The word "science" is imported. In the feudal history of China, no one claimed to be a scientist, and no one was called a scientist by the world. Of course, great scientists after the founding of the People's Republic of China are immortal!
Literature and art should not be called home. The field of literature and art is too wide. In the history of China, there are countless great writers, calligraphers and painters. Because the field of literature and art is too wide and there are too many famous artists, I won't list them one by one. I hope it helps you.
Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, I wonder if you have heard of these three categories.
Huang Zongxi exposed the autocratic monarchy as the best in the world, and put forward the democratic thought that the world is the mainstay and the monarch is the guest, which played a positive role in the struggle against autocracy in the future.
In ancient times, the idea of applying what you have learned was formed, trying to solve practical problems such as the national economy and people's livelihood, and put forward the idea that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world", which opened a precedent for a generation of simple study style.
Wang Fuzhi was one of the philosophers in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. He believes that the world is qualitative and objective, and the development of matter is changeable. Regular things can be known, and the relative movement of the spirit is absolute. It has a simple dialectical spirit, which actually changed the way of thinking of modern people and has epoch-making significance.
Scientists:
1. Zhang Heng: The most famous seismograph is Hou Feng, and it can't be built now.
2. Zu Chongzhi: The pi is accurate to between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927, which is many years earlier than that in the west.
3. Shen Kuo: A genius and an all-rounder in ancient China made great achievements, so here are different examples. If you own Baidu, you will be surprised.
Zhang Heng, Zu Chongzhi and Shen Kuo (from left)
Philosopher: Too many.
Laozi, Confucius, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu, Huang Zongxi, Wang Fuzhi.
Writers and artists: Boya, Gu Kaizhi, Wu Daozi, Du Fu, Li Bai, Wang Wei, Zhang Zeduan and Xu Beihong (countless).
Mr. Bai Meichu, a modern geographer in China, is one of the main advocates and promoters of the development and transformation of China geography from ancient times to modern times!
Mr. Bai Meichu, 1876, a native of lulong county, Hebei Province. He is Manchu. He read many traditional geography books and later entered Beiyang Normal University. After graduation, because of her excellent grades, she was hired as the head teacher of Tianjin Zhili Women's Normal School. He is also a teacher of Comrade Deng Ying Chao. Later, he was hired as a professor at Beijing Normal University and concurrently served as the head of the Department of Geography. During this period, he also participated in the establishment of the Geological Society. He served as the editorial director of the Journal of Earth Sciences for 25 years. Even though there were frequent wars in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, he still went out to inspect. Unfortunately, in 1940, he died in Sichuan on the way to Sichuan-Kang area in southwest China.
Mr. Bai Meichu has written many works, including the 4 million-word professional masterpiece Quan Zhi in the Republic of China. He has made great contributions to the modern development of China's geography, including widely circulated works such as China's Human Geography. Therefore, Mr. Bai Meichu is known as "the pioneer of China's modern geography", and the famous "nine-dash line" in the South China Sea as we know it now is an important geographical definition for safeguarding China's territory. It evolved from the "11-segment line" first proposed by Mr. Bai Meichu in 1936! It can be said that Mr. Bai Meichu's academic level and patriotic feelings are worth learning by younger generations!
There are many scientists, philosophers, writers and artists in the history of China, so I will give you an example.
Guo Shoujing, a native of Xingtai, xing zhou, was a famous astronomer, mathematician and expert in water conservancy engineering in Yuan Dynasty. He has made outstanding achievements in astronomy, calendar, water conservancy and mathematics.
Wang Shouren is from Yuyao, Zhejiang. Famous thinker, philosopher, calligrapher, strategist and educator in Ming Dynasty. Yangming school is one of the mainstream theories in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, which later spread in Japan and had great influence on Japan and East Asia.
Cao Xueqin's ancestral home is disputed (Liaoyang, Hebei, Feng Run or Tieling, Liaoning), and he was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing). Cao Xueqin has a wide range of hobbies, including epigraphy, poetry, painting, gardening, Chinese medicine, darning, craft and diet. With perseverance and years of hardships, he finally created a great work with great ideological and artistic quality-A Dream of Red Mansions.
scientist
1 Mo Zhai (Mozi), the founder of Mohism, was also a famous thinker, educator, scientist and strategist in the Warring States period. Mozi is the only philosopher born as a farmer in the history of China. Mozi founded Mohism, which had a great influence in the pre-Qin period, and was called "one of the best" with Confucianism. He put forward the viewpoints of "universal love", "non-aggression", "Shang Xian", "Shang Tong", "ambition", "ghost", "death", "unhappiness" and "frugality". Take universal love as the core, frugality and sage as the fulcrum. Mozi founded a set of scientific theories and made outstanding achievements in geometry, physics and optics. At that time, a hundred schools of thought contended and were called "non-Confucian Jimo". After Mozi's death, Mohism was divided into three schools: Xiangri Chi Mo, Xiangfumo and Denglingmo. According to the historical data of Mozi's life, disciples collected his quotations and completed Mozi, a book handed down from ancient times. China's first experimental satellite for quantum science was called Mozi.
Bian Que was a famous TCM doctor during the Warring States Period, and he was good at gynecology, ENT, pediatrics and so on. , wrote Neijing, Difficult Classics, etc. And the pulse diagnosis method of TCM is widely used, which is one of the sources of TCM, so Bian Que is known as the "imperial doctor".
Zhang Heng was a great astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng is the author of "Lingyi" and "Faint Illustrated". In astronomy, his mathematical works include arithmetic theory. His literary works are represented by Er Du Fu and Tian Fu. There is Zhang Hengji (14) in the capital city of Sui Shu, which has been lost for a long time. Zhang Qian, an Amin, compiled the Collection of Zhang He's Bamboo Slips, which was included in the Records of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties 130. Zhang Heng made outstanding contributions to the development of astronomy, mechanical technology and seismology in China, and invented the armillary sphere and seismograph, which was one of the representatives of the theory of armillary sphere in the middle Eastern Han Dynasty. Because of his outstanding contribution, the United Nations Astronomical Organization named a crater on the back of the moon as "Zhangheng Crater" and the asteroid 1802 in the solar system as "Zhangheng Star".
Cai Lun was a famous inventor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cai Lun created a new papermaking technology under the accumulation of predecessors' papermaking experience, so his papermaking technology was called "Cai Hou Paper", which had a far-reaching impact on human history and greatly promoted the spread of human civilization.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases, written by Zhang Zhongjing, a famous Chinese doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is recognized as the basic clinical principle of Chinese medicine because of its wide influence, and is respected as a "medical sage" by the world.
Liu Hui was a famous mathematician in the Three Kingdoms period. He established an ancient mathematical system and initiated mathematical methods such as multiple difference method, square coverage and pi. , is one of the founders of classical mathematical theory.
Pei Xiu, a famous geographer in Wei and Jin Dynasties, whose main representative work is Yu Gong Area Map. Pei Xiu was the first scientist in China who established the theory of cartography in a real sense, and put forward the theory of "six bodies of cartography", which pioneered ancient cartography and was known as "the father of scientific cartography".
Li Daoyuan, a famous geographer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, was the main representative of the Zhu School, from which a "Sydney" school was formed. Li Daoyuan has made great achievements in hydrology and is known as "the pioneer of China's travel literature".
Zu Chongzhi, a famous mathematician in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, was the first mathematician in the history of mankind to make Pi accurate to seven decimal places, so he was called "ancestral rate". His main representative works include Yi Shu Collection, An Debate and Biography of Shu.
10 Jia Sixie, a famous agronomist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, whose main representative work is Qi Yao Min Shu. This comprehensive agricultural book is the earliest and most perfect agricultural classic in China, which has helped the great-leap-forward development of ancient agriculture in China.
1 1 Sun Simiao, a famous physician in Tang dynasty, was good at gynecology, pediatrics, internal medicine, surgery and five senses. The main representative works are Prescription for Infants, Prescription for Women, and Prescription for a Thousand Daughters. In addition, Sun Simiao has also made great achievements in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion, and his book "Map of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Tang Ming" has been handed down to this day and is known as "Map of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in Tang Ming".
12 Bi Sheng, a famous inventor in the Northern Song Dynasty, first invented movable type printing, which was more than 400 years earlier than the metal movable type printing invented by Gutenberg, a West German. It not only enriched the cultural and economic fields in ancient China, but also had a far-reaching impact on the spread of world culture.
13 Shen Kuo, a famous popular science expert in the Northern Song Dynasty, whose main representative works are Good Prescription and Meng Qian Bi Tan, especially Meng Qian Bi Tan, which is a masterpiece of ancient science in China and has made achievements in chemistry, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics, water conservancy and medicine, so it is known as "the most outstanding in the whole history of science in China".
Guo Shoujing (14), a famous astronomer in Yuan Dynasty, created high-precision astronomical measuring instruments such as Yang Yi and Jing Fu, and simplified the armbands of predecessors into simple ones. After A.D., there is almost no difference between the compilation of service calendars and modern calendars. ..
15 Xu Xiake, a famous geographer, writer and traveler in Ming Dynasty, whose main masterpiece, Travel Notes of Xu Xiake, has traveled all over China for 30 years.
16 Li Shizhen, a famous medical scientist in Ming dynasty, is known as the "sage of medicine", and his main representative works include Eight Meridian Texts of Strange Classics, Compendium of Materia Medica and Pulse Classics of Hu Ling, etc.
17 Xu Guangqi, a famous agronomist in Ming Dynasty, whose main representative works include Sweet Potato Sparse, Miscellaneous Agricultural Heritage Sparse, Agricultural Administration Complete Book, First Draft of Agricultural Books, Taixi Water Law, etc. He is a combination of Chinese and western agronomy, introduced sweet potato at the same time, and advocated the policy of "agricultural administration".
18 Song was a famous popular science comprehensive scientist in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and was known as "China17th century craft encyclopedia", which made great achievements in biology, physics, chemistry, philosophy and other fields.
19 Mei Wending, the "first master of calendar calculation" and "mountain master" in the Qing Dynasty, wrote more than 40 kinds of works, and combined with Chinese and western characteristics, created a sun-shooting instrument, a side view instrument, a Xuan Ji ruler, a look-up instrument and a moon-walking instrument. Even with Newton in Britain and Guan Xiao in Japan, they became "the three scientific giants in the world".
philosopher
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended. Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi, Mozi, Yang Zhu and Xunzi were all philosophers. There were Dong Zhongshu and Wang Chong in Han Dynasty, and Buddhists also had their own philosophy. There were Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, Zhang Zai, Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan in the Song Dynasty, and Wang Yangming, Huang Zongxi, Gu, Wang Fuzhi and Li Zhi in the Ming Dynasty.
Literary artist
Literature and art are too broad. In the long history of China, generations of outstanding writers and countless outstanding works have emerged, and various genres, themes, styles and schools have emerged, forming various phenomena, trends and theories. Poetry, prose, calligraphy, painting, novels, and operas are diverse in form and extremely rich in content. The representative documents in each period include Chu Ci in pre-Qin prose, prose ci in Han Dynasty, strange novels of poetry, calligraphy and painting in Three Kingdoms, Yuan Qu in Tang and Song Dynasties, essays of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties and so on. For example:
Proses in the pre-Qin period include: Shangshu, Chunqiu, Zuozhuan (Zuo Qiuming), Guoyu, Warring States Policy (edited by Han and Liu Xiang), The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Mozi, Laozi, Zhuangzi and Han Feizi. Han Fu includes Jia Yi's Fu of Hanging Qu Yuan, Mei Cheng's Fu of Seven Hair, Sima Xiangru's Fu of Going to Forest by Zixu, Ban Gu's Fu of Two Jing, Yang Xiong's Fu of Ganquan, Zhang Heng's Fu of Two Jing and Cai Yong's Fu of Traveling in Syria. Sima Qian's Historical Records, Ban Gu's Han Shu and Jia Yi's Fu. Jian 'an Sancao (Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi), Tao Yuanming, four masters in the early Tang Dynasty (,Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo), poet Li Bai, poet Sheng Du Fu, eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Xun in the Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi, Ceng Gong, Ouyang Xiu in the Song Dynasty), prose poetry, and unrestrained school (.
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