On the differences between chinese and western wines.
Open the picture of history, wine is like the shadow of human beings, where there are people, there will be wine. Thus, in the endless years, the wine culture gradually took shape and became a heavy textbook full of historical charm, which was left for later generations to comment on.
No matter in China or in the west, there is a long and splendid wine culture. "Don't love wine, wine star. If you don't like wine, you shouldn't have the name Jiuquan. Heaven and earth love wine and love wine is worthy of heaven. " Li Bai, an oriental poet, loves wine so passionately; And inspired by wine, he created a lot of well-known poems, so later generations said: Li Bai has hundreds of poems about fighting wine, which shows Li Bai's love for wine. Similarly, there are celebrities in the west who have a soft spot for wine. For example, Pasteur, the father of western red wine, compared wine to the sunshine that gives life to all things, saying that "a day without wine is equivalent to no sunshine." He regarded wine as the passion of his life and loved it until the end of his life. Li Bai and Pasteur, two people who also love wine, sprinkled their love fire for wine in the East and the West respectively, and flourished, giving birth to completely different and different wine cultures in the East and the West.
The birth of wine is a masterpiece of nature, and the history of wine is far longer than that of human civilization. Around the 3rd century BC, the sea pioneers brought it to the Greek islands and then to Gaul (present-day France). At the same time, the Romans also learned the technology of grape cultivation and wine brewing from Greece, and the colonial expansion of the Roman Empire spread this technology to France, Spain, North Africa and the Rhine Valley of Germany. From15th century to16th century, this technology was introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and North Korea. /kloc-It was introduced to the United States in the middle of 0/9th century. Now, there are grape cultivation and wine brewing all over the world.
With the entry and integration of wine into human civilization, a unique wine culture has been formed and spread widely. The emergence and development of this wine culture is closely related to human exploration of the outside world, the rise and development of religion, colonial expansion at home and abroad, political, economic and trade exchanges, and the spread of culture and art. When we try to understand wine culture, we must first understand the development of human civilization in religion, politics, economy and culture.
A glass of red wine, a poem written by William Wang, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, who is almost familiar to China people, is the crystallization of the integration of grapes or wine, an exotic product, with the traditional culture of China. In China, the introduction of grape cultivation and wine-making technology should be attributed to Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, Historical Records &; Middot's "Biography of Dawan" records: "Grapes make about 10,000 wines, and the wines are rich in mangoku. Those who stay for decades are unbeaten. Ordinary people are addicted to alcohol, while horses are addicted to alfalfa. The Han envoy thought so, so the Emperor began to plant alfalfa and Pu Tao. " After the development of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, this technology developed well, and the wine culture gradually developed and reached its peak. But at that time, only a few areas such as Liangzhou could grow grapes, and the traffic was not as developed as it is now. Wine can only be used as a precious drink among Wang Sun and some literati, but it has not been widely promoted and has not become a public drink.
Therefore, the popularity of ancient wine culture in China has great limitations. The wine industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties didn't get more development until 1892 when Zhang Bishi founded Changyu Winery, and the wine industry in China began to industrialize. However, most wineries were severely hit by long-term internal and external wars and gradually declined and closed down. After the founding of New China, the liquor industry received the attention of the government, and then it developed slowly and gradually became a popular drink. Therefore, the development of China's wine industry is full of twists and turns, and there are cultural gaps, so that a strong local wine culture can be formed.
Wine culture in a broad sense includes grape cultivation management technology, wine brewing technology, legal system, wine customs and ceremonies, drinking utensils and wine-related paintings, poems and songs created by literati, etc. The narrow sense of wine culture only refers to the etiquette, customs and anecdotes of drinking. The local wine culture in China has not been fully developed, and most of them stay in simple discussions and anecdotes about drinking by literati. There is no wine custom and ceremony similar to liquor, and there is no code of conduct followed by China people.
Compared with this, the wine culture in western countries is much more complete. In the continuous exploration of western countries, wine culture has been fully developed, which greatly promoted the growth of oriental wine culture. For example, China people will be guided by western wine culture in drinking etiquette. Specific analysis: In China, wine is only promoted as a new kind of wine, and people buy wine out of curiosity and following the trend. Lack of appreciation and identification of wine, lack of cultural support. In contrast, westerners drink more for the sake of drinking, pay more attention to the process of drinking, and pay more attention to the taste and appreciation of the wine itself.
In western banquets, toasting is usually between the end of the main course and the arrival of beets. When toasting, you should hold your glass high and stare at each other, and at least take a sip of wine to show your respect. How much wine to drink depends on your personal preference, so relax. In addition, they have almost strict requirements in pouring wine, tasting wine and side dishes. I think this difference between Chinese and western wine cultures is inseparable from the influence of diet structure. People in China pay attention to the combination of plant food and animal food, while most western countries, such as France, the United States and Britain, prefer animal food. Meat, eggs and milk account for a large proportion, while the contents of fat and protein are high. Drinking helps digestion, and proper introduction can prevent and reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. The unique diet structure in the west makes western countries more inclined to drink wine.
Then, let me introduce the differences between Chinese and western wines in detail.
1 Difference of wine varieties
China's wine culture has a long history. Although the oldest is yellow rice wine, the most representative wine in China is white wine. From a certain point of view, it can be said that China's wine culture is liquor culture. Because it has a long history and mature technology among many kinds of liquor in China, it is still the largest distilled liquor in the world. China is a big agricultural country, so food brewing is the most common.
Greece, known as the cradle of western civilization, is located in the Balkans, surrounded by the sea on three sides, with mountains, rivers and islands all over the territory and poor soil, which belongs to a typical Mediterranean climate. It is not conducive to the growth of grain crops, and the yield of cereal crops is low, so it is only edible, and it is difficult to make wine with surplus grain. Grapes that like sandy soil are widely planted in Greece because of their drought tolerance and adaptation to the Mediterranean climate. Wine meets the demand of westerners for alcohol. So from a certain point of view, it can be said that the western wine culture is the red wine culture.
Two different ways of drinking
There are great differences between Chinese and western wine cultures, so drinking etiquette is also different. If you think about it carefully, you can find such a rule: China people pay attention to people, who to drink with and the atmosphere of drinking; The wine that westerners pay attention to depends on what kind of wine they drink. It is important to fully enjoy the delicious wine.
China's drinking etiquette is a respect for drinkers. Who is the host and who is the guest? There are fixed seats and a fixed toast order. When toasting, you should start to respect your host. If the host does not respect, others are not qualified to respect. If there is disorder, you will be punished. Toast must start with the most distinguished guest, and the glass should be full when toasting, which is also the respect for the toasted person. The younger generation should take the initiative to toast their elders and subordinates to their superiors, and pay attention to it first. And drinking etiquette, such as drinking orders and boxing, is also produced to make drinkers drink more heartily. Obviously, China's wine culture is deeply influenced by China's traditional ethical culture, and respect for drinkers is placed in the most important position in the process of drinking.
Western drinking etiquette shows respect for wine. When tasting wine, we should observe its color, smell its fragrance and taste it, and mobilize various senses to enjoy the wine. In the order of drinking, we should pay attention to drinking white wine first, then red wine, first light and then strong, and first young wine. According to the change of taste law, we can gradually and deeply enjoy the change of wine flavor. The choice of wine containers is also based on how to make drinkers fully enjoy the wine. The tulip-shaped goblet that makes the aroma gather at the mouth of the cup, the decanter that allows the wine to fully spread, and even the thermometer designed specifically for drinking wine to control the temperature of the wine all reflect the respect of westerners for wine. Their drinking etiquette and drinking culture are formulated for better appreciation of food.
Three different drinking purposes
In China, wine is often used as a tool. The meaning of the so-called drunkard is not wine, but also between mountains and rivers. The joy of mountains and rivers, the place where the heart belongs, the place where the wine belongs. People rely more on drinking to pursue things other than wine. Plum boiling wine is to prove who is a hero, and this cup of wine will not stop to drink, in order to drown the history of blood and tears of ten thousand generations with us! ; Seven sages singing wildly in the bamboo forest drown their sorrows by drinking. In the eyes of China people, wine is more used as a communication tool, so the wine culture in China lacks scientific and systematic theoretical analysis and evaluation of wine itself, and pays more attention to the wonderful effect brought by drinking it.
In the west, the purpose of drinking is often very simple. Drinking is for tasting wine and drinking is for enjoying fine wine. Of course, in the west, wine also has communicative function, but people are more interested in how to enjoy the taste of wine.
Comparing Chinese and western wine cultures, we can find that the difference of wine culture is actually the difference of Chinese and western ways of thinking. China people's freehand brushwork divergent thinking; Westerners, on the other hand, think straight with detailed sketches.
At present, the wine culture in China is still immature. This is mainly because the consumption of wine in China is restricted by many factors, such as China wine does not pay attention to the collocation with diet, and the price and quality are not high, which have affected the development of wine in China to some extent.
Fortunately, with the improvement of living standards in China, the proportion of people enjoying information consumption is getting higher and higher, and China people's interest in wine is getting deeper and deeper. Cultural attention to western wines is also increasing. It is believed that with the popularity of wine in China, the psychology and mode of wine consumption of China people will become more and more mature, and the dream of creating a wine culture with China characteristics will soon come true, not far away.
On Wine Culture (2)
I. History and culture of red wine
Wine has a long history, dating back to ancient times. Most historians believe that Persia may be the first country to brew wine in the world.
It is said that the method of making wine spread from Persia and Egypt to Greece, Rome and Gaul (that is, France). Then, the brewing technology and consumption habits of wine spread from Greece, Italy and France to European countries. Because Europeans believe in _ _ _ _ _ _, the bread and wine of Christ are called the flesh and blood of God, and wine is regarded as an indispensable drink and wine in life, so wine has been developed in European countries. France, Italy and Spain have become the "lakes" of wine in the world today. European countries also have the highest per capita wine consumption in the world today. The wine production of European countries accounts for more than 80% of the world's total wine production. The origin of red wine culture is accompanied by different legends in different producing areas. This may be one of the roots of the romantic culture of red wine. Different world civilizations are all in wine culture, and fermentation breeds the largest mass wine culture in the world. On the land of China, the earliest record can be traced back to the Han Dynasty, when Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and brought back grapes and wine-making techniques. At that time, China began to grow grapes and make wine.
However, due to historical reasons such as war and dynasty change, although grape planting and wine brewing had made great progress in the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, the history of wine brewing in China was almost blank in the past two thousand years, until Zhang Bishi, a patriotic overseas Chinese, founded Changyu in Yantai on 1892. However, due to the war, the wine industry in China has not been developed. It was not until the founding of New China that China began to have a better development environment for grape planting and wine brewing, and the wine industry in China began to develop in a real sense.
In the past, almost all the wines in China were mainly made of grain, so it was difficult to count the grain consumed in brewing. The research of the World Food and Agriculture Organization found that one third of the food produced for human consumption in the world was lost or wasted. After analyzing the report, the Swedish Institute of Food and Biotechnology said that about 654.38+03 billion metric tons of food was wasted worldwide due to the inefficiency of the food supply chain.
Researchers say that under the general trend of global price increase, reducing food losses in developing countries will have an immediate effect on people's lives, and in some poor countries, enough food levels can be maintained. According to the report, research shows that the amount of food lost in industrialized countries and developing countries is roughly the same, 6.7 million tons and 6.3 million tons respectively. The loss of grain also means the decrease of farmers' income, and the price of grain has affected some poor farmers in developing countries. And it's too high. It can be said that food safety, food produced with alcohol, has attracted the attention of the state. As the saying goes, a catty of wine, three catties of grain. It has become the national policy of many countries to vigorously develop fruit wine products and reduce food pressure.
As early as 2008, when food prices fluctuated, the national grain department clearly issued: "Strictly control industrial grain and grain exports to ensure the supply of rations and feed for residents". In the long run, China's food security situation is not optimistic, and the pace of building comprehensive grain production capacity is slow. However, the acceleration of urbanization, the decrease of rural labor force, the decrease of cultivated land, the limitation of fresh water resources, the occurrence of natural disasters and the increase of food consumption demand make the food security situation more severe.
In China, solving the problem of feeding more than one billion people has always been a major proposition, and national food security cannot rest easy. Only by changing the connotation of Chinese wine culture and advocating the concept of healthy drinking and drinking healthy wine can we fundamentally reverse the evil consequences of drinking too much wine and harming others. Vigorously developing fruit wine industry is also a national policy to change China's current grain situation and realize food security. The promotion of red wine culture is also of positive significance.
Second, promote wine culture.
When it comes to drinking, women have the most say. Because women are the biggest victims of men drinking. The promotion of red wine culture can enable women to guide more men to drink correctly and healthily from a healthy perspective. Red wine culture is called gentleman culture in the west. Because in the west, wine originated from the use and admiration of nobles, and from the need and spread of religious ceremonies. In red wine culture, etiquette requirements are also very strict. Drinking red wine and not knowing the etiquette in red wine culture will make a joke. It is this connotation of etiquette that makes red wine a ceremonial wine for large banquets and celebrations. In today's large-scale celebrations, red wine has become very popular as a ceremonial wine. The true wine culture, accepted by all classes, will completely reverse the traditional drinking concept in Chinese wine culture. China is a country of etiquette. It is in China's drinking culture that there is a lack of inheritance and spread of etiquette. This has a lot to do with the popularity of drinking culture, but etiquette only stays in occasions such as sacrifice and national ceremony.
Drinking in western countries has a series of strict rules and complicated stress, which is not as simple as drinking Erguotou. The fun of wine is reflected in these "red tape", and a person's cultivation, interest, manners and communication skills are often unconsciously exposed in this process. Because, the details of each wine culture will affect the process and result of drinkers tasting the color, aroma and taste of red wine. The gap between China's wine culture and the world's wine culture has been hundreds of years, and this gap in many places comes from the etiquette, appreciation, taste and other details in the wine culture. We often see people in China drinking red wine, and they are in a terrible mess, blushing badly and making a loud noise, which undoubtedly spoils everyone's fun.
American researchers analyzed the data of more than 70,000 middle-aged men. In four years, 265,438+00 people were diagnosed with lung cancer. It is found that drinking beer, liquor or alcoholic beverages has nothing to do with the incidence of lung cancer, but with the increase of drinking red wine, the risk of lung cancer decreases gradually. For every extra glass of wine, the risk of lung cancer decreases by about 2%. This should be good news for male smokers. Drinking a glass of red wine every day may reduce the risk of lung cancer by 60% (compared with male smokers who don't drink red wine). High-quality red wine is rich in iron, which is very beneficial to women and can play a role in enriching blood and making the face rosy.
At the same time, women's body fat content will increase greatly during pregnancy, and drinking some wine after delivery, in which antioxidants can prevent the oxidation and accumulation of fat, which is very helpful for the recovery of the body. "The reason why red wine can lose weight is because tannin contained in red wine can inhibit bacterial reproduction and effectively help digestion. Vitamins C, E and carotene contained in red wine also have antioxidant function, which can prevent aging and maintain normal metabolism of the body, so that the body shape will not gradually become bloated and out of shape with the passage of time. To exert the slimming effect of red wine, it is best to drink it before going to bed. Red wine with a small amount of alcohol can help sleep, slowly raise body temperature, and let the night with slow metabolism participate in fat burning and metabolism. Grape polyphenols in red wine can also relieve physical stress and effectively inhibit stress overeating.
The value brought by wine has two aspects. On the one hand, it is the unique aristocratic culture of wine, which is elegant and noble. The psychological suggestion in this respect is not lower than the simple nutritional value. Nutritional value, prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, antioxidation, beauty, prevention of cancer, etc. Generally speaking, wine is divided into red wine, white wine and pink wine by color. From the nutritional point of view, red wine has many functions, white wine is sweet and tastes good, and pink wine is in the middle. Any wine should pay attention to the right amount, not too much, once, too much is harmful to the body. In this sense, the promotion of red wine culture is the promotion of health concept.
Three. The Second Life of Man
Wine, commonly known as semi-juice wine or blended wine in China, was not strictly regulated before. With the standardization of wine standards, only 65,438+0,000% grape juice can be produced as wine. When we choose red wine, we must carefully read the various content labels on the labels. With the development of economy, ordinary people have the opportunity to taste real wine, but to drink real high-end wine, it is necessary to carefully distinguish the manufacturer and the place of origin. At present, the wine market is mixed and the quality is uneven. Bulk wines imported from coastal areas are repackaged and sold in China. In foreign countries, many inferior wines and low-end wines have entered China in large quantities.
The quality of wine will change during transportation, and it is difficult to ensure the pure quality requirements. Because wine has strict requirements on temperature, humidity, transportation and preservation environment. If there is a problem in one link, it is difficult to guarantee the quality of wine. The wines of Shanxi Oumei International Liquor Co., Ltd. are all bottled wines from Chile, Australia, France, Portugal and South Africa. In terms of quality, the quality of pure wine of origin can be guaranteed. The strictly designed wine cellar ensures the storage technical requirements of constant temperature and humidity. There are 200,000 bottles of imported wine in original packaging in the wine cellar, including 1/3 high-end wine. Various imported brands range from 50 yuan/bottle to 1000 yuan/bottle, which can meet the needs of consumers from all walks of life. . China is a country with a population of 654.38+0.3 billion, but the average consumption of red wine is very low. Add up all the red wine products, and the average annual consumption in China is less than one bottle. In foreign countries, the per capita consumption of red wine is 8 bottles per person per year.
Increasing the consumption of red wine can resist the danger of various diseases. In this sense, the popularity of red wine and red wine culture plays an irreplaceable positive role in this great article on national health. The popularization of red wine culture can improve people's quality, especially the requirements of red wine etiquette culture and gentleman culture, and make consumers healthy physically and mentally. The history of human understanding of wine is as long as human history. Some ethnic groups with ancient cultures once thought that grape cultivation and wine were given by God, so they compared "moderate drinking" to "the second life of mankind".
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