesium and dilute sulfuric acid mg+H2SO4 = mgso4+H2 write

29. Aluminum and dilute sulfuric acid 2al+3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3+3H2 Write

30. Zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid Zn+2HCl = = ZnCl2+H2 =

3 1. Iron and dilute hydrochloric acid Fe+2 HCl = = FeCl 2+H2 =

32. Magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid Mg+2HCl = = MgCl2+H2 =

33. Aluminum and dilute hydrochloric acid 2Al+6HCl = = 2AlCl3+3H2 Write

(2) Simple metal+salt (solution)-another metal+another salt

34. The reaction between iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4 = = FeSO4+Cu.

35. The reaction between zinc and copper sulfate solution: Zn+CuSO4 = = ZnSO4+Cu.

36. The reaction between copper and mercury nitrate solution: Cu+Hg (NO3) 2 = = Cu (NO3) 2+Hg.

(3) Alkaline oxide+acid salt+water

37. Reaction of iron oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe2O3+6HCl = = 2FeCl3+3H2O.

38. Reaction of iron oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: Fe2O3+3H2SO4 = = Fe2 (SO4) 3+3H2O.

39. The reaction of copper oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: CuO+2 HCl = = = CuCl2+H2O.

40. The reaction between copper oxide and dilute sulfuric acid: CuO+H2SO4 = = = CuSO4+H2O.

4 1. The reaction of magnesium oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: MgO+H2SO4 = = = MgSO4+H2O.

42. The reaction of calcium oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: Cao+2 HCl = = = CaCl2+H2O.

(4) acidic oxide+alkaline salt+water

43. Caustic sodium will deteriorate when exposed to air: 2NaOH+CO2====Na2CO3+H2O.

44. Caustic sodium absorbs sulfur dioxide gas: 2 NaOH+SO2 = = = Na2SO3+H2O.

45. Caustic sodium absorbs sulfur trioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO3====Na2SO4+H2O.

46. The slaked lime deteriorates in the air: Ca (OH) 2+CO2 = = = CaCO3 ↓+H2O+H2O.

47. The slaked lime absorbs sulfur dioxide: ca (oh) 2+SO2 = = = caso3 ↓+H2O+H2O.

(5) acid+alkali-salt+water

48. Reaction of hydrochloric acid with caustic soda: HCl+NaOH = = = NaCl+H2O.

49. Reaction of hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide: HCl+KOH = = = KCl+H2O.

50. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and copper hydroxide: 2HCl+Cu (OH) 2 = = CuCl2+2H2O.

5 1. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide: 2hcl+Ca (OH) 2 = = CaCl2+2h2o.

52. The reaction between hydrochloric acid and iron hydroxide: 3HCl+Fe (OH) 3 = = = FeCl 3+3H2O.

53. Aluminum hydroxide for the treatment of hyperacidity: 3HCl+Al (OH) 3 = = = AlCl3+3H2O.

54. Reaction between sulfuric acid and caustic soda: H2SO4+2NaOH = = = Na2SO4+2H2O.

55. The reaction of sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide: H2SO4+2koh = = = K2SO4+2h2o.

56. The reaction between sulfuric acid and copper hydroxide: H2SO4+Cu (OH) 2 = = CuSO4+2H2O.

57. The reaction between sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide: 3H2SO4+2Fe (OH) 3 = = Fe2 (SO4) 3+6H2O.

58. The reaction between nitric acid and caustic soda: HNO3+NaOH = = = nano3+H2O.

(6) acid+salt-another acid+another salt

59. marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: CaCO3+2hcl = = CaCl2+H2O+CO2 =

60. Reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl = = 2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =

6 1. Reaction of magnesium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid: MgCO3+2HCl = = MgCl2+H2O+CO2 =

62. Reaction between hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate solution: HCl+AgNO3===AgCl↓+HNO3.

63. The reaction of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate: Na2CO3+H2SO4 = = Na2SO4+H2O+CO2 =

64. The reaction between sulfuric acid and barium chloride solution: H2SO4+bacl2 = = = baso4 ↓+2hcl.

(7) alkali+salt-another alkali+another salt

65. Sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate: 2 NaOH+CuSO4 = = Cu (OH) 2 ↓+Na2SO4.

66. Sodium hydroxide and ferric chloride: 3 NaOH+FeCl 3 = = Fe (OH) 3 ↓+3 NaCl.

67. Sodium hydroxide and magnesium chloride: 2 NaOH+MgCl2 = = mg (OH) 2 ↓+2 NaCl.

68. Sodium hydroxide and copper chloride: 2 NaOH+CuCl2 = = Cu (OH) 2 ↓+2 NaCl.

69. Calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate: Ca (OH) 2+Na2CO3 = = CaCO3 ↓+2NaOH.

(8) salt+salt-two new salts

70. Sodium chloride solution and silver nitrate solution: NaCl+AgNO3 = = = AgCl ↓+Nano3.

7 1. sodium sulfate and barium chloride: Na2SO4+bacl2 = = = baso4 ↓+2 NaCl.

Verb (short for verb) Other reactions:

72. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water: CO2+H2O===H2CO3.

73. Quicklime is soluble in water: CaO+H2O===Ca(OH)2.

74. Sodium oxide is soluble in water: Na2O+H2O = = = 2 NaOH.

75. Sulfur trioxide is soluble in water: SO3+H2O = = = H2SO4.

76. Copper sulfate crystal is decomposed by heat: CuSO4? Heating CuSO4+5H2O

77. Anhydrous copper sulfate as desiccant: CuSO4+5H2O = = = CuSO4? 5H2O