The history of the rise of tea culture in classical poetry i. The earliest tea poems
Among China's early poems and songs, the earliest one who praised tea was the Tea Ode written by Du Yu, a poet in Jin Dynasty, who enthusiastically praised this wonderful work-tea. As the poem says, tea trees are nourished by fertile soil and nectar, and flourish in valleys all over the mountains. People flock to pick them. In addition, the Western Jin Zuosi's "Beautiful Poems":
There is a charming girl in my family, and she is also pretty.
The fine print is Su Wan, and stuttering is self-clearing.
There is a sister who is very smart and has picturesque eyes.
When you are in the garden, you will pick all the fruits.
In the storm of greed for China, there are many difficulties.
The heart is a tea play, boasting in pairs. ?
The two charming girls who wrote Zuo Si put their mouths to the boiler because they were in a hurry to taste fragrant tea? Ding? Blow, very profoundly describes the posture of two charming women cooking tea.
2. About Cha Sheng Feather and Tea Classics
When it comes to tea, you can't help but mention a person who is called by future generations? Cha Sheng? Lu Yu. Lu Yu seems to have a natural taste of tea. He is an orphan. At the age of three, she was adopted by a Zen master and spent her girlhood in a temple. Because the earliest tea tree was planted by monks, the earliest habit of drinking tea was also initiated by monks. Xiao Luyu grew up in such an environment, so he always kept in mind that the monks in the temple grow and cook tea. After that, Lu Yu walked out of the temple and made some like-minded friends. At the same time, he wrote the first book on tea studies in China and even the world, Tea Classic, after investigating the customs of drinking tea in various places and summing up the experience of making tea in past dynasties. The book comprehensively expounds the making process of fried tea, and also lays the foundation of China Tea Ceremony, so Lu Yu is also known as China Cha Sheng.
Second, the tea culture in Tang poetry
The Tang Dynasty was the second heyday in China's history after the Western Han Dynasty. It was developed militarily, culturally and economically, like a bright pearl shining in the history of world civilization. At that time, no country could compare with the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. What has the greatest influence on the world at that time and later is its profound cultural connotation and spiritual outlook, which is very prominent in tea culture.
Compared with the fiery wine culture, the tea culture prevailing in the Tang Dynasty shows the other side of China traditional culture: elegance and tranquility. The process of drinking tea is the process of psychological adjustment and self-cultivation. Tang people's love for tea is more of a spiritual love and piety to Hal's ideal. This kind of investment has aroused the passion of literary creation, and scholars regard drinking tea as an elegant cultural experience and spiritual enjoyment. Among all kinds of tea poems, the tea culture in five-character poems, antithesis poems and Baota poems is the most prominent.
1, five-character poem
Du Fu, an outstanding poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote? On the sunset platform, when the spring breeze is tasting tea? This poem. At that time, Du Fu was over forty years old, but it was obsolete and it was difficult to touch his wealth. He had the idea of going back to the mountains to buy land. Although the poem is written in a natural and unrestrained way, it still tells the hidden grievances in his heart. The poet Li Bai was uninhibited and frustrated all his life. He can only express his ideals through romantic and rich imagination in his poems. In reality, he is extremely depressed and drunk all day. As he said in the poem:? 360 days, drunk every day? . I heard that the real Duke of Yuquan in Jingzhou often drinks? Cactus tea? Although I am over eighty years old, I still have a peach blossom, but I still can't help singing a hymn to tea. I have often heard of Yuquan Mountain, and there are many caves with milk caves. Fairy mice are like white crows, hanging upside down in the deep stream and moon. Tea gives birth to this stone, and Yuquan does not rest. Root plum can be Jin Fang, taking eyes to moisten bones and muscles. Clusters are always green leaves, and branches are connected. Exposed to cactus, it seems to be patting the cliff shoulder. The world has never seen it, and its name expresses the praise and yearning for tea.
Bai Juyi was the most influential poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. He had a strong interest in tea and wrote many poems about tea in his life. His "After Eating" cloud:? After eating and sleeping, I got up two bowls of tea: I looked up at the shadow of the sun, which had returned to the southwest. Happy people cherish the promotion of the day, and worried people hate the contribution of the year; A man who has no worries and no happiness has a long and short career. ? In the poem, I wrote the interest of sleeping soundly after a meal, holding a tea bowl, being carefree and enjoying myself.
2. Singing and Poetry
Among thousands of tea poems, Pi Rixiu and Lu Guimeng's chorus poems are unique and rare.
Pi Rixiu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Xiangyang (now Xiangfan City, Hubei Province) and graduated from Hanlin University. Lu Guimeng, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Changzhou (now Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province) and worked in two places. They are very close friends, they all love tea, they are elegant, and they often write essays and poems. Therefore, they are called people? Pilu? . They wrote 10 chorus poems with tea, including Teahouse, Tea Man, Tea Bud, Tea Warehouse, Tea Furnace, Tea Baking, Tea Ding, Tea Ou and Tea Boiling.
3. Couplet poems
Couplets are a way of writing poems in ancient times. Several people write a poem, but it needs to be coherent in meaning and connected into a chapter. Among the tea poems in the Tang Dynasty, there is a poem named "Five Words Moonlight Sipping Tea Couplet", which was written by six authors. They are: Yan Zhenqing, a famous painter and calligrapher, a native of Jingzhao Wannian (Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), a senior official of the official department, named Lu Gong, also known as? Where is Yan? ; Lu, county commandant of Jiaxing (now Zhejiang); Zhang Jian, a native of Luze, Shenzhou (now Shenxian County, Hebei Province), was an official. Zhao people, Luzhou secretariat. Cuiwan, unknown origin; Day, that is, monk Ming. The poem says:
Pan Hua invited guests to sit down and drink for love (Shi Xiu).
After sobering up, it is advisable to have a banquet at night and leave a monk alone in the garden (recommended).
You don't have to climb the laurel tree, so you can't pretend to be a tree.
The autumn wind is strong, and the history is called Beidou Zun (Cui Wan).
Clean bones and muscles, dredge and purify the soul (true feelings).
If you are not drunk like spring mash, why not talk about youth (Japan).
Plain porcelain is laid on a quiet night, and the fragrance is full of leisure (Shi Xiu).
There are six people in this joint, plus the first sentence and the second sentence, a total of seven sentences. In order to be different, the author uses many synonyms related to tea tasting. What about Lu? Drink instead? Metaphor to tea instead of wine; Zhang Jian used it? Hua Yan? Borrow a tea banquet; Yan Zhenqing uses it? Liu Hua? Borrow tea. Because the poem says drinking tea on a moonlit night, is it still used now? Laurel. This word. It is also rare to use couplets to chant tea in tea poems.
4. Baota poetry
Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was named after his official residence, which reflected Bai Juyi. Bai Yuan? . Yuan Zhen has a pagoda poem entitled "One-character to Seven-character Poetry? The genre of tea is rare not only in tea poems, but also in other poems. The poem says:
Tea,
Fragrant leaves, buds,
Poets love monks.
Grinding and carving white jade, Luo Zhihong yarn.
Stir-fry the yellow core color and turn the bowl into dust.
Invite the bright moon after night, and light the morning glow before morning.
Wash away the tireless people of ancient and modern times, and you can't boast when you are drunk.
Baota poem is a kind of miscellaneous poem, which was originally called a seven-character poem, from one sentence to seven sentences, or two sentences were chosen as a rhyme. Later, it was increased to cross-sentence or fifteen sentences, and the number of words in each sentence or every two sentences was increased by one word in turn. Yuan Zhen said in "Notes on Pagoda Tea Poems": one to seven-character poems. I wrote "Rhyme" and sent it to Dong Jun, the branch of the company, together with Wang Qi. ? At the beginning of the poem, the theme is tea. Then I wrote the essence of tea, which is delicious and beautiful. The third sentence, obviously inverted, says that tea is deeply loved? Poet? And then what? Monk? Love, tea and poetry always complement each other. The fourth sentence is about making tea, because in ancient times, we drank cake tea, so we first crushed the tea with a mill carved with white jade, and then screened it out with a tea tube made of red yarn. In the fifth sentence, it is written that tea should be fried in the pot first? Huang Rui color? , and then put it in a bowl to float. The sixth sentence talks about drinking tea, not only in the evening, but also in the morning. At the end of the article, it is pointed out that the wonderful use of tea, whether ancient or modern, will feel energetic, especially drinking tea after drinking can help sober up. Therefore, Yuan Zhen's pagoda tea poems express three meanings: first, from the nature of tea to people's love for tea; Second, from tea cooking to people's tea drinking customs; Third, the function of tea is that it can refresh the mind.
The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of China's poetry, and writing poetry became a way to make money. Therefore, almost all the literati in the Tang Dynasty were poets, and they could not become famous poets without drinking tea. All poets drink tea and write poems. Like wine, tea has become an indispensable drink in people's daily life. This shows the prosperity of tea culture in Tang Dynasty.
Thirdly, the tea culture in Song poetry.
The Song Dynasty was a prosperous stage of China's feudal social and cultural development, and the cultural achievements represented by Song Ci reached a historical peak. On the basis of the Tang Dynasty, the development of China tea culture appeared more and more gorgeous chapters. The feudal culture characterized by tea culture reached an unprecedented height.
1, the famous tea mentioned in the poem
There are many poems in Song Dynasty, some of which refer to the famous tea at that time. Some of these famous teas have been famous since the Tang Dynasty, such as Mengding tea, ancient bamboo and purple bamboo shoot tea, and some appeared in the Song Dynasty, such as Beiyuan tea.
Longfeng tea is the most famous tea in Song Dynasty, which is produced in Jianxi Valley of Fujian. For the poem, see Wang Yucheng's Dragon and Phoenix Tea. The title of dragon and phoenix is new, because it was given by the recent minister. When you cook, you want to build a stream in spring. The fragrance is fragrant and blue, and it is as round as Sanqiu Hao Yuelun. Cherish is not for taste, fear of fatigue, except that you will support your old relatives.
Jiukeng Tea, one of the tribute teas in Tang Dynasty, was named Gong in Song Dynasty and was produced in Chun 'an County, Zhejiang Province. See Jiukeng Tea in Fan Zhongyan's poems.
Shuangjing Tea, one of the tribute teas at that time, was produced in xiushui county, Jiangxi. See Ouyang Xiu's poem "Double Wells for Tea":
Xijiang old stone, tea on the stone is like chicken feet
Poor wax is not as early as Joan Hinton, but Mr. Shuangjingya has a hundred herbs.
White hair follicles are raised with red and blue gauze and 10 kilograms of tea.
Chang 'an is rich and expensive, boasting for three days.
Baoyun is not good at casting every day, seeking the new and abandoning the old.
I'm afraid the gentleman has Changde, and the treasure will not change with the Ming Dynasty.
You can't see the dragon and phoenix in Jianxi, and you won't change the taste of the past.
My taste in old age is thin, and the only thing I like is drinking tea.
2. Send tea and thank the coffee table.
The emperors of the Tang Dynasty occasionally sent tribute tea to ministers, but in the Song Dynasty, it became very popular to send tea. Ministers who were given tea by the emperor often wrote poems or articles to thank the emperor for his gifts. Thank you for the coffee table? , such as Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan and others have written this? Thank you for the coffee table? See Liu Yuxi's "Dai Wuzhong Xie Chengxin Tea Table", and the relevant poems can be seen in the following example.
Longfeng tea in Yu Wang:? The title of dragon and phoenix is new, but if you give it, you have to be a near minister? .
Beiyuan tea in Cai Xiang:? Special purpose to keep Dan forbidden, special gift to the near minister? .
Mei's Qibao tea:? At the beginning of sipping, I feel that you are kind. Why not make an ordinary compliment? .
3, borrow tea to express your feelings, worry about the country and the people.
Because of the Northern Song Dynasty? The change of Jingkang? In the past hundred years, there was a period of economic prosperity in the Central Plains, coupled with the prevalence of tea fights and tea banquets at that time, so tea poems and tea ci mostly showed the content of meeting friends, chanting peace, touching the scene and expressing feelings. The most representative is Ouyang Xiu's poem "Shuangjing Tea":
Xijiang old stone, tea on the stone is like chicken feet
Poor wax is not cold, spring comes early, and Mr. Shuangjing Wool has a hundred herbs.
White hair follicle with red and blue gauze and ten Hu tea to raise one or two buds.
Chang 'an is rich and expensive, boasting for three days.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the construction of the south of the Yangtze River, many contents appeared in tea poems and tea ci, among which the most representative ones were Lu You and Yang Wanli's tea poems. Lu You said in the poem Twelve Miscellaneous Poems in Late Autumn:
What's the point of buying wine? I am ashamed to talk about my career.
Chat with Hongsi from Hengpu and make Mengshan purple bamboo shoot tea by yourself.
The poem reflects that the author lived in poverty in his later years and had no money to buy wine, so he had to use tea instead of wine and grind tea himself.
In Yang Wanli's "Cooking Double Well Tea with Liuyiquan", there is a song like this:
When the sun is casting and building a stream, going home at sunset will be a dream.
When will you go back to Wang Teng Pavilion, watch the wind furnace and cook by yourself?
It expresses the poet's longing for his hometown, hoping that one day he can personally fry and drink Shuangjing tea in Tengwangge.
Four: tea culture in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties
1, tea culture in Yuan Dynasty
In the Yuan Dynasty, there were also many poems about tea. The most famous is Chu Cai's "Begging for the Tea King in the Western Regions because of its Seven Rhymes":
If you don't sip Jianxi tea for many years, you'll be sleepy.
Jasper ou thinks of snow waves, and gold rolls over the shore to remember thunder buds.
Lu Tong's "Seven Bowls of Poetry" is rare, and the dream of the third child is also on credit.
Dare to ask you to share the cake, and temporarily teach Qingxing to go around Lan.
In the poem, I lament that I haven't drunk Jian Xi tea for many years, and my mind is full of yellow dust. Always remember? The Golden Mill? what's up Leia? ,? Jasper is in the middle? what's up Snow wave? . You can't drink seven bowls in a row like in Lu Tong's poems, nor can you dream of eating three ou in a row like a monk in Zhaozhou. You just want Wang to share some tea cakes.
In addition, there are Hong's Boiling Tea Songs, Xie Zongke's Tea Dumplings and Xie's Yangxian Tea. Most tea poems in Yuan Dynasty reflect the artistic conception and feelings of drinking tea.
2. Tea culture in Ming Dynasty
There are more poems about tea in Ming Dynasty than in Yuan Dynasty, including Tea at Yuyao Waterfall by Huang Zongxi and Tea Sending Monk by Lu Rong. In addition, it is particularly worth mentioning that there are many tea poems in the Ming Dynasty that reflect people's sufferings and satirize current politics. Such as Gao Qi's "Tea Picking Ci":
Thunder crosses the stream and the mountain warms Yun Lan, and a short flag is half inserted in the secluded bush.
Who picked the most songs in the basket for Yinchai's daughter?
When you come back, the fragrance is still in your hand, and the fine products are first guarded.
The bamboo stove hasn't been baked yet, so it's sold in cages with Hunan merchants.
Shanjia can't understand the cultivation of whole grains, and food and clothing are in the spring rain every year.
The poem describes that after the tea farmers handed over the tea leaves to the officials, all the rest were sold to the merchants, but they were unwilling to taste the new pain, which showed the poet's great sympathy and concern for people's lives. Another example is Han, who lived in Zhejiang in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Fuyang folk songs on the basis of processing and polishing folk songs, exposing the tyranny of tribute tea and fish in Fuyang, Zhejiang at that time. These two poets who sympathized with the sufferings of the people were later persecuted for writing poems. Gao Qi was beheaded in the city, and Han was dismissed from office and imprisoned, almost losing his life. But these poems remain in people's hearts.
3. Emperor Qianlong tasted tea in Qing Dynasty.
There were many poets in Qing Dynasty, such as Zheng Xie, Jintian, Zhang Chen, Cao Tingdong and Zhang Rixi. They are also famous poems. In particular, it is worth mentioning that Aisin Giro in Qing Dynasty? Li Hongliu, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangnan and wrote poems for Longjing tea in West Lake five times. Among them, the poem "Watching Tea Picking for Songs" is the most famous:
Young before fire, old after fire, but riding fire is the best.
West Lake Longjing is famous for its time-honored brand. It's time to try it.
The villagers followed the peppers at the lower level, returning the baskets and paws.
Add a slow fire to the ground stove, and the dry kettle will turn gently.
It takes a lot of effort to stir-fry and bake slowly
I don't know Wang Su's Zhi Nu, but Lu Yu's Tea Classic is too fine.
Although I don't want to be a good person, I'm afraid I'll be clever.
The emperor wrote tea poems, which is rare in the history of tea culture in China.
The spirit of tea culture in classical poetry 1, light tea
Tea should be shallow, and there is a saying that tea capacity is ten points, seven points are full, and three points are favored. As an aesthetic state, shallowly speaking, it is simple, implicit and symbolic in culture. Shallow is every ordinary day, life is like tea, with both faint sadness and endless sweetness. However, no matter how sweet or bitter the taste of tea is, it is doomed to be shallow in the end. No matter how brilliant life has been, it will eventually be simple; No matter what the situation is, you can live calmly and treat others sincerely.
2. Green tea
As an important category of China's classical aesthetics, Qing Dynasty has a wide range of meanings. Qing? It is also the spiritual essence and moral cultivation of tea, which just meets the needs of poets' creation. Tea leaves are clean and will not be polluted. In addition to a quiet environment, everything from utensils to the heart should be clear and clean inside and outside.
? I am pure and sweet, but I am thirsty for water. ? -(Cai Xiang) This is a discussion on the refreshing feeling of tea itself.
? The small courtyard and secluded garden are absolutely beautiful. ? -(Lu You) Talking about the quiet environment for drinking tea.
? Qing? It is related to the leisure and tranquility pursued by literati. Lots of tea poems, right? Qing? This paper discusses that tea poems not only describe the natural attributes of tea itself and the function of beauty and fitness, but also reveal the close relationship between tea and literary creation and spiritual expression. It also creates a fresh and natural poetic environment for poetry, showing a simple, indifferent and leisurely and meaningful realm.
3. Artistic conception of tea
The artistic conception of tea, accompanied by tea, gives people fresh, elegant, leisurely, leisurely, cordial and natural; Therefore, tea is different from general appetite and material desire. Drinking tea can become a habit, which can help people think and add interest.
Tea tasting and drinking are not only different in quantity but also in quality. Drinking tea is mainly to quench thirst and meet the physiological needs of human body for water. Therefore, drinking tea focuses on quantity and is often in a hurry.
Tea tasting focuses on artistic conception, and everyone likes drinking tea as an artistic appreciation and spiritual enjoyment. Product? Work hard on the words, sip carefully and observe slowly. By observing its shape, observing its color, smelling its fragrance and tasting its taste, the drinker can cultivate his feelings in the wonderful color, fragrance, taste and shape and make his spirit rest in peace.
4. Tea and Confucianism
The spirit of tea is closely related to Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism is the essence of China Thought. Confucian use? Ren? It is the nature of tea to adjust interpersonal relationship and advocate common progress. Tea is deeply influenced by Confucianism and plays an important role in it. The tea ceremony advocated by Lu Yu embodies the Confucian spirit of moderation and harmony. Get spiritual sustenance in the beautiful realm of drinking tea. Taoism provided tea art for tea and made tea culture reach a certain artistic level. At the same time, it also expounds the natural view, philosophical view and aesthetic view of tea culture. Taoism requires tea people to have a clean, selfless and peaceful temperament. Taoism has put a halo of civilization on tea culture, and the artistic conception of tea is integrated with the connotation of traditional culture, showing its? Truth, goodness and beauty? The connotation of.
Tea tasting, as an act, is not as simple as action in people's minds, but has become an artistic conception and a culture. Drinking tea from time to time is a kind of enjoyment, which makes the mood more comfortable; Sometimes it is a kind of thinking, appreciating the essence of innocence in reverie, perceiving life in the bitterness and sweetness of tea, and feeling another charm of life in ordinary elegance. Tea culture is a civilization between material civilization and spirit, a material carrier, and it is permeated with rich spiritual content in material life. The tea culture contained in classical poetry is like a cup of fragrant teas. Although it has been a long time, its fragrance still exists. Let's meditate and recall the quaint feeling.
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