Map of peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty
In 623 BC, the Tang Dynasty pacified all heroes and unified the Central Plains.
In 626 AD, Li Shimin launched the "Xuanwumen Rebellion", killing Prince Li and Li Yuanji, the king of Qi, and Emperor Li Yuan abdicated, which was known as the Emperor's Father. Li Shimin succeeded to the throne and changed his chastity. In 628 AD (the second year of Zhenguan), there were only 2.9 million households in the Tang Dynasty. Li Shimin often took the demise of the Sui Dynasty as a warning and tried to govern the country. Politically, he let bygones be bygones, learned to be kind, listened to advice, and was governed by rectification officials. Economically, generosity is frugal and prudent. Militarily, Li Shimin used foreign troops many times, and successively pacified Turkic, Biyantuo, Uighur, Gaochang, Yanqi, Qiuci and Tuguhun. Because the voice of the Tang Dynasty spread far and wide, all directions served him. By 652 AD (the third year of Yonghui in Tang Gaozong), the population had reached 3.8 million, which laid the foundation for the prosperous Tang Dynasty during the years of Tang Gaozong, Wu Zetian and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and was known as the rule of Zhenguan in history.
Zhenguan map of Tang dynasty
Tang Gaozong period (2 1, 628-65438, February 27th, 683). After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he made great achievements and attached great importance to solving the farmers' problems. Because of his diligence in political affairs, "the people got a chaste legacy". The territory of the Tang Dynasty was the largest during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, starting from the Korean Peninsula in the east, bordering the Aral Sea (Caspian Sea) in the west, reaching Lake Baikal in the north and Mount Heng in Vietnam in the south, which lasted for 32 years. Li Zhi reigned for 34 years and died in the first year of Hongdao (683). At the age of 55, he was buried in Ganling, and the temple was named Emperor Gaozong, posthumous title.
The territory of the Tang Dynasty in Tang Gaozong period
The largest area in the Tang Dynasty
During the period of Wu Zetian (AD 624-AD 705), Wu Zetian, named Wu Zhao, was the only well-known female emperor in the history of China. Also invented the word Zhao. The abolition of the Tang Dynasty and the change of the state to the Zhou Dynasty inherited the rule of Zhenguan and opened the prosperity of Kaiyuan. In the first month of the first year of Shenlong (705), Wu Zetian was seriously ill in bed, and only his minions Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong served him. Prime ministers Zhang Jianzhi and Cui Xuanyong, together with ministers Jing Hui, Huan and Yuan, made friends with the imperial army, commanded Li Duozuo, pretended to rebel with his brothers, and then launched a mutiny, led more than 500 imperial soldiers into the palace, killed two brothers, and immediately surrounded Wu Zetian's bedroom, demanding Wu Shi's abdication, which is called "Dragon Revolution" in history. Wu Shi was forced to give up the throne and Prince Li Xian for Tang Zhongzong. The honorific title of Emperor Zhongzong was "Emperor Zetian", and the Wu and Zhou Dynasties ended and the Tang Dynasty resumed. Officials, flags, costumes and characters were all restored to the old system, and God was restored to the East Capital.
Tang Zhongzong period (reigned twice from 683 to 684 and reigned from 705 to 7 10). During Li Xian's reign, he restored the old system of the Tang Dynasty, exempted taxes, set up ten prisons, set up bachelor's schools, developed economic and cultural exchanges with Tubo, and implemented a pro-marriage policy, marrying Princess Jincheng to Kridê Zukzain, the three treasures of Tubo, thus ensuring the stability of the frontier. During his reign, he made Webster queen, Wei Hou's father king, and let Wei Hou participate in political affairs. Make friends with Wu and marry his daughter Princess Anle to Wu Chongxun, the son of Wu Sansi. The name of the bowl is Zhao Rong. Teach her to be in charge of life, be responsible for drafting the imperial edict, and have the power of life and death. His sons Li Zhongjun, Li Duozuo, Li Chengkuang, Du Gu and others launched a mutiny in July of the third year of Shenlong (707), killing Wu Sansi and his son, and then attacking Miyagi, with the intention of killing Wei Ruyun and others, but they were blocked from Xuanwu Gate and failed because of foot soldiers' defection. He fled to Zhong Nanshan and was killed by his men on the way. During the reign of Emperor Zong Rui, he chased Prince Qiaojie.
Tang Ruizong Li Dan (662 -7 16) ascended the throne twice before and after, and reigned for more than eight years, but he really took power for only two years, which was called the four years of Emperor Tai Shang. In 684, Hei Shengyuan became emperor, but he was only the puppet of his mother Wu Zetian. After the establishment of Wu Zhou, he was reduced to heir, later renamed Xiang Wang, and participated in the Dragon Coup. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), after the political changes in Tang Long, he was re-elected as emperor. He cherished his sister Princess Taiping, which led her to get involved in politics and compete with Prince Li Longji for power. In the first year of congenital (7 12), Zen was located in Li Longji, and he abdicated as the Emperor's Father.
The territory of Tang Zhongzong and Tang Ruizong.
Tang Shaodi (Emperor Shang Tang) Li Zhongmao. In May of 7 10, Zhongzong died suddenly, and the one who was only 16 years old acceded to the throne immediately after Wei, and was renamed, and was proclaimed by Queen Wei. Less than a month after Li Zhongmao ascended the throne, Li Longji, King of Linzi, and Princess Taiping jointly launched the "Tang Long Political Revolution", killing political women headed by Wei Ruyun, Princess Anle and Shangguan Waner.
Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty: Li Longji (reigned 7 12-756) was the longest-serving emperor in the Tang Dynasty. In June of the first year of Tang Dynasty (7 10), Li Longji and Princess Taiping jointly launched the "Tang Long Political Revolution" to assassinate Wei Hou. In the first year of his birth (7 12), Li Dan Zen was located in Li Longji. After that, he was granted the death of Princess Taiping and gained the supreme sovereignty of the country. Pay attention to set things right in the early stage, and employ sages such as Yao Chong and Song Jing to make great efforts to govern. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty from Kaiyuan to Tianbao, there were ten sections, and eight sections were formed in the north, namely Pinglu, Fanyang, Hedong, Shuofang, Longyou, Hexi, Anxi and Yixi in the north. Together with Jiannan and Lingnan, there is a total of 10 town, which has become a fixed military region. Our envoys, who combine military, political and financial affairs, are often in charge of two or three towns by one person, reaching as many as four towns. They are more authoritative than the governors of Wei and Jin Dynasties and are called Jie Zhen. His Kaiyuan heyday was the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. In the later period of his reign, he cherished Yang Guifei, neglected state affairs, favored Li, Yang and other treacherous officials, made mistakes in decision-making, and reused An Lushan and other ethnic groups beyond the Great Wall in an attempt to stabilize the frontier of the Tang Dynasty, which led to the eight-year Anshi Rebellion. It laid the groundwork for the decline of the Tang Dynasty. In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), Prince Hengli ascended the throne, honoring him as the emperor's father.
An Shi Rebellion: On the ninth day of November in the 14th year of Tang Tianbao (65438+16,755), An Lushan, who was also the envoy of Fan Yang, Pinglu and Hedong, took advantage of the emptiness and corruption of the Tang Dynasty to unite with Luo, Qi, Shi Wei, Turkic and other ethnic groups to form a total of15,000 soldiers. At that time, the Tang Dynasty had a long history and the people didn't know how to fight. Counties in Hebei immediately collapsed, and local county magistrates fled or surrendered.
In the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), the rebels occupied Chang 'an, and the Tang general Ge Zhen guarded Tongguan. Although he has nearly 200,000 troops, it is a temporary assembly and lacks combat effectiveness. But Xuanzong and Yang didn't trust Ge Shuhan and sent eunuchs to force him to send troops. As a result, Ge Zailing was defeated by An, and the whole army was wiped out. Ge Hanshu also became a prisoner. In June of the same year, the insurgents invaded and occupied Chang 'an, Tang Dou. Enter the peak of Anshi Rebellion.
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled before the fall of Chang 'an. To Maweipo (Xingpingxi, Shaanxi), the accompanying soldiers mutinied, killed Yang, and forced Xuanzong to hang Yang Guifei. Tang Xuanzong finally fled to Chengdu. Prince Hengli fled to Shuofang, where he was in Lingwu, namely Su Zong. Since then, the Tang dynasty has been unable to get rid of the separatist situation in various regions.
Early territory map of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty
An Shi Rebellion in 755-763 A.D.
Tang Suzong period: After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, he fled to Chengdu with Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, passing through Mayi Post Station. The sergeant mutinied, killed Yang, and forced Xuanzong to die for Yang Guifei. Ma Wei people prevented Xuanzong from staying, but Xuanzong refused, and Hengli stayed. In the same year, on July 12th of the lunar calendar, Hengli ascended the throne in Lingwu, known as Su Zong in history, and respected Xuanzong as the emperor's father. . In June of the second year of Zhide (AD 757) and June+October of 65438, the capital Chang 'an and the eastern capital Luoyang were recovered. Tang Suzong once agreed with the Uighur soldiers: "On the day of the city, the land and scholars will return to the Tang Dynasty, and the gold silk and children will return to Uighur." Luoyang suffered great damage.
In September of the first year of Gan Yuan (AD 758), Tang Suzong ordered Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi of Hedong to lead an army of 600,000 to besiege Xiangzhou and crusade against An Qingxu. Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi have the greatest exploits and the highest prestige among the soldiers who participated in the war for nine times. Su Zong didn't want to hand over the military power to them, so he didn't set up a commander-in-chief, but only appointed eunuch Yu Chaoen as the "commander-in-chief" to command the army and command the overall situation. Because his main energy was counterinsurgency, he could not limit the expansion of the harem and eunuch forces, but left a hidden danger for the reconstruction after the Anshi Rebellion, which was the personal misfortune of Su Zong and the sorrow of the Tang Empire. Since then, the Tang Dynasty has entered the stubborn disease of eunuch dictatorship.
Tang Daizong Li Yu: During his reign, he reformed grain transportation, salt price and grain price, and implemented a fiscal policy of stabilizing society, developing production and giving priority to raising the people. Tang Daizong lives in a historical era in which prosperity turns to decline. At that time, the Tang Dynasty experienced three major turning points, one was from unification and centralization to separatism, the other was from easing to intensification of class contradictions, and the third was the active attack of the Tang Empire on neighboring nationalities to passive attack.
Tang Dezong Shili: In the early days of his reign, Qiang Ming took up his post, insisted on appointing civil and military officials, and prohibited eunuchs from interfering in politics, which was quite a resurgence. Respect for the father, add Qiu and secretary-general, and dismiss him as deputy marshal, so that his department can divide Li Huaiguang, Chang Ganguang and Hunhun into our time. In the later period of his reign, miscellaneous taxes such as shelves and tea were levied all over the country, and public grievances were rising day by day. Frequent personnel changes above the imperial court, especially frequent replacement of prime ministers, show incomplete trust in senior officials. Shi Li changed from toughness to appeasement after suffering the defeat of the separatist regime, especially after "the difficulty of serving heaven" Shi Li gradually changed his attitude towards eunuchs and began to use eunuchs in the process of fleeing and taking refuge in the "Change of Shi Jing". Believing in Qilu not only made loyal officials such as Yan Zhenqing suffer greatly, but also aggravated the turmoil in the middle of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Until Zhenyuan period, Pei Yanling, who was prized as a traitor and in charge of finance. Pei Yanling is treacherous and deceives the monarch. In order to cater to Shi Li's greed, he ignored the poverty of the people and accumulated wealth.
Tang Shunzong Li Yong: In 805, Tang Dezong died, and Prince Li Yong succeeded Tang Shunzong. I have only been in office for eight months. In August of the same year, the Zen position was ceded to Prince Chun Li, claiming to be the Emperor's Father. Li Yong died the following year. ：
Tang Xianzong's Spring Calendar: After he acceded to the throne, he worked hard to govern the country, reuse the sages and get rid of the drawbacks. When Chun Li was in power, he was diligent in political affairs and made great efforts to govern. He made great achievements in reducing the number of governors in the Yuan Dynasty and revived the prestige of the central government, which was called "Yuan Dynasty and Renaissance" in history. The achievements of the Spring Calendar are mainly in two aspects: one is the political reform, and the other is the temporary pacification of some buffer regions. After the vassal regime, the power in the vassal areas was temporarily weakened. Reuse eunuchs in the later period; Believing in immortality, being good at becoming a Buddha, wanting to seek the elixir of life, taking the elixir, violently taking it, and killing eunuchs around him. He was finally killed by eunuch Chen Hongzhi.
Xianzong began to use eunuchs to supervise the army when he was fighting against the buffer region. In the Soviet dynasty, only eunuchs were in charge of the imperial army, but they were not allowed to go to war. Xian zong gave a bad example. From the history behind xian zong. Xianzong period was the best time to solve the eunuch problem in Tang Dynasty. The emperor behind him was either powerless (literate Sect and Xuanzong), or powerful and careless (Wuzong), or indifferent (Mu Zong and Jing Zong). Finally, until the eunuch and the Tang Dynasty mutually assured destruction.
Tang Muzong Hengli: After I succeeded to the throne, I like banquets. I don't care about state affairs. Loyal officials are incompetent, alienate loyal officials, weaken military strength and have no legal system. Adding two taxes and tea will increase the burden on the people. In North Korea, the inner-party struggle was fierce, and mutinies occurred in Youzhou, Xiangzhou and other places one after another. Zhu Kerong and Wang Ting conspired to subvert, Wei and North. Heshuo fell again, the separatist regime in the buffer region intensified, and the government was exhausted. In the first year of Changqing (82 1), he made peace with Tubo and set up the monument of Meng Hui in Changqing. The following year, I got sick from hitting the ball and ignored the state affairs. Eunuch Wang Shoucheng colluded with Prime Minister Li to monopolize the state affairs, and the ruling and opposition parties were evenly matched, and politics became increasingly corrupt. Died after taking the elixir of life.
Buffer system
Party struggle between Niu and Li
Tang Jingzong Li Zhan: He was in office for two years, and was murdered by a eunuch when he was 18 years old. After he ascended the throne, he was extravagant and dissolute. I am addicted to polo and like to catch foxes in the palace in the middle of the night. Eunuch Wang Shoucheng dominated the state affairs, colluded with the powerful minister Li, rejected dissidents and corrupted the law and order. Events that led to sudden riots and invasion of the court by government craftsmen. After being killed by eunuch Liu Keming and others.
Li Ang and Tang Wenzong: During the reign of 14 years, politics was dark and officials fought constantly. This is the transitional period of the decline of Tang society. Tang Wenzong himself was a puppet, and finally died of depression. During the reign of Wenzong, he tried his best to lay off 3,000 maids and more than 1,200 officials. Courtiers and cronies clashed, officials were frequently transferred, and the dispute between Niu and Li reached its climax. Later, Li Xun and Zheng Zhu were used to eradicate eunuchs. Tang Wenzong and Prime Minister Song secretly planned to get rid of eunuchs, but was discovered by eunuch Wang Shoucheng and his disciples and falsely accused Song of framing and Li Cuo. Tang Wenzong was wooed and Song was demoted and put to death. In the ninth year of Taihe (835), literate Sect finally killed Wang Shoucheng. Only one month after Wang Shoucheng's death, Li Xun lured eunuchs such as Chou Shiliang to Weiya, Sakingo, to get the "nectar" under the pomegranate tree, in an attempt to wipe it out in one fell swoop, but it was revealed that eunuchs such as Chou Shiliang slaughtered more than a thousand court officials, which was called "the change of nectar" in history. Afterwards, Zhou Yong, a eunuch and a bachelor on duty, lamented that he was enslaved by domestic slaves, and his situation was not as good as that of Zhou Nanwang and Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, so he couldn't help crying. Zhou Yong also fell to the ground and shed tears.
Tang Wenzong
His real name was later changed to Yan: in seven years, he attacked the buffer region and Buddhism at home, defeated the Uighurs abroad and strengthened centralization. There was a resurgence in the Tang dynasty, which was called "Huichang Zhongxing" in history.
Li Chen Tang Xuanzong: Tang Xuanzong was diligent in political affairs, assiduous in seeking governance, fond of reading Zhenguan dignitaries, rectifying official management, and limiting the intimacy between emperors and eunuchs. Revenge all the officials who died in the Ganlu Rebellion, except Zheng Li. In foreign relations, Xuanzong defeated Tubo, recovered Hehuang, stabilized Saibei and pacified Annan. The recovery of Hehuang, in particular, was one of the military victories of the Tang Dynasty against Tubo after the Anshi Rebellion. Xuanzong period is another period of stability and prosperity after the revival of Huichang in Tang Dynasty, which is called "the rule of the great and the middle" in history.
? Cui Li, Tang Yizong: Arrogance and extravagance led to political corruption, which made the political situation in the Tang Dynasty even more precarious and led to the disappearance of the fruits of the great and medium-sized rule. He was the last emperor in the Tang Dynasty who succeeded his eldest son and lived safely in Chang 'an.
Li Xian, Tang Xizong: 12 years old acceded to the throne, the youngest emperor in the whole Tang Dynasty, reigned 15. During this period, the Huang Chao Uprising broke out and was finally quelled.
Tang Zhaozong Ye Li: In order to reverse the situation that there are powerful ministers inside and princes outside, Zhao Zong has formulated a set of strategies for governing the country to adapt to the situation. And put down the battle of Li Keyong in the east of Sichuan, but the result was quite different from the original idea. Although the battle in Sichuan eventually destroyed Tian Zi Ling, it eventually lost Xichuan, allowing Wang Jian to establish an independent kingdom there; Although the Battle of Hedong did weaken Li Keyong, most of the central imperial army he worked so hard to create was damaged. Zhu Wen took advantage of the fisherman. Since then, Zhu Wen's strength has been increasing day by day, and Zhaozong indirectly helped Zhu Wen become the overlord of the Central Plains, laying the foundation for the demise of the Tang Dynasty. Since then, it has been under the control of Li and Zhu Wen. Killed by Zhu Wen.
Lizhu and Tang Aidi: The Emperor Ai was forced by the marshal of the world's military forces at that time, Zhu Quanzhong, the king of Liang, and his cronies, and gave up the throne, thus the Tang Dynasty in its heyday perished. After being poisoned by Zhu Wen.
Emperor of Tang dynasty