Unit 1 Ancient Agricultural Economy in China
1. The origin of ancient agriculture in China
1. Origin: Primitive agriculture developed from gathering economy. 2. Origin: Yellow River Basin and Yangtze River Basin.
3. Regional differences of ancient agriculture in China;
south
north
Land property
paddy field
land
dominant portion of forest
paddy field
Millet and wheat
2. The development of agricultural production tools in ancient China
primitive society
stoneware
Xia Shangzhou
Plough farm tools
the Spring and Autumn Period
Iron Niu Geng
the Tang Dynasty
Haus der Musik
3. Construction of ancient water conservancy facilities in China
age
water conservancy project
Irrigation tools
the Spring and Autumn Period
Shaopo, Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu
Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)
Grass Canal, White Canal and Harnessing the Yellow River
Three Kingdoms
overturn
the Tang Dynasty
Same car
Many irrigation projects with local characteristics were built in ancient China, and Karez in the Western Region is one of them.
Four. Main farming methods of ancient agriculture in China
1. Main farming methods of ancient agriculture
age
Farming method
primitive society
Slash-and-burn farming/agriculture
Xia Shangzhou
Large-scale simple cooperative production
After the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
intensive cultivation
2. yeoman economy
A. The meaning of yeoman: owning a small piece of land, engaging in individual production, and the income from labor is at his own disposal. It is in a relatively independent position, because it only bears the rent and tax of the state, and does not pay the land rent to the landlord. They are the main undertakers of the state tax corvee.
B. When and why yeomen appeared:
① Time: Spring and Autumn Period
② Reasons: (1) progress of production tools (2) progress of farming technology (3) emergence of private land.
C. economic characteristics of yeomen:
(1) Taking the family as the production unit, men plow and women weave; (2) Give priority to agriculture, combine agriculture with weaving, and earn your own living.
D. evaluation of yeoman economy:
① Positive aspects: In the absence of natural disasters, wars and tyranny, farmers are self-sufficient, have a stable life and have a high enthusiasm for production.
② Negative aspects: the scale of production is narrow, the division of labor between men and women is simple, and it is difficult to expand reproduction, which hinders the social division of labor and the development of commodity economy. After modern times, it has become a factor that hinders the development of production.
E. bankruptcy of yeoman economy: excessive exploitation and oppression by rulers
Overview: Main features of ancient agricultural economy in China;
1. Planting is the main industry, supplemented by animal husbandry. 2. Intensive cultivation production mode. 3. Management mode of male ploughing and female weaving
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Ancient land system in China
1. The development trend of ancient land system in China: state-owned land (public) → private land ownership.
A. Land public ownership: Land public ownership is mainly the land public ownership in primitive society: the well-field system in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was divided into public land and private land. Workers only have the right to use the land, but have no ownership.
B. Land system in feudal society: private ownership of land is dominant, and there are three main forms: private ownership of monarch land; The landlord's land is private; Farmers own land privately.
C. The main way for landlords to expand real estate is land merger, and the main reason for this phenomenon is private ownership of land. In ancient times, governments usually adopted the methods of land equalization and land restriction to limit the high concentration of land and protect farmers' economy, but the results were not great.
6. Generalization of tenancy relationship in ancient China.
1. The main composition of farmers in ancient China: tenant farmers and yeoman farmers (tenant farmers, tenant farmers, yeoman farmers, etc. ).
2. The meaning of tenant farmers: tenant farmers cultivate the landlord's land, but they have certain labor tools, means of production and means of subsistence, which is a family economy combining agriculture and handicrafts. This position of small private owners makes them have a certain enthusiasm for production. Tenants are the main undertakers of feudal land rent exploitation. Serve all kinds of hard labor and suffer serious exploitation.
3. The emergence and development of tenancy relationship: it came into being in the period of martial arts → this period was popularized throughout the country in the Song Dynasty → Ming and Qing Dynasties.
4. The relationship between landlords and farmers under the tenancy system: A. The relationship between exploitation and exploitation B. The relationship between personal attachment.
5. The influence of the weakening of farmers' personal attachment to landlords.
A farmers have gained autonomy in production, especially in controlling agricultural products, which has improved their enthusiasm for production and promoted the development of agriculture.
B. it promotes the commercialization of agricultural products and is conducive to the development of commodity economy.
Seven. The Formation of Four Ancient Economic Zones in China
1. Four ancient economic zones in China: According to the economic distribution characteristics of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian divided the whole country into four economic zones according to the advantages and disadvantages of natural conditions, namely, Shandong, Shanxi, Jiangnan and the north of Longmen Jieshi, in which Shandong and Shanxi have long been the national economic centers.
Eight. The southward migration of population in the north and the southward migration of economic center of gravity
1. Three climaxes of ancient population migration to the south in China;
A. After Yongjia Rebellion in Jin Dynasty B. After Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty C. After Jingkang Rebellion in Song Dynasty.
2. The reasons why ancient people moved south: A. There were frequent wars in the north and relative stability in the south B. The oppression of rulers and land annexation.
3. The influence of ancient population migration to the south
A. It promotes the great integration of the Chinese nation, is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges among all ethnic groups, and improves the quality of all ethnic groups.
B) It has promoted the development of the south of the Yangtze River and moved the economic center of our country to the south.
C the northerners who moved south brought many new customs and habits to the south and promoted the integration of north and south cultures.
4. The center of gravity in ancient China moved south.
A. The economic center of gravity moves south: Shandong, Shanxi → Jiangnan area.
B the process of moving south
(1) During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, after the development of Sun Wu, the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the economy of the south of the Yangtze River developed initially.
(2) After the mid-Tang Dynasty, with the northerners moving south, the economy of Jiangnan developed further and gradually caught up with the north.
(3) During the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation that the south was strong and the north was weak was established, and the south officially became the economic center of gravity.
C. Reasons for the shift of economic center of gravity to the south
(1) Northerners moved south, bringing a large number of labor force and advanced production tools and technologies to the south.
② Southern society is relatively stable.
(3) The South itself has great potential for developing farming economy.
(4) The southern rulers vigorously promoted the policy of persuading farmers to teach mulberry and rewarding farmers for weaving.
D. the impact of the economic center moving south:
(1) The economic center of gravity moves south, which makes the economic development between the north and the south tend to be balanced and is conducive to national reunification.
② The southward shift of economic center of gravity has brought about the southward shift of cultural center of gravity.
Nine. The Development of Ancient Handicraft Industry in China
1. Bronze smelting technology: From Erlitou culture to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, it was the bronze age in China.
2. progress of smelting technology: a. smelting technology (block steel refining) was invented in the spring and autumn period. b. advanced "steel casting method" was invented in the southern and northern dynasties.
C coal was used as fuel in the Han dynasty and was widely used in the northern song dynasty. Coke smelting began in the late Southern Song Dynasty and prevailed in the Ming Dynasty.
3. The development of silk weaving technology
A. China is the first country in the world to invent silk weaving technology. Known as the "Silk Country"
B. Silk reeling technology appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
4. Development of cotton textile technology
A. In the Yuan Dynasty, Huang Daopo thoroughly innovated cotton textile technology and invented the pedal three-spindle spinning wheel.
In Yuan Dynasty, Song Jian was the national cotton textile center. In the late Ming Dynasty, cotton textile became the main material for the general public.
5. Development of ceramic technology:
A. Making pottery is a great invention of China people.
B. the development of ceramic manufacturing technology
period
Porcelain (Pottery) Making Technology
period
Porcelain (Pottery) Making Technology
primitive society
Painted pottery, black pottery and white pottery
Song dynasty
Jingdezhen became the "porcelain capital"
Eastern Han Dynasty
greyish-green
the Yuan Dynasty
Colored porcelain age
Southern and Northern Dynasties
White ceramic ware
tomorrow
Doucai and Multicolored Porcelain
Sui and Tang Dynasties
The porcelain industry became an independent department.
Ching Dynasty
Pastel, enamel
6. Three main management forms of handicraft industry in ancient China.
A three forms of handicraft industry in ancient China: private handicraft industry, government-run handicraft industry and household handicraft industry.
B From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, government-run handicrafts always occupied a major position.
C. Characteristics of government-run handicrafts:
(1) is under the unified management of the government, and craftsmen produce under the supervision of public officials.
(2) Strong capital, large scale, fine division of labor and high technical level.
(3) Raw materials are provided by the government, and products are distributed by the government, so they do not enter the market and lack competition.
D. private handicrafts:
① It rose in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and occupied a dominant position in the middle of Ming Dynasty.
(2) Changes in the management mode of private handicrafts: Before the Tang Dynasty, private handicrafts were mainly carried out in the form of farmers' household sideline and small workshops in cities and towns. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, private handicrafts have developed significantly, and the commercialization of rural household handicrafts has greatly deepened. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large-scale handicraft workshop gave birth to the employment labor relationship of "the contribution of machine users and the contribution of machine workers".
10. History of ancient commercial development in China.
1. The emergence of commerce: It came into being at the end of primitive society, mainly because of the emergence of commodity surplus and the development of social division of labor.
2. Commerce in Shang and Zhou Dynasties: A. Shang Dynasty: the earliest merchants and currencies; B Zhou dynasty: the policy of "industrial and commercial food officials"
3. Commerce in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
Private businessmen became the main body of businessmen, and gold and silver began to be used as money, forming many famous cities.
5. Commerce in Song and Yuan Dynasties
The earliest paper money in the world, jiaozi, appeared in the Song Dynasty; Paper money was widely circulated in the Yuan Dynasty.
B. commercial activities in cities are not limited by time and space.
6. New features of commerce in Ming and Qing Dynasties:
A. the rise of commercial towns, monetary economy is the main position.
B. Large-scale commercialization of agricultural products C. Widespread use of metallic currency silver
D. there have been regional business gangs: Huizhou merchants, Shanxi merchants, Fujian merchants, etc. E. capitalism has sprouted.
7. The prosperity of ancient cities in China.
A. characteristics of cities in the western Zhou dynasty-Tang dynasty:
Cities above the county level have official "cities", municipal orders or mayors, and commercial transactions are strictly controlled by the government. At or above the county level, it is generally forbidden to set up a city.
② Cities and residents are separated ("city" and "square" are separated) ③ Cities are mainly political centers and military towns.
B. Characteristics of cities in Song Dynasty:
(1) The boundary of the city square no longer exists, and the cities are scattered in the process, facing the streets and forming a market.
(2) The opening and closing times of cities are no longer stipulated by the government, but there are night markets and dawn markets.
(3) Commercial activities are not directly regulated by the government, and urban economic functions are enhanced.
C. cities in Ming and Qing dynasties:
(1) In the industrial and commercial development and transportation hub, small and medium-sized industrial and commercial towns with economic functions have emerged.
(2) Improve the city's productivity and business level.
8. China's ancient policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.
A. Reasons for implementing the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business:
(1) China is a small-scale peasant economy society, and the small-scale peasant economy is the main source of government revenue. In order to ensure the fiscal revenue and consolidate the rule, the rulers implemented the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.
(2) The characteristics of unstable business and high mobility of businessmen contradict the idea of emphasizing farming and strengthening centralization.
B. the development of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business;
① Propose: During the Warring States Period; Shang Yang clearly put forward "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business"
(2) In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, private industry and commerce were severely cracked down;
Emperor gaozu; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty imposed heavy taxes and banned purchases, saying, "If it is lost, it will be flat, and salt and iron will be monopolized."
(3) Since the middle Tang Dynasty, the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business has been loosened.
(4) Insisting on emphasizing agriculture and restraining business in Ming and Qing Dynasties: increasing business tax; Restrict the activities of businessmen; Restrict non-governmental foreign trade
C. comment on the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business;
(1) in the early feudal society, it promoted economic development and played a positive role in consolidating the emerging landlord class regime.
(2) In the late feudal society, the natural economy was strengthened, which not only hindered the development of industry and commerce, but also hindered the growth of capitalism, leading to the backwardness of China.
Xi。 The germination and slow development of capitalism in China.
1. The high development of agricultural economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties
A. Agriculture: ① The production technology level is ahead of the world; ② Popularize production technology and increase output.
The introduction of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato has changed people's food and clothing structure.
B. Handicraft industry: Private handicraft industry has replaced bystander handicraft industry and dominated.
C. commerce: ① the commodity economy is developed and a large amount of silver is used; ② Small and medium-sized industrial and commercial towns with economic functions are on the rise.
D. Strong national strength: ① Cultivated land expansion and population growth account for a large proportion of GDP; ③ China is the world economic and trade center.
2. The germination of capitalist economy in Ming Dynasty:
A. time: after the middle of Ming dynasty
B. the influence of the budding capitalist economy in Ming dynasty:
The germination of capitalist economy led to the gradual decline of feudal system.
② It laid a material foundation for the emergence of citizen literature and the rise of early anti-feudal democratic thought.
E. Main factors hindering the development of capitalist economy in China:
① Self-sufficient natural economy hinders the social division of labor and seriously restricts the development of capitalism.
(2) The cruel exploitation of the government leads to extreme poverty and low purchasing power of farmers.
(3) the rulers implement policies such as "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business" and "closing the country to the outside world"
(4) Cultural autocratic measures such as stereotyped writing inhibited the progress of science and technology.
⑤ Old and backward economic concept based on feudal private ownership of land.