Why should we do this research? From the motive, I hope to find out the most primitive historical relics of Tianyi Pavilion, on the one hand, it is the need to express the value of private books. For example, I can wear a shirt and suit for today's meeting, because it is in line with the scene, but if it is a beach concert, it is not suitable to wear formal clothes. We say that Tianyi Pavilion is a private library, which means that this library is in a residential environment. If the living environment is not restored, the original design ideas and construction methods of this library will be unclear. On the other hand, it is the need to explore architectural genes. We also hope that in the process of returning to the original environment, we can study the subtle connection factors between some buildings, which may provide some reference for our future maintenance, protection and new buildings.
We study the historical environment from two aspects, one is the outline of the external boundary and surrounding conditions (environmental pattern), and the internal architectural structure. This time, I am concerned about the environmental model, not the architectural structure. After all, Tianyi Pavilion is a residential building in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and there are many buildings in the surrounding Yuehu area and Ningbo city at the same time. Moreover, if the boundary of the surrounding buildings is not clear and the internal structure is impossible to talk about, logically speaking, we should first study the spatial pattern of war.
First of all, I listed some bases needed to carry out the research, including official records. This private library in the Ming Dynasty was not concerned by the government. On the contrary, after the relationship between Gan Long and Tian Yige occurred because of the compilation of Si Ku Quan Shu, there were some official records in Qing Dynasty, such as Guangxu Records of Yin Xian and the Annals of Yin Xian in the Republic of China, and some professional records were also of great reference value, such as Shang Yong Water Conservancy Records and Qing Dynasty Ningjun City Records. At the same time, there are also relevant materials in the local chronicles of Jing, Si and others. In addition, there are some historical maps, such as the map of Ning County in Qing Dynasty, the latest map of Ningbo Chamber of Commerce in the Republic of China and so on. Of course, Tianyi Pavilion's own architectural archives, historical data and archaeological data of surrounding areas are also within the scope of combing. In the selection of time period, it is about 260 years from before and after the construction of Tianyi Pavilion to 1840. During this period, the appearance of the city did not change much, whether it was the mainland of Fan Sima Di or the ancient city of Ningbo.
Talking about Tianyi Pavilion, first make clear the environment of the ancient city of Ningbo. The following are several historical evolution maps of the ancient city of Ningbo, followed by the evolution maps of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. From here, we can see several main situations:
First, the scope of the city wall has not changed since 898 AD;
Second, although the urban water system is shrinking, the water system in the southwest corner, that is, Yuehu area, is still the most abundant and clear, and Tianyi Pavilion is located in this area, which also provides convenience for us to guess today's historical environment.
Next, specifically, Yuehu, as the western part of Nanhu Lake in Tang Dynasty, is basically intact. Ten islands and continents were formed on the Moon Lake in the Song Dynasty, commonly known as "Ten continents on the Moon Lake". Today, we can still see four islands in the middle, namely Fangcaozhou (Bizhi), Liuting, Huayu (Lake Island) and Zhuzhou (Song Dao) from north to south. Due to the shrinking water surface and road construction in modern times, the three islands on the east side became the east bank of Yuehu Lake to the west of Zhenming Road. From north to south, there have been Chrysanthemum Island, Moon Island and Zhuyu Island in history. The same is true of Mishima in the west, which has now become the west bank between changchun road and Yuehu Lake. From north to south, there are Furong Island in the north of Equisetum (Tianyi Pavilion is here), Xueting in the south of Equisetum and Yu Yan Island in the south.
Why do you say Moon Lake and ten continents? Because this is the premise of the space description of Tianyi Pavilion. The Annals of Yongzheng Ningbo contains: "Tianyi Pavilion, the east of Fan Qin Mansion, assistant minister of the Ministry of War in the Ming Dynasty, overlooks the Moon Lake on the left, and is the first bibliophile in eastern Zhejiang. Lao Zhang, Feng Fang, Kangxi and Sun Yuanting asked Yao Jiang and Huang Zongxi to write it again. " We can clearly know that Tianyi Pavilion is roughly located between Fansimadi complex and Yuehu Lake. By the way, it is mentioned in the article that two Ming Dynasty figures, Zhang and Feng Fang, both wrote "notes" to Tianyi Pavilion. Unfortunately, I can't see them today. If we can find them, there may be more important spatial information recorded in them.
The main water surface of Yuehu Lake has not changed much since Qing Dynasty, so it is necessary for us to find out the specific location of Fanqin House. This is going to talk about Zhou Furong. The basic expression of Zhou Furong in Ningbo local chronicles is this: "When Shizhou was first formed, it was named after the scenery, and Zhou Furong was named' Furong' because of its bright pink in front." This "hibiscus" is hibiscus, which is the ancient name of lotus, not the "Muhibiscus" mentioned today. Zhou Furong "The Song Dynasty was the Prime Minister's Mansion, and the Ming Dynasty was Wen Tian's Mansion, Li Shangshu's Mansion, Li Du's Mansion, Fan's Mansion, Yang Shangshu's Mansion and Huang's Mansion", so we know that Fan Qin's homestead in the Ming Dynasty, including the large-scale construction of Tianyi Pavilion, is on the top of one of the ten continents of Yuehu.
So the next task is to delimit the boundary of Furong Island. What I have here is mainly based on the records of Zhang Chi Map of Ningbo City River during Guangxu period, General Map of City River and the latest Map of Ningbo City Chamber of Commerce in four years of the Republic of China. There are records corresponding to Ten Kingdoms and Siming Tanzhe Temple: "From Xueting to Furong Island, the water content is divided into two points; One is from Gansheng Bridge to Moon Lake, and the other is from Maya Caodi to Lingchi. Enter the Moon Lake via Sanbanqiao and Xiu Xiu Bridge. " This makes the boundary of Furong Island clear:
From the northern boundary to the Narcissus Temple River, it is basically Sanbanqiao Street today;
The water system from the west to Lingchi has become today's Lingchi Street and Tianyige Square. This water system was cut off during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. I will explain the specific reasons below.
The southern boundary is the horse eye groove that we can still see today;
The east boundary is the main lake of Yanyue Street Moon Lake.
After Huang Zongxi climbed the steps, Ye Chichang, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, once lamented:
The smoke waves are exquisite in all directions, and the first fall is too strong.
Yujin Goose is safe and sound, and wants to buy a boat to swim in Yongju Cave.
Now it seems that this first sentence is really a description of the real situation. The library in Fiona Fang is really surrounded by Xiushui within 300 meters, not to mention those small tributaries.
The definition of the boundary of Furong Island helps us to speculate on Fan Sima Di's space. Next, I will specifically talk about the process of determining the boundary of Fan Sima.
1. Determination of the northern boundary of Sima
In 20 10, before the construction of the modern ancient books warehouse, Tianyi Pavilion made an archaeological excavation on both sides of Tianyi Street from the modern termite control station to No.3 Tianyi Pavilion, and found a large number of houses, pillars, coins and daily necessities in the Ming Dynasty. According to the word-of-mouth investigation of Fan's genealogy and its descendants, after Fan Qin's death, the eldest son inherited the buildings and land around Tianyi Pavilion, and the second son inherited the buildings and land around Tianyi Pavilion. Because there were still a large number of residents living in the north of Tianyi Street at that time, the archaeological department failed to see the northernmost boundary of this building complex. However, as we mentioned just now, Banqiao Street is the boundary river on the north side of Furong Island. Generally speaking, a mainstream of the city is rarely put in private houses, so it is basically certain that the back boundary of Fanny Sima Di will not exceed the northern boundary of Furong Island-Narcissus Temple River.
2. Determination of the western boundary of Sima.
There has always been a lazy theory about Sima Di's western boundary, because Siming Tanzhe Temple is about Fan Xiyuan in Tianyi Street now, and we already know that there is a western city wall under changchun road today, so there are documents that simply say that Fan Qinfu reaches the root of the city wall in the west. But in fact, the Paradigm West Park is just an "enclave" of Fan Sima Di, and the main building complex is still further east. Please see the following two pieces of information:
"Siming talks about helping": "Fan Xiyuan: the west of Sima Di, with the back city facing the river. Its river comes from Maya trough, leads north to Lingchi and reaches Dashetaqiao River. Jiajing (1522- 1566) heard that the river was blocked and the port was cut off. Today, the big pool is in front of the West Garden. There are continents and rockeries on the pool. Cooper is gloomy and quite interesting. " This shows that Fan Xiyuan is between the city wall and the boundary river on the west side of Furong Island. This river was once connected with the boundary river on the north and south sides, but it was artificially cut off during the Jiajing period and became a large pool with an island on it.
Chenghua Jian Zhi: "Jinli Bridge is Sanbanqiao. At Lingchitou, it was originally connected with Xishuimenli River. Later, it was blocked by Wen Yuan, who was in charge, and gradually flowed into his home. It is sealed by water and hidden as its own. He belongs to Fan Qin, assistant minister of the Ministry of War. " This record tells us that the person who broke the harbor was Wen Yuan, probably for the convenience of life or the need of geomantic omen, and at the same time brought water to his homestead. About Wen's homestead, we will explain it in detail when we talk about Fan Sima Di's southern Xinjiang.
From this, it can basically break the western boundary of Fan Sima Di in Lingchi during Jiajing period.
3. Determination of Sima Yi's Southern Xinjiang
The determination of the southern boundary needs to consider Fan Qin's neighbor Wen. The Wen family tree of Shimatang: "On the right side of Moon Lake, it goes straight into Maya trough from Hongqiao and faces the river in the south, and there are four houses." Tanya is understood here as a group and a hospital. When this sentence gave me the most important information, Wen's mansion started from today's Crescent Street (Hongqiao), lined up from east to west and extended to the bottom of the valley. Why do you say it must extend to the bottom of the cylinder? Because it is associated with Chenghua's brief record: "... was originally connected with the water in Xishuimen, and was later blocked by Wen Yuan, the master, and gradually flowed into his house, and the water in it was closed for himself." Wen's official can disconnect the water system on the west side of Furong Island and introduce it into his own home, provided that the distance is not far and the middle does not pass through other people's homes. Inferred from this, the south side of Fan Sima is adjacent to the Wen brothers building complex. So where is the combination of the two?
In the 1990s, during the construction around the South Garden of Tianyige, we found the courtyard wall of the Ming Dynasty at the southernmost tip of Sima No.1 middle hall building, and found the building foundation facing the wall in front of the platform. From this, we can basically determine that the boundary between the south side and Hexie Mansion is on the line of "Service Center Small Pool-Fan No.1 House-Sima No.1 Gate" in Tianyige Scenic Area.
4. Determination of Sima Di's Eastern Boundaries
The east side is relatively simple, because Tianyi Pavilion was located in the southeast of Sima Di's original building complex at that time, so the east boundary of this building complex was divided into two sections, and the east boundary on the north side basically coincided with the west side of Tianyi Pavilion, which was also the original east interface of Fan Sima Di before Tianyi Pavilion appeared. The east border on the south side was pushed eastward to the east wall of Tianyige Courtyard because of the appearance of Tianyige.
At this point, the basic pattern or scope of Fan Sima before 1840 has been clear. Of course, the history of any city, block or family is dynamic. During this period, due to various reasons, some changes are likely to occur in some areas, and some changes are likely to be large enough to partially change the direction of the border, but we believe that the overall pattern should be accurate.
Last year, our library cooperated with students from Tianjin University to speculate on the architectural texture of Fan's Sima House (south of the first street). Due to the interference of later buildings, the archaeological data of the house are incomplete and are still under further study. However, we speculate that the central axes of Ganzhai and Kunzhai are not completely coincident, and there is likely to be a "D"-shaped architectural pattern in some areas of Kunzhai, which needs to be revealed and studied by archaeology in the future.
When we have a clear understanding of Nipo Ancient City, Yuehu Lake, Fan Sima Di, and look at Tianyi Pavilion Library, it is easy to draw three conclusions about the construction of Tianyi Pavilion:
First, choose the southeast. In fact, judging from Sima Yi's later evolution, Tianyi Pavilion may be built in three directions: west, north and east. However, Fan Qin finally chose the southeast corner for three reasons: First, the space in the southeast corner is relatively larger, and the north and south sides are close to the boundary river of Furong Island; Second, it is convenient to get in and out, close to the first door of Sima; Third, readers' preference for Wenchang location is not excluded.
The second is relative independence. No matter Tianyi Pavilion or Yuqi Pavilion, they are all junior members of the main building complex. To put it bluntly, they are all buildings added later. Therefore, the builder can only be an open and relatively independent area objectively. At the same time, subjectively, reading and book collection are not highly related to daily life and etiquette activities, so the builders further deliberately keep a distance from the main axis of life and work subjectively.
The third is to add hospitals. This is also driven by subjective and objective factors. Scholars in the south of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties always wanted elegant garden decoration in their reading books, but the relatively independent and open venue choice just supported Fan Qin's idea. Tianyi Pavilion, the practice of attaching a garden courtyard to the library, was "imitated" into the Ziggy gene. What needs to be dialectical here is that although the rockery around Tianyige was built by Fan in the early Qing Dynasty, it does not mean that there was no garden in the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty writer Tu Long left a poem Fan Sima Park after visiting Tianyi Pavilion;
Show the trees and help the grass, and open the residual red medicine and semi-fragrant mud. Birds peep at the green lake, while people lean on the Zhu Lou for the sunset.
The flower diameter is dark outside, and the weeping willows are horizontal to the west. It's not that Taoyuan Road is lost.
It is enough to prove that Tianyi Pavilion was already a beautiful private garden at that time.