Social changes in major European and American countries
1. Renaissance
North: P2-714-16th century, many artists, scientists and thinkers explored and inherited the cultural traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, and pursued the liberation of individuality and freedom of thought, which showed the essence of human beings' continuous pursuit of progress and became a trend and fashion for a while. This ideological and cultural movement is called "Renaissance". The Renaissance, which began in Italy, lasted for nearly 300 years. Humanism spreads in all walks of life through paintings, literary works and various works, and has a great influence.
Dante is a pioneer of Renaissance, and his masterpiece is Divine Comedy.
Leonardo da Vinci is an Italian painter. His masterpieces are Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
Shakespeare was an English writer in the Renaissance. His masterpieces include Othello, King Lear, Hamlet and Macbeth.
North: P 1-3 The Jiu Shang Renaissance Movement was an ideological emancipation movement that the bourgeoisie knocked on the door of modern society, which liberated people's minds as never before. Since then, under the impetus of Europe, world history has begun to enter the threshold of modern society.
2. Historical facts about the opening of new routes
(1) motivation: pursuing wealth. (2) Navigator and achievements: ① Columbus: 1492 set out from Spain and crossed the Atlantic to Cuba and Haiti in America today. He always thought that he had arrived in India in Asia, and the local residents are still called "Indians".
(2) Magellan fleet to complete the voyage around the world. (3) The world began to connect as a whole. Promoted the emergence and development of capitalism.
North: The opening of the new route P 1 1 to Jiushang has tempered the spirit of Europeans who dare to take risks and struggle bravely, and broadened their horizons. It connects all regions of the world, expands the space and scope of human activities, and breaks the previous situation of fragmented and isolated development of all regions of the world. With the opening of sea routes to America, Africa and Asia, a colonial plunder, expansion and aggression that lasted for hundreds of years began. It was that colonial expansion accompanied by blood and fire that made the tentacles of European capitalism begin to extend to all parts of the world.
3. Basic contents of Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence and Declaration of Human Rights
(1) Bill of Rights
North: On September 6th, P 17 1689, the British Parliament formulated and passed a new legal document, namely the Bill of Rights. The power of the king is strictly limited, which determines the basic principle that parliament has power. This political system, which retains a unified monarch and the parliament has power, is called "constitutional monarchy". Constitutional monarchy is a form of capitalist political system.
(2) Declaration of Independence
North: Jiu Shang P 21-221776 On July 4th, the 20th Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, announcing that three colonies of North America 13 left Britain and became independent countries, referred to as the United States.
(3) The Declaration of Human Rights
North: On September 27-28, France * promulgated the Declaration of Human Rights, proclaiming that all people are born free and equal. The purpose of any political combination is to safeguard the natural and unshakable rights of the people. Property right is a sacred and inviolable right. No one can be deprived of his property.
4. British bourgeois revolution, American War of Independence and the historical influence of France.
(1) British bourgeois revolution
North: P 9 P 17 British bourgeois revolution made Britain embark on the road of rapid development of capitalism and took the lead in starting the industrial revolution. It not only had a great influence on the historical development of Britain, but also spread to other European countries quickly, which promoted the development of European bourgeois revolution.
(2) American War of Independence (page 76)
The American War of Independence ended British colonial rule, realized national independence and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system, which was conducive to the development of American capitalism and promoted the revolutions in Europe and Latin America in the future.
(3) France *
North: On September 9th, P27 captured the Bastille, and France * began.
P29 The French bourgeoisie completely destroyed the feudal autocracy in France, spread democracy and ideas widely, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of human society.
5. Evaluate the historical role of bourgeois politicians Washington and Napoleon.
(1) Washington
North: On September 23-24, during the American War of Independence, Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army at the 20th Continental Congress. Under the leadership of Washington, the American people fought indomitable and bravely. 1777 10, the American army won the battle of Saratoga. 1783, the United States and Britain signed the Paris Peace Treaty, and Britain officially recognized American independence. 1789, Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. After two terms as president, he gave up the right to continue as president. Washington led the American people to achieve national independence and create democratic politics. As a founding father and a great politician, Washington became one of the most historic figures in America.
② Napoleon
North: in p 9 32-36, Napoleon established an administrative government through a coup d' é tat in foggy month. During his administration, he promulgated the Napoleonic Code and launched a series of foreign wars. (1) The Napoleonic Code is the first civil code in a bourgeois country, and its legislative spirit and principles have been used for reference and imitated by many later European countries. (2) The reign of Napoleon was an important stage in the transition of European society from the Middle Ages to modern times. He accelerated this process with a bayonet, and extended France's achievements to the European countries he conquered through violence. The Napoleonic Wars also threatened the sovereignty of all European countries, violated the interests of people in other countries, and met with joint resistance from all countries.
Second, the first industrial revolution.
1, know the invention of Jenny machine, understand that the British industrial revolution began with the invention of the machine.
North: 1765, British spinning worker Hargreaves made a spinning wheel that can spin multiple cotton yarns at the same time, and named it "Jenny Machine". Jenny machine became a truly modern machine, and later more working machines were invented. The application of these working machines has liberated the "hands" of human beings who directly participate in labor.
2. Improve the historical facts of steam engines and understand their functions (P42-43, P89-90).
After many experiments, Watt completed the improvement of the steam engine. 1783, Watt connected the steam engine with the working machine, which made mankind complete the revolutionary leap of replacing human physical strength with "heat" force for the first time. The invention and application of the steam engine as the "prime Mover" completely changed the face of human production and life, and human beings entered the "age of steam"
3. Know the invention of navigator's locomotive
North: On September 9th, P44 Englishman Stephen Sun invented Voyager steam locomotive, and the test flight was successful.
4. Understand the great influence of railways on human social life.
North: The application of P44 steam engine in Jiushang transportation industry has enabled mankind to enter the train era and rapidly expanded the scope of human activities.
Three. Colonial expansion and the struggle of colonial people
Examination instructions
A memorize the basic content of "triangle trading" and understand the brutality and cruelty of primitive accumulation of capital.
Impact: ① A large number of blacks died in transit. (2) Africa has lost a large number of labor and has been poor and backward for a long time. Europe has accumulated huge amounts of capital, which has promoted the rapid development of European capitalism.
North: P54-55 From the16th century, European colonists began to traffic blacks from Africa to supplement and increase the labor force of American colonies. They set out from Europe with cheap industrial products, went to Africa to buy, exchange and even directly hunt black people, transported them to America, sold them to plantation owners as slaves, and then returned to Europe with ships full of gold, silver and cash crops that Europe needed. Because the whole route of this transaction is triangular, it is called "triangle trade" in history.
The "triangle trade" lasted for hundreds of years, and Africa lost countless people. Many black people died on their way to America.
Four. Consolidation and expansion of bourgeois rule
1. Lincoln's main activities in the civil war
North: On September 7th, P77-80 1860, Lincoln was elected President of the United States. He sympathized with the tragic situation of the black people, opposed and hoped to gradually abolish the barbaric slavery, and the southern slave owners launched a rebellion. 1862, Lincoln promulgated two important decrees, the homestead act and the emancipation proclamation. These two decrees raised the revolutionary enthusiasm of the people and slaves, and the war began to benefit the north.
2. The main contents of the Emancipation Declaration
North: On September 9th, P80' s Emancipation Declaration stipulated that from 1 863 65438+1October1,all slaves in southern rebel states would be granted personal freedom.
3. The role of the Civil War in the development of American history.
North: P8 1 abolished black slavery, politically unified the south and the north, and economically became a whole, which made American capitalism develop more rapidly. After the Civil War, the unity of the United States was maintained, which laid a solid foundation for later becoming the most developed capitalist country in the world.
4. Know that the reform in Russia in 186 1 is beneficial to the development of Russian capitalism.
North: On September 9th, P75 Russia embarked on the road of developing capitalism.
5. Briefly describe the main contents of Meiji Restoration.
North: September P84-87 1868, the Japanese Meiji Emperor's government carried out bourgeois reform, known as Meiji Restoration. Main contents: politically, strengthen centralization, abolish vassals and set up counties, the emperor has unlimited power, and abolish samurai privileges. Economically: introduce advanced western technology and equipment, develop industry and encourage the development of modern industry; Allow land to be privately owned and traded. Militarily: implement the conscription system and establish a standing army. At the same time, a police system was established to maintain public order. Social life and cultural education: advocate "civilization" and implement compulsory education.
6. Explore the role of Meiji Restoration in promoting Japan's transition to a capitalist society.
North: After Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the road of developing capitalism. Get rid of the national crisis of becoming a colony and semi-colony. While Japan embarked on the road of independent development of capitalism, it also embarked on the road of foreign colonial expansion.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) International Workers' Movement and the Birth of Marxism
1. The main revolutionary activities of Marx and Engels
North: On September 9th, P6 1-62 Marx and Engels founded the Marxist theory (scientific socialism) and published the Producers' Party Manifesto.
2. The historical significance of the publication of the * * * Declaration of the Production Party
North: On September 9th, the publication of P62 Manifesto of the Productive Party marked the birth of Marxism (scientific socialism).
3. Internationale
North: Jiushang P66 lyricist-Pottier; Composer-degate.
Sixth, the second industrial revolution
1, the invention of Edison
P9 1 American inventor Edison made more than 2,000 inventions in his life, including electric light, phonograph, wax paper, mimeograph, etc. , known as the "king of invention".
2. List the historical facts of the use of power.
North China: P90 electric power has been widely used in Jiushang and has replaced steam as the main energy source for industrial production and social life. Human society has entered the electrical age from age of steam.
3. Understand the characteristics of the second industrial revolution
North: Jiushang P90 The second industrial revolution was a revolution centered on electricity.
4. The invention of Ben Ci and the Wright brothers
N: Nine in P95-96 Carl? Ben Ci is one of the most famous German engineers in modern times. 1885, the world's first automobile using gasoline internal combustion engine was successfully designed and manufactured. 1903, the Wright brothers, American inventors, successfully built the first airplane in human history.
5. Understand the impact of the invention of automobiles and airplanes on the development of human society.
North: The invention of the P95 automobile and airplane of Jiushang quickly shortened the distance between people and greatly changed the social outlook and lifestyle of human beings.
6. Understand the important role of the extensive use of electrical appliances in improving the quality of human social life.
North China: The invention and use of P9 1 electricity, lights and other electrical appliances by Jiushang is an epoch-making event. Bring great changes to human production and life. Since the beginning of the 20th century, electricity has become an indispensable energy source for production and life in western countries. Household appliances such as washing machines and refrigerators have entered the family one after another, and western countries have taken the lead in entering the era of electrical appliances. The invention and use of electricity has become an important milestone in human science and technology.
Man has entered the steel age in the field of materials. The arrival of electrification and steel era marks the rise of modern industry.
Seven. World War I
1, map of the Three Kingdoms Alliance and the Three Kingdoms Agreement.
2. The serious consequences of the formation of the members of the "alliance" and the "three-country agreement" between the two major military confrontation groups in Europe.
North: Nine Merchants P99-1019+0 65438+At the end of the 20th century, two major military blocs were formed in Europe, namely, the "triple alliance" composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and the "Three-Country Pact" composed of Britain, France and Russia. It was the struggle between these two military groups that led to the First World War.
Know the sarajevo incident.
North: Jiushang P1041965438+In June 2004, Archduke Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, participated in a military exercise in Sarajevo, and was shot and killed by Princip, a member of the Serbian secret organization, which was known as the "Sarajevo incident". The Sarajevo incident became the fuse of the First World War.
Take the Battle of Verdun as an example to understand the great disaster that World War I brought to human society.
North: Jiushang P 107 The Battle of Verdun was the cruelest battle in the First World War. Throughout the campaign, the two sides invested nearly one million people and fought fiercely for several months. As a result, the French army successfully resisted the German attack. The Battle of Verdun was one of the battles with the most casualties in the First World War, including 460,000 French casualties, 300,000 German casualties and more than 700,000 casualties. It is called "Verdun meat grinder" to describe the cruelty of war.
World War I lasted four years and three months. 33 countries participated in the world war, with a population of 654.38+0.5 billion. The war spread all over Europe, Asia and Africa, with 8.4 million troops killed and 2 100 injured. During the war, the two sides spent $208.4 billion.
Eight, science and ideology and culture
1. Newton's main achievements.
North: P 1 19 British scientist Newton put forward the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, and creatively established a complete system of classical mechanics-Newtonian mechanics, which is called "the father of modern science".
2. Darwin's main achievements
North: P 120 In the ninth year of Shang Dynasty, British biologist Darwin wrote The Origin of Species. The theory of biological evolution is completely established. Darwin's theory of evolution put biology on the basis of science for the first time, which triggered a revolution in the fields of science and society and laid the foundation for the scientific research of biologists and other scientists.
3. Einstein's main achievements.
North: Nine on P 12 1 Einstein's Theory of Relativity in Physics.
4. Voltaire's basic ideas
North: P 1 15 One of the pioneers of the French Enlightenment and most thinkers, he criticized the feudal autocracy, especially its spiritual pillar, the Catholic Church.
5. Tolstoy's main works
Lev tolstoy is one of the greatest Russian writers. His masterpieces include War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection.
6. Beethoven's main works
A great German composer, his representative works are: Heroic Symphony.